Sizing Hydraulic Structures in Cold Regions to Balance ...
Transcript of Sizing Hydraulic Structures in Cold Regions to Balance ...
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Sizing Hydraulic Structures in Cold Regions to Balance Fish
Passage, Stream Function, and Operation and Maintenance Cost
Matt Blank, WTI-MSU
David Dockery, Wild Rivers Consulting
Chrissy Pohl, BPXA
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Background
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Background
Federal, state, and local governments as well as private industry manage large
road networks that use hydraulic structures (culverts or bridges) to cross
waterbodies.
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Background
Proper design of hydraulic structures is
necessary to balance fish/aquatic organism
passage, geomorphic processes, function,
and cost.
2.5 million aquatic barriers in U.S. by
culverts, dams and canals (National Fish
Passage Summit, 2006).
Estimated 1.4 million stream-road crossings
in U.S. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife, National
Fish Passage Program, unpublished data).
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Background
Research is needed to evaluate how
characteristics of hydraulic structures
relates to operation and maintenance
(O&M) effort, impacts to fish/aquatic
organism passage, and stream function.
This work will help agencies (private and
public) better manage their road systems.
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Project Scope
Objective –
Evaluate relationships between O&M effort and crossing characteristics,
fish passage, and stream function.
A couple key questions we asked:
Do structures designed to accommodate stream function perform better over their
engineered life and require less O&M (and thus less cost)?
Do structures that provide unimpeded fish and aquatic organism passage perform
better over their engineered life and require less O&M (and thus less cost)?
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Project Study Area
• 34 road-stream
crossings
• All sites have culverts
• Culvert type: smooth
steel, corrugated metal
pipe (CMP), and arch
pipes.
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Project Study Site Examples
This photo shows a medium-sized
crossing.
This photo shows a large crossing.
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Methods
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Methods - Data Collection
Culvert characteristics: width, slope, and type
(smooth steel, corrugated metal pipe or
structural steel plate).
Stream function: constriction ratio (channel
width/culvert width)
Fish passage: water velocity, outlet drop,
water depth, and debris blockage
O&M effort: ranked at each site as low,
medium or high with observations including:
(1) structural damage, (2) road embankment
failure, (3) sediment in channel, and (4)
sediment in culvert.
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Methods - Data Collection
Constriction Ratio (CR): the culvert width divided
by the average channel width at ordinary high water
(OHW). Larger CR represents structures that
accommodate stream function better.
OHW photos above are from Alaska Department of
Fish and Game Culvert Inventory Guide (2014).
Photo showing culvert width measurement (red line).
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Methods – Sampling Events
• 2014 High Flow
• 2014 Low Flow
• 2015 High Flow
• 2015 Low Flow
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Methods – Large Flood Event
• 2014 High Flow
• 2014 Low Flow
• 2015 High Flow
• 2015 Low Flow
Large Flood
Event Insert pic of flood event
Photographs courtesy of ADOT&PF.
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Methods – Data Analyses
Statistical models
Logistic regression
Generalized linear mixed models
Response
O&M concern (yes or no)
Fish passage concern (yes or no)
Factors
Fish passage concern, culvert type, width, slope,
constriction ratio, and flooding
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Results
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Results – 2014 Fish Passage Basic Data
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Results – 2014 O&M Basic Data
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Results – 2015 Fish Passage Basic Data
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Results – 2015 O&M Basic Data
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Results – Statistical Models
No observable associations among O&M concerns and
culvert type or constriction ratio (P>0.1) for pooled data.
Lower constriction ratios were observed for sites with
O&M concerns for the June 2014 sampling event only
when analyzed separately.
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Results – Statistical Models
O&M concerns were associated with flooding and fish
passage concerns.
Proportion of sites with both fish passage and O&M concerns was
0.52.
Proportion of sites with no fish passage concern but O&M concern
was 0.35.
Evidence suggested O&M concerns were associated with
culvert slope (P=0.05).
Odds of having O&M concerns increased by a factor of 1.2 times
for each 0.1 unit increase in percent slope.
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Results – 2015 Flood Event
O&M concerns were greater for sites that experienced
significant flooding (P = 0.01).
Photograph courtesy of ADOT&PF.
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Summary
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Summary
Fish passage concerns and O&M concerns matched at a
majority of sites.
O&M concerns were related to increased culvert slope.
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Summary
Crossings with low constriction ratio were associated with O&M
concerns in June 2014 event; therefore, this event suggests
designs that are sized larger (and thus have a higher constriction
ratio) may require less O&M.
The fact that O&M, fish passage concern, and stream degradation
shared some criteria suggests these concerns are related.
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Summary
Future study should increase sample size to between 60 and 180
sites (based on this data set).
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Thanks and Questions?