Skeletal and Muscular Systems

To be used with Skeletal and Muscular Systems Guided Notes

Gaccione/BakkaBelleville High School

Movement

• Movement is a Life Function for all living things– Locomotion: change in position of an

organism

Tropism Walking/Sliding

“Everybody’s doing a brand new motion…

”

Locomotion

Why do organisms need to move?

• Survival Value of Locomotion

1. Get food and shelter

2. Escape from predators

3. Move to regions better suited to survival

4. Find mates

5. Move away from toxic wastes

Human Locomotion

• What allows us to move?– Skeleton and Muscles

craniumcranium

illium

illium

patella

patella

radius

radius

phalanges

phalanges

phalangesphalanges

metatarsals

metatarsals

fibula

fibula

Tibia(top)

Tibia(top)

femurfemur

carpals & metacarpals

carpals & metacarpals

Ulna(under)Ulna(under)

humerushumerus

scapulascapula

mandiblemandible

maxilla

maxilla

clavicle

clavicle

ribs

ribs

vertebraevertebrae

sacrumsacrum

tarsals

tarsals

sternumsternum

ishium

ishium

Functions of the Skeleton

• Functions of the skeleton:1. Supporting framework for internal organs.

2. Attachment sites for muscle.

3. Protects the internal organs.

5. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.

4. Provides leverage for body movement.

• The bones also store minerals - calcium.

Cartilage

• Cartilage: tough, fibrous, elastic connective tissue

• Cartilage Functions1. Support 2. Flexibility of joints 3. Cushioning of joints

• Cartilage makes up most of the embryo's skeleton.• Most of this cartilage changes to bone by adulthood.• Forensic scientists can tell a persons age by the % of cartilage

and bone.

Compact Bone

Cartilage

Ligaments

• Ligaments:

-tough and elastic tissue that

connects bones to bones

-found at joints

-a sprain is when the ligament

is torn or overextended.

Tendons

• Tendons: tough fibrous cords which

attach muscles to bones

Tendons and Ligaments

•A is a tendon (it connects bone D to muscle B)

•B is a muscle - bicep

•C is a ligament (connects bones)

•D is the ulna

Muscles

• Muscles– only body tissue able to contract– creates movement by flexing and extending

joints– body energy converters (many muscle cells

contain many mitochondria)

Types of Muscle: Smooth

• Smooth Muscle:– Smooth in appearance– Involuntary in action– Slowly contracting

• but contractions are

long in duration

– Lines blood vessels, alimentary canal, and body openings

Types of Muscle: Skeletal

• Skeletal Muscle– Voluntary in action– Contain many striped

long fibers called striations– Found in association

with skeletal bones• the nervous system interacts with skeletal muscles

to produce motion

Types of Muscle: Cardiac

• Cardiac Muscle:– Involuntary in action– The hardest working muscle--the heart – Resembles skeletal

muscle with lined

appearance

Comparison of Muscle Types

Smooth SkeletalCardiac

Mucsles Work in Pairs

• When biceps contract triceps relax.

• When triceps contracts biceps relax.

Muscle Contractions

• Violent muscle contractions require a lot of oxygen.– If oxygen is not available muscle fatigue will

set in.

• Muscle fatigue: results from oxygen debt– lactic acid accumulates in skeletal muscles– Muscle can cramp up– rest with controlled breathing & fluids restores

the oxygen balance

Disruptions in Homeostasis

• Arthritis: joint inflammation

Disruptions in Homeostasis

• Tendonitis: tendon inflammation at bone junctures– a common condition in athletes

Disruptions in Homeostasis

• Types of bone breaks (fractures):– Range from a simple fracture to a compound fracture: