SITI FAIRUZ ROSLAN -...
Transcript of SITI FAIRUZ ROSLAN -...
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MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT DIELECTRIC RESONATOR
ANTENNA FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION APPLICATIONS
SITI FAIRUZ ROSLAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
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MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA
FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION APPLICATIONS
SITI FAIRUZ ROSLAN
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2015
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To my beloved mother, RAMLAH HASAN
and father, ROSLAN YA’ACOB
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc.
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ramlee bin Kamarudin for the continuous support of my master
degree study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense
knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.
My sincere thanks also go to Dr. Mohd Haizal bin Jamaluddin for his
encouragement, insightful comments and provided me with the dielectrics resonators
(DRs) I studied. I also wish to thank Dr. Mohsen Khalily and others in the WCC group for
sharing ideas and discussions during the period of completing my studies.
In my daily work I have been blessed with a friendly and cheerful group of fellow
students. I thank my fellow lab mates; Nur Shazwani Mohd Noor, Alyaa Syaza Azini,
Roshayati Yahya @ Atan and Izni Husna Idris for the discussions and working together
before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last two years.
The Wireless Communication Centre (WCC) Director, Professor Tharek Abd
Rahman and technician, Mr. Norhafizul Ismail who guide me use the equipment. Last but
not the least; I would like to thank my mother Ramlah Hasan and my father Roslan
Ya’acob, for giving birth to me at the first place and my family members who supporting
me spiritually throughout my life.
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ABSTRACT
Wireless communications have been part of human life where people can
communicate worldwide with very high speed through the use of new technology known
as Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE is an evolution in wireless communication system
which is capable of providing high data rates and high speed transmission. In addition, a
multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology enables wireless communication
systems to achieve high data rates and high quality of services by placing multiple
antennas at transmitter and receiver. Multiple antennas should be designed to have good
isolation even when closely spaced. A ceramic material with several attractive features
which is called a dielectric resonator (DR) is used as a radiation element in this thesis.
This thesis presents three designs of dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) that operate at 2.6
GHz for LTE applications. Firstly, a coplanar waveguide (CPW) rectangular DRA
(RDRA) without and with metallic strip has been designed. The measured impedance
bandwidths (BWs) for CPW RDRA without and with metallic strip for S11 < -6 dB are 45%
and 66%, respectively. The gains obtained for CPW RDRA without and with a metallic
strip are 2.92 dBi and 3.12 dBi, respectively. Secondly, an MIMO F-shaped DRA is
designed. The measured impedance BWs for S11 < -6 dB are 36% for port 1 and 31% for
port 2, respectively with S21 = 33 dB. The antenna provides gain of 1.99 dBi for port 1 and
1.85 dBi for port 2. Lastly, an MIMO RDRA is designed. Two orthogonal modes of the
MIMO RDRA are excited by using two different feed mechanisms which is CPW and
coaxial probe. The measured impedance BWs for S11 < -6 dB are 47% for port 1 and 25%
for port 2, respectively with S21 = 33 dB. The antenna provides gain of 4.97 dBi for port 1
and 4.51 dBi for port 2. Then, the third design was extended by using higher relative
permittivity value of DR in order to reduce the antenna size. It can be seen, both second
and third designs produced correlation coefficient well below 0.5 with nearly 10 dB
diversity gain. A reasonable agreement between the simulated and measured results has
been achieved.
