Grammar Book Semester 2

Sixto Robinson

Table of Contents34

5 Present6 Present perfect irregulars7 Past

8 Subjunctive perfect9 Tanto y Tan10 Impersonal ‘se’11 Saber vs. Conocer

12 Informal13 Formal14 Nosotros commands

1516

17 Trigger phrases18 Demonstrative Adjectives

Conditional and irregulars

Present Tenses

Conditional and irregulars

Subjunctive + irregulars

Conditional

• The conditional is used to show probability, wonder, conjecture, or possibility

Infinitive +

• Same irregulars as the future tense

• Used to make polite requests (Me gustaría)

ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

Irregulars

• Caber → Cabr• Poner → Pondr• Decir → Dir• Haber → Habr• Salir → Saldr• Hacer → Har• Poder → Podr• Tener → Tendr• Querer → Querr• Valer → Valdr• Saber → Sabr• Venir → Vendr

Present Perfect• A compound tense formed with “haber” and the

past participle of the other verb being used✦ AR → ado✦ ER → ido✦ IR → ido

• Stays true throughout the past and into the present

• A recently finished action

Irregulars

Abrir → abierto Cubrir → cubierto Decir → dicho Escribir → escrito Hacer → hecho Morir → murto Pooner → puesto Resolver → resuelto Romper → roto Ver → visto Volver → vuelto Ir → ido

Past Perfect

+ Verb

•Something in the past

•ER, IR → ido•AR → ado

había habíamos

habías habíais

había habían

Subjunctive Perfect• The action is completed with verbs

used in the present or future tense• Haber + your past participle

+ Participle

Haya Hayamos

Hayas

Haya Hayan

Tanto y Tan

• Tan alto como (as tall as)

Tan - used with adjectives as well as adverbs

• Tanto papeles como (as much/as many papers as)

Tanto - used with nouns or verbs

Impersonal Se

• Used to talk about a person, but nobody in particular

• Always in third person• Impersonal “se” can

be used in every tense

Saber vs. Conocer

• Conocer - Used when talking about knowledge of people, places, or literary works.

• Saber - Used when talking about knowing facts

Informal Commands

Conjugate to “usted” → drop ending → add opposite ending and an s

Connect DOP/IOP if affirmative. Do NOT connect if negative

IregularsDi

Hasvesesaltenvenpon

Formal Commands

“Yo” form → opposite ending

Connect DOP/IOP if affirmative. Do NOT connect if negative

Irregulars

Dé

esté

vaya

sea

sepa

tenga

venga

ponga

Nosotros Commands

Mono Verbs - When making the verb reflexive for nos you drop the s Hablemosnos->Hablemonos

“Nosotros” tense → opposite nosotros ending

Subjunctive

• The subjunctive represents attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical, will, influence, emotion, or doubt.

• “Yo” form → opposite ending

• Use “que” as a connector

• Two different subjects (first person and third person)

Irregulars

• Car, Gar, Zar’s

• Conducir, decir, oir - conduzca, diga, oiga

• Dar → dé, des, den, demos

• Hay → haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos

Trigger Phrases• Impersonal expressions

es bueno que

es malo que

es necesario que

• Expressions of emotion

alegrarse de que

esperar que

sentir que

temer que

• Conjunctions of time

Asi que

caundo

despues de que

en cuanto

hasta que

luego que

tan pronto como

Demonstrative Adjectives

este/esta → this

ese/esa → that

aquel/aquella → that (over there)

estos/estas → these

esos/esas → those

aquellos/aquellas → those (over there)