Skeletal and Muscular Systemswebsites.rcc.edu/mckee-leone/files/2017/08/5...Aug 05, 2017 ·...
Transcript of Skeletal and Muscular Systemswebsites.rcc.edu/mckee-leone/files/2017/08/5...Aug 05, 2017 ·...
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• Skeletal and Muscular
Systems
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Functions of the Skeletal System
• Framework
• Protection
• Movement (with
muscular system)
• Maintain calcium
balance
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Bone • Connective tissue hardened by calcium
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Types of Bone Tissue
• Compact: Dense, solid – forms outer shaft of long bones
• Spongy: Looks “lacy” – found inside shaft
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Bone Development
• Start with cartilage
model
• Osteoblasts = bone
forming cells
• Ends separated
from shaft by
cartilage until
growth stops (late
adolescence)
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• Bones are constantly being “remodeled”
• Load-bearing exercise important!
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• Osteoporosis – Loss of bone density
Normal bone tissue After the onset of osteoporosis
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Basic Bone Types • Long: Weight-bearing, structural
• Short: Allow wide range of movement
• Flat: Protective
• Irregular: Provide attachment sites
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Human Skeleton
• Axial skeleton: Center axis
• Appendicular skeleton: “hanging”
• Bones connected by ligaments at joints
• Muscles attached to bones by tendons
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Axial Skeleton
• Supports and
protects
• Made of:
- Skull
- Vertebral column
(backbone)
- Sternum
(breastbone)
-Ribs
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Skull
• 28 bones!
• Brain case protects
the brain
• Facial bones
support & shape
the face
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Vertebral Column
• 33 vertebrae
stacked with
intervertebral
disks between
most
• Intervertebral
disks = shock
absorbers, flex
points
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Ribs / Sternum
• Ribs attach to vertebral column in back,
sternum in front
• Protect heart, lungs, other organs
• Important for breathing
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Appendicular Skeleton
• “Hanging” skeleton
• Made of: - Arms / hands - Legs / feet - Pectoral girdle (shoulders) - Pelvic girdle (hips)
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Pectoral Girdle
• Scapula (shoulder
blade)
• Clavicle (collar bone)
connects scapula to
the sternum
• Loose muscle
attachment
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Arm Bones
• Humerus = upper arm
• Radius, Ulna = lower arm
• Carpals = wrist
• Metacarpals = hand
• Phalanges = fingers
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Pelvic Girdle / Leg Bones
• Femur = thigh
• Tibia, Fibula =
lower leg
• Tarsals = ankle
• Metatarsals = foot
• Phalanges = toes
• Patella = kneecap
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Functions of the Muscular System
• Allow us to stand
upright
• Movement
• Blood circulation
• Digestion & waste
removal
• Regulation of body
temperature
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Types of Muscle
• Skeletal: connects
to skeleton & moves
parts, striated
• Smooth: found in
walls of hollow
organs and blood
vessels, not striated
• Cardiac: only found
in heart, striated
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“Slow” Fibers
• Sustain long, repeated
contractions
• Many mitochondria
• Lots of myoglobin
“Fast” Fibers
• Generate quick bursts
of power
• Few mitochondria
• Little myoglobin
Types of Skeletal Muscle
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Structure of Skeletal Muscles
• Bundles of muscle cells (fibers) covered by connective tissue
• Attached to bones by tendons
• Origin – attached to bone that moves little
• Insertion – attached to bone that moves most
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Many Muscles Arranged in Pairs or Groups
• Antagonistic: work in opposition
• Synergistic: work together
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Basic Types of Muscle Contractions
• Isotonic: Muscles shorten to move a load
• Isometric: Muscles develop tension but don’t shorten