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ABSTRAK
Komunikasi tanpa wayar telah menjadi sebahagian daripada kehidupan manusia di
mana orang ramai boleh berkomunikasi ke seluruh dunia dengan kelajuan yang sangat
tinggi melalui penggunaan teknologi baru yang dikenali sebagai Evolusi Jangka Panjang
(LTE). LTE merupakan evolusi dalam sistem komunikasi tanpa wayar yang mampu
menyediakan kadar data yang tinggi dan kelajuan penghantaran yang tinggi. Di samping
itu, teknologi berbilang masukan berbilang keluaran (MIMO) membolehkan sistem
komunikasi tanpa wayar untuk mencapai kadar data yang tinggi dan perkhidmatan
berkualiti tinggi dengan meletakkan berbilang antena pada bahagian penghantar dan
penerima. Berbilang antena perlu direkabentuk untuk mempunyai pengasingan baik
walaupun jarak rapat. Bahan seramik dengan beberapa ciri-ciri menarik yang dipanggil
resonator dielektrik (DR) digunakan sebagai elemen radiasi di dalam tesis ini. Tesis ini
membentangkan tiga reka bentuk antena resonator dielektrik (DRA) yang beroperasi pada
2.6 GHz untuk aplikasi LTE. Pertama, daya sesatah pandu gelombang (CPW) DRA
berbentuk segiempat tepat (RDRA) tanpa dan dengan jalur logam telah direka bentuk.
Pengukuran jalur lebar bagi CPW RDRA tanpa dan dengan jalur logam untuk S11 <-6 dB
adalah 45% dan 66%, setiap satu. Gandaan yang diperolehi untuk CPW RDRA tanpa dan
dengan jalur logam adalah 2.92 dBi dan 3.12 dBi. Kedua, MIMO DRA berbentuk F telah
direka bentuk. Pengukuran jalur lebar untuk S11 <-6 dB adalah 36% untuk port 1 dan 31%
untuk port 2, dengan S21 = 33 dB. Antena ini menyediakan gandaan sebanyak 1.99 dBi
untuk port 1 dan 1.85 dBi untuk port 2. Akhir sekali, MIMO RDRA telah direka bentuk.
Dua mod ortogon daripada MIMO RDRA di teruja dengan menggunakan dua mekanisme
masukan yang berbeza iaitu CPW dan kabel sepaksi. Pengukuran jalur lebar untuk S11 <-6
dB adalah 47% bagi port 1 dan 25% untuk port 2, dengan S21 = 33 dB. Antena ini
menyediakan gandaan sebanyak 4.97 dBi untuk port 1 dan 4.51 dBi untuk port 2.
Kemudian, reka bentuk ketiga telah dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan nilai ketelusan
relatif DR yang lebih tinggi untuk mengurangkan saiz antena. Reka bentuk kedua dan
ketiga memberikan pekali korelasi kurang daripada 0.5 dengan gandaan kepelbagaian
menghampiri 10 dB. Kesetaraan di antara keputusan simulasi dan pengukuran telah dapat
dicapai.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xix
LIST OF APPENDICES xx
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives of Research 4
1.4 Scope of Research 4
1.5 Layout of the Thesis 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Introduction to LTE and MIMO Technology 8
2.3 Antennas for LTE Applications 12
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2.3.1 Single Port Antenna 13
2.3.2 MIMO Antenna 15
2.4 History of Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) 19
2.5 Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) 22
2.6 Summary 27
3 METHODOLOGY 28
3.1 Overview 28
3.2 Flow Chart 28
3.3 Design Specifications 30
3.4 Design and Simulation 31
3.5 Antenna Fabrication Process 34
3.6 Antenna Testing and Measurement Process 36
3.7 Summary 38
4 A WIDEBAND RECTANGULAR DIELECTRIC
RESONATOR ANTENNA (RDRA)
39
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Antenna Geometry 40
4.3 Antenna Design and Analysis 42
4.4 Results of the Proposed Antenna 45
4.5 Comparison with Other Work 48
4.6 Summary 49
5 AN MIMO F-SHAPED DIELECTRIC
RESONATOR ANTENNA (DRA)
50
5.1 Introduction 50
5.2 Antenna Geometry 51
5.3 Antenna Design and Analysis 54
5.4 Results of the Proposed Antenna 57
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5.5 Comparison with Other Work 61
5.6 Summary 63
6 AN MIMO RECTANGULAR DIELECTRIC
RESONATOR (RDRA)
64
6.1 Introduction 64
6.2 Antenna Geometry 65
6.3 Antenna Design and Analysis 68
6.4 Sensitivity Studies 71
6.5 Results of the Proposed Antenna 73
6.6 Size Reduction of MIMO RDRA with
Permittivity of 30.
