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Skeletal System Slide 2 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2 Skeletal System Two Parts Axial skeleton = 80 bones Skull Spine Ribs Sternum Appendicular skeleton 126 bones Arms Legs Slide 3 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 Skeletal System Two Parts Axial skeleton = 80 bones Appendicular skeleton 126 bones Slide 4 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4 Functions of the Skeletal System Shape & Support Aids in movement Supports and protects internal organs Produces red and white blood cells Stores minerals Slide 5 Skull Skull 22 bones in the skull 8 bones in the cranium Parietal 2 form the roof & sides of skull Frontal 1 forms the forehead Occipital -1 forms the base of the skull Temporal 2 house the ears Ethmoid 1 located between the eyes; forms part of the nasal septum Sphenoid 1 key bone in the skull all other bones connect to it Slide 6 Facial Bones Facial bones 14 bones Nasal 5 bones nasal bones 2- forming the bridge of the nose vomer 1 forms the lower or midline of the nasal septum inferior concha 2 form the side walls of the nasal cavity Maxilla 2 make up the upper jaw Lacrimal 2 the inner aspect of the eyes contain tear ducts Zygomatic 2 form the cheek bones Palatine 2 form the hard palate of the mouth Mandible 1 lower jaw & is the only movable bone in the face Slide 7 Vertebral Column Cervical vertebrae 7 located in the neck area Thoracic vertebrae 12 located in the thoracic area; articulate with the ribs Lumbar vertebrae 5 located in the lower back area Sacrum 5 fused bones Coccyx 4 fused bones; aka tailbone Slide 8 Intervertebral Discs Pads of cartilage tissue separating the vertebrae Act as shock absorbers Permit bending & twisting movements of the vertebral column Slide 9 Spinal Defects Kyphosis Hunchback - rounding or bowing of the back at the thoracic vertebrae Lordosis Swayback abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar vertebrae Scoliosis Lateral (side to side) curvature of the spine Slide 10 NormalLordosis Kyphosis Slide 11 Sternum/Costals Sternum three parts manubrium gladiolus xyphoid process Costals true ribs false ribs floating ribs Slide 12 Pectoral Girdle Clavicle 2 and Scapula - 2 Slide 13 Arm Humerus Radius Ulna Slide 14 Hand Carpals (8) Metacarpals (5) Phalanges (14) Thumb First through fourth digits Slide 15 Pelvic Girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis Slide 16 Upper Leg/Lower Leg Upper Leg Femur Lower Leg Patella Tibia Fibula Slide 17 Foot Tarsals (7) Calcaneus Metatarsals (5) Phalanges (14) Slide 18 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18 Bone Growth Epiphyseal cartilage absence of epiphyseal cartilage growth stops Growth in females up to age 18 Growth in males between 20-21 yrs Slide 19 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19 Bone Types Bones are classified according to their shape Long have a shaft Arms & legs femur, radius, tibia, clavicle Flat Skull, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvis Irregular specialized bones w/specific shapes Spinal column, (vertebrae) ears, face Short cube-like shapes Carpals & tarsals Sesamoid small, rounded bones Patella Slide 20 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 20 Long Bone Anatomy The structure of bones in the body allows them to be both lightweight and strong. Slide 21 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21 Fractures Fractures are classified based on the various characteristics of the broken bone. Slide 22 FRACTURES Types Closed/Simple Open/Compound Greenstick Comminuted Stress Complex Colles Fracture Impacted Compression Spiral Any break in a bone Most common injury to a bone Slide 23 Slide 24 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24 Fracture Types Compound (open) fracture: skin penetrated Wound & bone infection Simple (closed) fracture: no skin penetration Complete break Two separate pieces Comminuted: three or more pieces Slide 25 25 Slide 26 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26 Fracture Types (cont.) Simple (closed) fracture: no skin penetration Incomplete Greenstick: in children with flexible bones Stress: due to overuse, weakness, biomechanical problems Epiphyseal plate: young people near growth plate Slide 27 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 27 Fractures contd Signs & Symptoms Swelling Deformity Pain Tenderness Discoloration Possible bleeding Nerve injury Slide 28 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 28 Fracture Treatments Remodeling process of absorbing and replacing bone Bones often heal naturally Reduction putting bones into proper alignment External fixation using a cast for alignment Internal fixation surgery is needed Wires Plates Screws Slide 29 FRACTURE REPAIR Slide 30 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30 Slide 31 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 31 Soft Tissue Injuries Most are due to traumatic injury or overuse of muscles or joints Most sport injuries are due to minor trauma involving soft tissue Affect the skin, muscles, ligaments, and tendons Slide 32 Soft Tissue Injuries Classified as Open or Closed Open Abrasions Lacerations Avulsions Puncture wounds Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 32 Slide 33 Soft Tissue Injuries Closed Contusions Hematomas Ecchymosis Sprains Strains Tendonitis Bursitis Stress-related injuries Stress fractures Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 