Six Six currentcurrentMPAMPAProjectsProjects::

Offshore MPAs

National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment

BCLME

KwaZulu-Natal

Prince Edward Islands

Agulhas Bioregion

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Cape Vidal

Cape Point

Sylvia Hill

Mbashe River

(Namib Bioregion)

Namaqua Bioregion

Agulhas Bioregion

Natal Bioregion

Delagoa Bioregion

30 m

150 m

South-western Cape Bioregion

Bioregions

KwaZulu-Natal

Sea-PLAN

Dr Jean Harris

KZN-Wildife

FINE-SCALE(high resolution/detail)

Suitable for local scale management interventions

PLANNING AREA

Provincial waters out to the EEZ (200 nm)

1. PATTERNS

Shoreline

•Habitats

•Species

Offshore

•Bathymetry

•Reefs

•Geology

•Canyons

2. PROCESSES

•Oceanography

•Fish spawning areas

•Fish nursery areas

•Fish migrations

•Predictable aggregations

•Dispersal routes

3. THREATS

•(lots)

E d g e o f S h e lf 1 0 0 m 3 m S L W S H W

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1 . In th e sou th o f D u rb an if H is d eep th en p ro tec t 2 0 % + H + B .2 . N eed to d ese lec t trash ed co ra l ree fs .3 . + R in th e n orth - M ap u ta lan d .4 . G rass d u n e g e ts R va lu e fo r sou th b u t n o t fo r n o rth .5 . N eed to fin d ou t w h a t it look ed like p re -E u rop ean .

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H - h e te rog en e ityR - ra rityB - d iffe ren ce to n e ig h b ou rP - p o ten tia l th rea t

H ig h R e lie f (2 0 % + R )L ow R e lie f (2 0 % + R )

D eep

R ock R ee f

Y ou th fu l (1 0 0 % )M atu re (1 0 0 % )

C an yon

M u d d y S an d (2 0 % )

S L O P E

H ig h = 2 0 % + HL ow = 2 0 %

D eep

H ig hL ow

M ed iu m

H ig hL ow

S h a llow

R ock R ee f

D eep - H ig h = 2 0 % + H + BS h a llow - 2 0 % + H + B + P

C ora l R ee f

C an yon -1 0 0 %

Tu g e la - 2 0 %S t L u c ia -1 0 0 %

M u d B an k - 2 0 % + R + B

S an d B ed - 2 0 %

S H E L F

R ocks - 2 0 %

S an d - 2 0 %

S U R F Z O N E /N E A R S H O R E

S an d edU n s an d ed

E xp osed

S an d edU n s an d ed

S h e lte red

H ig h L ed g e - 2 0 % + H + B

L ow L ed g e - 2 0 %M ixed S h ore - 2 0 %B roken L ed g e - 2 0 % + HB ou ld ers - 2 0 %

R ocky S h ore

S an d y S h ores - 2 0 %

S H O R E L IN E

F ores t D u n e

G ras s - 2 0 % + RB u sh - 2 0 %

S cru b D u n e

F ore D u n e - 2 0 % + P

D U N E C O R D O N

CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY1. PATTERNS

Mapping the shoreline at 100m intervals

SHORELINE BIODIVERSITY MAPPING

Data mapped onto high resolution colour aerial photos

FORESTDUNEIndigenous coastal forest

SCRUBDUNEBushes dune scrubBushes dune scrub & grassnot present

FOREDUNEBare_Blow_Extensive foredune dune fieldsBare_Blow_Vegetation_Extensive foredune dune fieldsBare_Broken rocksBare_Indigenous coastal forest_broken rocksBare_Vegetation_Extensive foredune dune fieldsVegetationnot present

HIGHSHORESand / Sandbar

MIDSHORERock low ledge_Sand / SandbarSand / Sandbar

LOWSHOREBroken rocks_Rock High ledgeBroken rocks_Scattered rocksLow ledgeRock High ledgeRock low ledge_Sand / SandbarSand / SandbarScattered rocksScattered rocks_Sand / Sandbar

SURFZONEBroken rocks_Rock Low ledge_Rocks submergedBroken rocks_Rocks emergentBroken rocks_Rocks submergedRock Low ledge_Rocks submergedRocks emergent_Rock High ledgeRocks emergent_Rock High ledge_Scattered rocksRocks emergent_Rocks submerged_Scattered rocksRocks emergent_Scattered rocksShallow sandy bottom