77
6.7 Comparison with Other Work 81
6.8 Summary 83
7 CONCLUSIONS 84
7.1 Conclusions 84
7.2 Future Works 86
REFERENCES 87
Appendices A-D 95-98
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Frequency number and channel band of LTE 9
2.2 Configuration of MIMO Technology 10
3.1 Design specifications of proposed antenna 31
4.1 Comparison with other work 48
5.1 Simulated and calculated 𝜂 60
5.2 Comparison with other work 62
6.1 Simulated and calculated 𝜂 (𝜀𝑟 = 10). 76
6.2 Simulated and calculated 𝜂 (𝜀𝑟 = 30). 80
6.3 Comparison with other work 81
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE
PAGE
1.1 Portable communication devices 3
2.1 The evolution of wireless communication systems 8
2.2 Small-size wideband monopole with distributed
inductive strips
13
2.3 Planar compact LTE/WWAN monopole antenna 14
2.4 A planar WWAN/LTE antenna 15
2.5 Compact mobile handset MIMO antenna 16
2.6 Novel quad-band diversity antenna 17
2.7 Compact dual-port diversity antenna 17
2.8 Compact MIMO antenna 18
2.9 Miniature Ferrite antenna 19
2.10 Rectangular dielectric resonator on ground plane 21
2.11 Dual polarized DRAs
(a) Slot-coupled fed
(b) CPW and slot hybrid-fed
22
2.12 Wideband ring dielectric resonator antenna with
annular-shaped microstrip feed
23
2.13 MIMO arrays circular DRAs 23
2.14 Wideband P-shaped DRA 24
2.15 Compact CPW-fed DRA 25
2.16 MIMO dielectric resonator antenna 25
2.17 MIMO dielectric resonator antenna 26
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2.18 Cylindrical DRA with dual polarization 26
3.1 Flow chart of research project 29
3.2 (a) Coaxial Probe
(b) Coplanar waveguide (CPW)
33
3.3 A CPW RDRA
(a) Without metallic strip
(b) With metallic strip
33
3.4 MIMO F-shaped DRA 34
3.5 MIMO RDRA 34
3.6 Dielectric Resonator 35
3.7 (a) Cutter Machine
(b) Ultraviolet (UV) machine
(c) Etching machine
36
3.8 S-parameters measurement of DRA using VNA 36
3.9 Schematic diagram of DRA radiation pattern inside
anechoic chamber
37
3.10 (a) E-plane for port 1
(b) H-plane for port 1
37
3.11 (a) E-plane for port 2
(b) H-plane for port 2
38
4.1 A CPW RDRA geometry
(a) Without metallic strip
(b) With metallic strip
41
4.2 Photograph of the fabricated CPW RDRA
(a) Without metallic strip
(b) With metallic strip
41
4.3 Simulated S11 for different value of wg2 × lg2 42
4.4 Simulated S11 for different value of d 43
4.5 Simulated S11 for different value of l2 44
4.6 Simulated S11 for different value of lm along x-direction 45
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4.7 Simulated S11 without and with a metallic strip 46
4.8 Illustration electric field distribution in the DR 46
4.9 Gain for the RDRA without and with metallic strip 47
4.10 Simulated and measured 2-D radiation patterns of CPW
RDRA without metallic strip at 2.6 GHz
(a) E-plane. (y-z plane)
(b) H-plane. (x-z plane)
47
4.11 Simulated and measured 2-D radiation patterns of CPW
RDRA with metallic strip at 2.6 GHz
(a) E-plane. (y-z plane)
(b) H-plane. (x-z plane)
48
5.1 Geometry of single port F-shaped DRA 52
5.2 DRA cutting procedures
(a) Rectangular shaped
(b) L-shaped
(c) F-shaped
52
5.3 An MIMO F-shaped DRA geometry
(a) Top view
(b) Side view
53
5.4 Photograph of the fabricated MIMO F-shaped DRA 53
5.5 Simulated S21 of the MIMO DRA for different
configuration
(a) Mirrored parallel
(b) Parallel
(c) Horizontal
(d) Orthogonal
55
5.6 Simulated S21 of the MIMO DRA for different shaped
(a) Rectangular DRA
(b) L-shaped DRA
(c) F-shaped DRA
56
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5.7 Simulated S11 of the MIMO F-shaped DRA for
different configuration
(a) Mirrored parallel
(b) Parallel
(c) Horizontal
(d) Orthogonal
56
5.8 Simulated and measured S-parameters of MIMO F-
shaped DRA
57
5.9 3-D radiation patterns of the two antennas element 58
5.10 Illustration electric field distributions in the F-shaped
DRA
58
5.11 Simulated and calculated 𝜌𝑒 59
5.12 Simulated and calculated 𝐺 59