33 Slide 34 Abrasions and Scrapes Occur when several layers of skin are torn loose or totally removed Treatment Wash to remove dirt & debris Leave open to air Ice packs or cool towels help with pain May need a tetanus shot Medical attention if Pain increases Redness or streaks appear Swelling Purulent drainage Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 34 Slide 35 Lacerations A tear in the skin resulting from an injury. AKA a cut Lacerations less than deep and long with smooth edges can be treated at home Deep lacerations must be treated by a physician Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 35 Slide 36 Lacerations contd Treatment Clean the wound Wash & irrigate Treat bruising & swelling with ice and elevation Contact a Dr if Laceration is deep/long Wound is on the face, eyelids, lips Deep cuts to the palm, fingers, elbow, or knee Loss of sensation or normal ROM Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 36 Slide 37 Avulsions An injury where layers of the skin are either torn completely off or a flap of skin remains Treatment Cleanse the wound Deep wound see a Dr Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 37 Slide 38 Puncture Wounds Caused by sharp, pointed objects that penetrate the skin Nails, tacks, ice picks, teeth, needles Treatment Remove object Clean wound See a Dr if inflammation is seen Tetanus shot may be needed Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 38 Slide 39 Contusions Direct blow that does not break the skin Usually has a bruise Treatment is RICE May need to see a Dr Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 39 Slide 40 Hematomas Blood and fluid pooling within a tissue space, compartment, or organ Usually the result of a contusion Treatment RICE Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 40 Slide 41 Ecchymosis The accumulation of blood in the skin and subcutaneous tissues AKA bruising A result of injury Treatment Anti-inflammatory Compression dressings Ice Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 41 Slide 42 Injury Response Inflammation the bodys reaction by an infectious agent or physical, chemical or traumatic damage Tissues are subjected to physical trauma; pain, heat, redness & swelling occur Oldest defense mechanism Can become chronic Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 42 Slide 43 Cell Regeneration Regeneration the act of wound healing (tissue rebuilding) Cells work to close and repair the wound Cannot repair scarring occurs Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 43 Slide 44 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 44 JOINTS Slide 45 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 45 Articular System Joint articulation when two bones come into contact Freely moveable knees & hips Slightly moveable pubic symphysis Immobile skull Arthrology the study of joints Slide 46 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 46 Articular System Joints provide two main functions: motion and stability There are three classifications Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses Slide 47 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 47 Synarthrotic Joints lack a synovial cavity bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage immovable joint Three types: Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses Slide 48 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 48 Synarthrotic Joints Three types: Sutures found in the skull Syndesmoses - bones connected by ligaments between the bones Fibula & tibia Ulna & radius Gomphoses fits into a socket and held in place by a ligament tooth Slide 49 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 49 Amphiarthrotic Joints joint type where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage slightly movable joint ribs to the sternum symphysis pubis vetebral joints Slide 50 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 50 Diarthrotic Joints or Synovial Joints type of joint connecting bones by cartilage separated by a joint cavity contain a synovial membrane secreting the synovial fluid freely movable joints six different types Pivot Gliding Hinge Condyloid Ball-and-socket Saddle Slide 51 Slide 52 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 52 Diarthrotic Joints or Synovial Joints Pivot bone moves around a central axis Slide 53 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 53 Diarthrotic Joints or Synovial Joints Gliding bones makes a sliding motion Slide 54 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 54 Diarthrotic Joints or Synovial Joints Hinge allows only extension & flexion Slide 55 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 55 Diarthrotic Joints or Synovial Joints Condyloid Ellipsoidal bones can move about in many directions but cannot rotate Slide 56 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 56 Diarthrotic Joints or Synovial Joints Ball-and-socket provides widest range of movement Slide 57 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 57 Diarthrotic Joints or Synovial Joints Saddle Slide 58 Copyright 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 58 Diarthrotic Joint or Synovial Joint Movements Synovial joints allow for 18 different movements Flexion Extension Hyperextension Abduction (movement of limbs only) Adduction (movement of limbs only) Rotation Circumduction- Retraction Supination- Elevation Pronation- Depression Plantar flexion- Opposition Dorsiflextion Inversion Eversion Protraction Slide 59