Three major beach types were identified and mapped:1. Reflective beaches2. Intermediate beaches3. Dissipative beaches

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55.7 45.7 31.4 23.4 0

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Beach Type: ReflDeans: 1.067Avg Grain Size: 425 µmWave Height: 0.9mWave Freq: 4 min-1

Slope: 1/12

SANDY SHORES (Ronel Nel)

314 transects

SPECIES Seaweeds

Other invertebrates

Sponges

•Fish

•Birds

Species being mapped spatially (Kerry Sink)

1. Fisheries importance

2. Over exploited species

3. Threatened speciesIUCN 2006 Red listSouth African Mammal Red data book National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment Priority linefish species for conservationCITES Listed

4. Endemic species

5. Rare species

6. Other species of concern (NGOs, User Groups, Literature)

1. PATTERNS

Shoreline

•Habitats

•Species

Offshore

•Bathymetry

•Reefs

•Geology

•Canyons

2. PROCESSES

•Oceanography

•Fish spawning areas

•Fish nursery areas

•Fish migrations

•Predictable aggregations

•Dispersal routes

3. THREATS

OFFSHORE BATHYMETRY - DEPTHCouncil for Marine Geoscience

10-30 m (Cloverley Lawrence)

ShallowReefs2-10m(SeanPorter)

Deep reefs>40mKerry Sink

Reefs – Photic BioZones

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DURBAN

RICHARDS BAY

PORT SHEPSTONE

0 100 Kilometers

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KZN Reef Points depicting different users

# Commercial users# Recreational users# Divers

Reef positions – compiled data, all sources

OFFSHOREHABITATMAPPING

SeafloorGeology

Canyons

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Hummock/Swales StructuresMedium 2D Subaqueous Dunes

Sediment Transport Direction

Giant 2D Subaqueous Dunes

Quartzose Shelf SandScattered Reef Outcrop (aeolian/beachrock)Reef Outcrop (aeolian/beachrock)

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LEGENDSide-Scan Sonar Interpretation

Bedforms

Coordinate SystemReference Spheroid: WGS84Decimal Degrees

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Seafloor Map of the Continental Shelfbetween Red Sands & Ntabende

DIEPGAT CANYON

Kingfish Bay II

Kingfish Bay I

Adlams

Ntabende

1000 0 1000 2000 Meters

1:25000

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OFFSHOREHABITATMAPPING

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Hummock/Swales StructuresMedium 2D Subaqueous Dunes

Sediment Transport Direction

Giant 2D Subaqueous Dunes

Quartzose Shelf SandScattered Reef Outcrop (aeolian/beachrock)Reef Outcrop (aeolian/beachrock)

$ Pinnacle

LEGENDSide-Scan Sonar Interpretation

Bedforms

Coordinate SystemReference Spheroid: WGS84Decimal Degrees

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Seafloor Map of the Continental Shelfbetween Red Sands & Ntabende

DIEPGAT CANYON

Kingfish Bay II

Kingfish Bay I

Adlams

Ntabende

1000 0 1000 2000 Meters

1:25000

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1. PATTERNS

Shoreline

•Habitats

•Species

Offshore

•Bathymetry

•Reefs

•Geology

•Canyons

2. PROCESSES

•Oceanography

•Fish spawning areas

•Fish nursery areas

•Fish migrations

•Predictable aggregations

•Dispersal routes

3. THREATS

Offshore “Domains” – 1km x 1km

Defined by …….

* Depth

* Turbidity

* Temperature

* Chlorophyll

* Sediment type

Oceanography

2. PROCESSES

ChlorophyllSea surface temperature

0 70 140 210 Kilometers

Turbidity_21 April 2003LandSlight TurbidityMedium TurbdityHigh TurbidityNo Turbidity

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Turbidity Data Analysis based on colour

• 5 categories

Oceanographic Provinces

Bakun (Ocean triads)

3. Threats & degree of impact/transformation

• Commercial exploitation• Subsistence and small scale commercial use• Recreational fishing• Shark control installations• Aquarium trade – commercial• Aquarium trade - recreational• Ornamental shell trade• Mariculture • Alien invasive species• Mining• Shipping• Pollution• Non-extractive recreational activities• Coastal development and access• Natural threats e.g. cyclones• Disease• Climate change

200 0 200 Kilometers

KZN MPAsKZN BoundaryOccurance of Commercial linefishingKZN EEZ

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Areas along the KZN coastline where commercial linefishing occurs

Commercial Exploitation

200 0 200 Kilometers

KZN MPAsKZN BoundaryOccurance of Commercial longlining (swordfish)KZN EEZ

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Areas along the KZN coastline where commercial longling (swordfish) occurs

Issues & challenges?