5.13 Simulated and measured 2-D radiation patterns of
proposed antenna at 2.6 GHz for port 1
(a) E-plane. (y-z plane)
(b) H-plane. (x-z plane)
60
5.14 Simulated and measured 2-D radiation patterns of
proposed antenna at 2.6 GHz for port 2
(a) E-plane. (x-z plane)
(b) H-plane. (y-z plane)
61
6.1 An MIMO RDRA geometry
(a) 3-D view
(b) Side view
(c) Top view
(d) Back view.
67
6.2 Photograph of the fabricated MIMO RDRA
(a) Without RDRA
(b) With RDRA
(c) Side view with RDRA
67
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6.3 Simulated S11 for different value of l2 68
6.4 Simulated S11 for different value of d 69
6.5 Simulated S11 for different value of ls 70
6.6 Simulated S11 for different value of lc along y-direction 70
6.7 Glue thickness between DR and ground plane 71
6.8 Simulated S11 for different value of t 72
6.9 Air gap between coaxial probe and DR 72
6.10 Simulated S11 for different value of r 72
6.11 Simulated and measured S-parameters of MIMO
RDRA (𝜀𝑟 = 10).
73
6.12 Current distributions at 2.6 GHz when Port 1 and Port 2
are simultaneously excited
74
6.13 Illustration electric field distributions in the DR 74
6.14 Simulated and calculated 𝜌𝑒 75
6.15 Simulated and calculated 𝐺 75
6.16 Simulated and measured 2-D radiation patterns of
proposed antenna at 2.6 GHz for port 1
(a) E-plane. (y-z plane)
(b) H-plane. (x-z plane)
76
6.17 Simulated and measured 2-D radiation patterns of
proposed antenna at 2.6 GHz for port 2
(a) E-plane. (x-z plane)
(b) H-plane. (y-z plane)
77
6.18 Reduction size of MIMO RDRA 78
6.19 Simulated and measured S-parameters of MIMO
RDRA (𝜀𝑟 = 30)
78
6.20 Simulated and calculated 𝜌𝑒 79
6.21 Simulated and calculated 𝐺 79
6.22 Simulated and measured 2-D radiation patterns of
proposed antenna at 2.6 GHz for port 1
80
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(a) E-plane. (y-z plane)
(b) H-plane. (x-z plane)
6.23 Simulated and measured 2-D radiation patterns of
proposed antenna at 2.6 GHz for port 2
(a) E-plane. (x-z plane)
(b) H-plane. (y-z plane)
81
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LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
BW - Bandwidth
CP - Circular Polarization
CPW - Coplanar Waveguide
CST - Computer Simulation Technology
dB - Decibel
DR - Dielectric Resonator
DRA - Dielectric Resonator Antenna
DWM - Dielectric Waveguide Model
EDGE - Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
GPRS - General Packet Radio Service
GUI - Graphical User Interface
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication
HSPA - High Speed Packet Access
HSPA+ - High Speed Packet Access Plus
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
LTE - Long Term Evolution
MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
MISO - Multiple Input Single Output
PCS - Personal Communications Service
PIFA - Planar Inverted F Antenna
RDRA - Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna
SMA - Sub Miniature Version A
SIMO - Single Input Multiple Output
SISO - Single Input Single Output
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UV - Ultraviolet
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VNA - Vector Network Analyzer
VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol
WWAN - Wireless Wide Area Network
Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
S11 & S22 - Reflection coefficient magnitude
S21 - Isolation
% - Percentage
𝜀𝑟 - Permittivity
δ - Loss tangent
≤ - Less than or equal to
˃ - Greater than
Ω - Ohm
𝜆𝑔 - Guided wavelength
𝜆° - Free space wavelength
𝜌𝑒 - Correlation coefficient
𝐺 - Diversity gain
𝜂 - Total efficiency
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A List of Author’s Publication 95
B Datasheet of ECCOSTOCK HiK500F 96
C Datasheet of Coaxial Probe 97
D Datasheet of SMA Connector 98
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Imagine that Malaysian societies of tomorrow, which mobile users will be able to
receive and send high quality videos, images, data along the highways, on the trains, in the
