Skeletal System
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Skeletal System
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Skeletal System
206 bones Functions
1. Supports body and provides shape2. Protects internal organs3. Movement and anchorage of muscles4. Mineral storage (Calcium and Phosphorus)5. Hemopoiesis (red marrow of the bone is the
site of blood cell formation – red marrow is in long bones (epiphyses), sternum and ilia).
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Bone formation
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal
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Microscopic mature bone cells
Osteocytes = mature bone cell
Osteo = boneCyte = cell
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Bone formation
Ossification – new minerals deposit to form bone
Begins at 8 weeks gestation
Minerals replace previously formed cartilage.
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Bone formation
Infants bones are soft and pliable because of incomplete ossification.
As bones ossify, they become hard.
Long bones grow in length and ossify from the center to the ends.1.02 Remember the
structures of the skeletal system 5
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Know the following….
Osteocytes = mature bone cells
Osteoblasts = cells that actually form bone
Osteoclasts = cells that tear down old bone
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Bone formation
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Types of Bones
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Long bones
Found in the arms and legs
Diaphysis – shaft
Epiphyses – ends
Medullary cavity – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells
Endosteum- lines marrow cavity
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Chewing with movable skull bone = mandible
Occipital bone connects with spinal column
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Axial Skeleton Skull
frontal view
What are the structures of the frontal view of the skull.
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Axial Skeleton Skull
lateral view
What are the structures of the lateral view of the skull.
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Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid
(u-shaped bone in neck to which the tongue is attached)
Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs (126 bones total)
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Axial Skelton
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Hyoid Bone
What is unique about the hyoid bone?
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Vertebral Column
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Spine – Vertebral Column
Encloses the spinal cord Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage
Intervertebral discs Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Shoulder girdle
Clavicle, scapula, humerus
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Appendicular skeleton
Clavicle = collar bone
Scapula = shoulder blade
Humerus = upper arm
Radius and ulna = lower arm (radius = thumb side)
Carpals = wrist bones held together by ligaments
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Metacarpals = hand bones
Phalanges = fingers
Pelvis = 3 bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
Femur = upper leg, longest and strongest bone in the body 1.02 Remember the
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Tibia and Fibula = lower leg (tibias touch – tibia is larger of the two bones)
Sternum = breast bone
Patella = kneecap
Tarsal bones = ankle bones
Calcaneus = heel bone
Metatarsals = foot bones
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Pelvis
Pelvic girdle = ilium, ischium and pubis
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Joints
Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement: Diarthrosis – movable Amphiarthrosis – partially movable Synarthrosis – immovable
Articular cartilage – covers joint surface Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in
joints
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Joints Ball and socket
One bone has a ball at one end The other has a concave socket Allows for the greatest range of
motion Ex: shoulder
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Joints
Hinge joint
Move in one direction
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Joints:Diarthroses
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Example of a hinge joint.
Define uniaxial…permits movement in one axis only
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Joints
Pivot joints
Bones that rotate across each other
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Joints
Gliding joint
Bones with flat surfaces that slide across each other
i.e. bones in ankle and hand
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Joints
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Amphiarthroses
Partially movable joints
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Joints
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Synarthroses
Immovable joints Connected by fibrous
connective tissue
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Bursa and Synovial Membrane
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Bursa Fluid-filled sac that
contains the synovial membrane
Lined by synovial membrane
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Synovial membrane Capsule that
encloses a joint
Lines the bursa Contains synovial
fluid
Bursa and Synovial Membrane
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Types of movement
Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.
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Extension
A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another.
i.e. going from sitting to standing
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AbductionA motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body.
AdductionA motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body
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Circumduction
The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye.
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Rotation
A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis.
i.e. shaking your head “no”
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Pronation A rotation of the
forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.
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Supination
The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.
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Arthritis
Arthritis = An inflammation of one or more joints.
Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% of Americans suffer, joints become enlarged and painful
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Disorders of the Skeletal System
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Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis = A chronic,
autoimmune disease = joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common
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Disorders of the Skeletal System
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Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis
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Gout
Increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.
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Disorders of the Skeletal System
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Osteoporosis- most of those affected are women.
Mineral density of bone is reduced 35% – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, more porous and more prone to fracture. (soft like a sponge)
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Disorders of the Skeletal System
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Osteoporosis
How do you think osteoporosis treated?.
Why is her height decreasing?
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Disorders of the Skeletal System
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Rickets
Found in children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft.
Is this a common problem in the US? Why or why not?
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Disorders of the Skeletal System
Normal legs
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Abnormal spinal curvatures Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis
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Disorders of the Skeletal System
hunchbackswayback
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Dislocation Separation of
bones in a joint
Subluxation = partial separation (dislocation) 1.03 Understand the
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Skeletal System Trauma
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Fracture- a break in a bone Treated by:
Closed reduction- cast or splint applied Open reduction- surgical intervention with
devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment
Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place
Used for fractures of long bones
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Skeletal System Trauma
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Closed or simple bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin
Open or compound broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection
Greenstick in children, bone bent and splintered but
never completely separates Comminuted
splintered or broken into many pieces Spiral
bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks
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