* Offshore profiles as proxy for biodiversity - test

* Integrating estuaries

* Measuring threat intensity

* Threats vs vulnerability

* Setting targets

* Connectivity & proximity factors

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Cape Vidal

Cape Point

Sylvia Hill

Mbashe River

(Namib Bioregion)

Namaqua Bioregion

Agulhas Bioregion

Natal Bioregion

Delagoa Bioregion

30 m

150 m

South-western Cape Bioregion

Bioregions

FINE to MEDIUM-SCALE

Suitable for bioregional prioritisation

PLANNING AREA

Bioregional waters out to 30 m depth

Used MARXAN to site new MPAs using coastline accessibility (by foot or boats) as a cost factor

Conservation planning analyses1. MARXAN (1 km coastal planning units)

2. Meet targets

3. Avoid areas of high cost

4. Cluster solutions

1. Intertidal habitats (1:5000)

2. Reef fish abundance (1 km coastal segments)

3. Coastal dune systems (exact locations)

4. Marine geology (surrogate for different reef types, 1:2million)

Features

Costs1. Foot access

2. Boat access

#Y

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ROCKY SHORESRock_ShelteredRock_ExposedRock_Very exposedBoulders on rock_ShelteredBoulders on rock_ExposedBoulders on sand_ShelteredBoulders on sand_ExposedPebbles_Exposed

MIXED SHORESSand above rock_ShelteredSand above rock_ExposedRock above sand_ExposedBroken rock and sand_ShelteredBroken rock and sand_ExposedScattered rock and sand_ShelteredScattered rock and sand_Exposed

SANDY SHORESSand (dissipative)Sand (intermediate)

RIVERSEstuary permanently open_ExcellentEstuary permanently open_Excellent?Estuary permanently open_GoodEstuary permanently open_FairEstuary permanently open_PoorEstuary open river mouth_ExcellentEstuarine bay_GoodEstuary temporarily closed_ExcellentEstuary temporarily closed_Excellent?Estuary temporarily closed_GoodEstuary temporarily closed_FairEstuary temporarily closed_PoorEstuarine lake system_GoodEstuary canalized_PoorEstuary in harbour_PoorRiver outlet

TRANSFORMED AREASTransformed

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Port ElizabethCapePoint

MbasheRiver

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Feature 1: Intertidal habitats (1:5000)

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210 100 200 300 400 Kilometers

Reef fish abundance score00 - 0.50.5 - 11 - 1.51.5 - 22 - 2.52.5 - 3

Feature 2: Reef fish abundance (1 km coastal segments)

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210 100 200 300 400 Kilometers

Feature 3: Proposed coastal dune reserves (exact locations, Tinley 1985)

#YPort Elizabeth#Y

Mossel BayCapePoint

Mbashe River

Bot River

Go

u ri ts Rive

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Groot - Vis River

#Y

Plettenberg Bay

N

0 100 200 300 400 500 Kilometers

Argillaceous quartzite_black phylliteArgillaceous quartzite_black phyllite_GraniteClayGlauconitic clay with pyrite and plant fragments_shale_siltstoneHard grey shale_silty shaleLimestone_calcareous clayQuartzite (Table Mountain Group)Quartzite (Witteberg Group)Red and grey sandstone and siltstone

Feature 4: Subtidal geology (1:2 million)

Access score (foot and boat)1.5 - 22 - 2.652.65 - 33 - 3.253.25 - 3.53.5 - 44 - 4.554.55 - 5.25.2 - 66 - 7

Accessibility model

Costs

Priority areas avoided

coastlines with high cost

(accessibility)

N

0 100 200 300 400 500 Kilometers

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19 Priority areas