parks, universities and anywhere with high speed data transmission. In order to have the
high speed data transmission and amount of data received or transmitted, a new high
performance of air interface is introduced which calls Long Term Evolution (LTE) and
later on upgraded to LTE-Advanced. LTE standardized by the 3rd
Generation Partnership
Project (3GGP) in order to satisfy with the market demand [1]. LTE operates over
different frequency bands from 400 MHz up to 4 GHz with impedance bandwidth (BW)
from 1.4 to 20 MHz [2].
However, this evolution need major requirement especially on the user equipment
and base station infrastructures. The high speed data transmission and high data rates of
the proposed antenna can be achieved by applying multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
technology. With the MIMO technology, multiple element of antennas are placed at the
transmitter and receiver of the communication system to exploit multipath fading in order
to improve the capacities of channel, data rates, link reliability, and network coverage [3-
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2
4]. In order to fully exploit the aforementioned benefits of MIMO technology, the multiple
antennas should be designed for good isolation even when closely spaced [5-6].
Much research on wireless communication used printed antenna to implement
MIMO technology. Therefore, with the introduction of ceramic material with several
attractive features in 1980s, it is a very much interesting candidates for LTE applications
[7]. This antenna is called a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). The antenna with the
suitable size, simple structure and good performance are proposed in this thesis for LTE
applications.
1.2 Problem Statement
The new era of mobile communication has been evolved moving forward from
first-generation (1G) analogue voice communication to the second-generation (2G) which
is digital voice communication. Then, mobile communication technology has been
expanded to the 3G that provide video call, internet access, games and video or music
download. Furthermore, the new coming of mobile communication technology fourth
generation (4G) which is called LTE that increasing the speed and data rates of mobile
telephone networks [8-9].
LTE is one of the key technologies in recent mobile wireless communication
system that provides high quality service and coverage. One way to develop LTE
technology is to fulfill the requirement by placing multiple of antennas is placed at both
transmitter and receiver. This technique is called MIMO technology which is suitable
method to improve performance of wireless communication system by reducing multipath
fading and cross channel interference [5]. Also, the correlation coefficient and isolation
need to be consider in improving uncorrelated signals between transmitter and receiver in
MIMO technology.
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Other than that, the antenna size should be practical or can be utilized in the devices
such as tablet, laptop and mobile phone. The standard device has a maximum form factor
of 100 mm × 55 mm × 13.5 mm include a plastic cover that houses the whole device, an
LCD and a battery which has been discussed in [10-11]. The devices are shown in Figure
1.1. Therefore, a ceramic material with some attractive features and potentially useful
antenna radiation element which is called a dielectric resonator (DR) is used in this
research [12]. DRA has several potential to be implemented for wireless communication
system such as high impedance BW, high radiation efficiency, small conductive loss and
various of feeding mechanism [13-15]. DRA also have various shapes (i.e. spherical,
cylindrical, trapezoid, split conical) [16-19]and feeding mechanism [20-23] with simple
structure.
Figure 1.1: Portable communication devices [24-25].
Although many studies have been carried out in MIMO antenna, many are still
focusing on printed antennas. Typically, printed antenna using two or more antenna
elements to build MIMO antenna. However, DRAs have not received much attention in
MIMO technology, especially for LTE at 2.6 GHz. This is because the 2.6 GHz is the new
standard in Malaysia during these two years. Other than that, most of the previous studied
conducted on MIMO DRA at low band of LTE (LTE 700MHz) or for circular polarized.
In addition, DR can be used to reduce the size and improve the impedance bandwidth
(BW) of antenna. Therefore, an MIMO DRA with good diversity performance for LTE
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applications at 2.6 GHz is presented in this thesis. In MIMO technology, high isolation
and low correlation coefficient is main requirement to achieved good diversity
performance. Therefore, several parameters such as current distribution, mode excitation
and antenna configuration and distance are studied to improve the isolation and correlation
coefficient. Other diversity performance (i.e. diversity gain, total efficiency) of MIMO
antenna by using DRA has also been discussed in the following chapter.
1.3 Objectives of Research
The objectives of the thesis are:
1. To design and fabricate an MIMO dielectric resonator antennas for LTE
applications at 2.6 GHz.
2. To investigate the performance of an MIMO dielectric resonator antenna in term of
S-parameters (S11, S22 and S21), gain, radiation pattern, correlation coefficient,
diversity gain and total efficiency.
1.4 Scope of Research
The scope of this research is to design, fabricate and measure an MIMO DRA for
LTE applications. This research begins with designing an antenna that has a single port.
Then, comparison will be made without and with metallic strip. After that, the research
proceeds with an MIMO F-shaped DRA. This antenna design consist two antenna
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5
elements which is normally use by printed antenna. It can be seen that the printed antenna
implement two or more antenna elements to develop MIMO technology. Several studies
on the antenna configuration are conducted to ensure that MIMO F-shaped DRA can
produce good diversity performance. Final design and also main contribution in this
research which is an MIMO RDRA shows that only one resonator is needed to radiate two
different modes at the same frequency.
The characteristics of the antennas will be analyzed and optimized to get the best
performance. Then, the antenna will be fabricated and measured in term of S-parameters,
gain, radiation pattern, correlation coefficient, diversity gain and total efficiency to ensure
it is suitable to operate as MIMO antenna for LTE applications.
1.5 Layout of the Thesis
This thesis is organized with seven chapters. In Chapter 1, the research starts with
the understanding of the problem statement and the objectives of this research. Chapter 2
of this thesis starts with the introduction of the modern wireless communication which is
LTE and also the basic concept of MIMO technology and DRA. The technique and design
consideration from the previous research that is related to this research are discussed and
summarized in this chapter.
Chapter 3 reviews the methodology applied in this research. This chapter consists
of flow chart, process of setting the general simulation using 3D-Software CST microwave
studio, design specification, fabrication and measurement process of DRA. Then, a single
port antenna with wide impedance BW is designed and presented in Chapter 4. The
comparison of the antenna without and with metallic strip is discussed.
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An MIMO F-shaped DRA with two antennas element is presented in Chapter 5.
The various configurations of antenna with suitable distance and shape is studied in order
to produce a good isolation (S21 < -20 dB). The performance of the proposed antenna is
investigated in term of S-parameters, gain, radiation pattern, correlation coefficient,
diversity gain and total efficiency.
The main contributions of this research are described in Chapter 6. In this chapter,
the MIMO RDRA using single element of DR is proposed. This chapter provides the
performance of the two similar antenna designs with different relative permittivity (𝜀𝑟)
value of DR which is 10 and 30. The performance of the proposed antenna which is
similar with Chapter 5 is investigated in order to ensure the proposed antenna can operate
as MIMO antenna. Finally, Chapter 7 gives summary from all chapters and some
recommendations for future work.
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APPENDIX A: List of Author’s Publication
1. S. F. Roslan, M. R. Kamarudin, M. Khalily, and M. H. Jamaluddin, ”An MIMO
rectangular dielectric resonator antenna for 4G applications,” IEEE Antennas and
Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13 pp. 321-324, 2014.