Brimbank Park is located in the Mel-bourne suburb Keilor East. It is situated approximately 15km northwest of the Melbourne CBD and 6km south of Tul-lamarine Airport.Intersected by the Maribyrnong River, as well as the M80 Highway, Brimbank epitomises a surviving natural environ-ment amongst an ever-expanding urban setting.

Brimbank consists of two major areas: Brim-bank Park itself, as well as a smaller sector named Horseshoe Bend Park. Several veg-etated areas neighbour it, including: Duke Street Reserve to the south, and the Keilor Botanic Gardens to the north.

An image of the boundaries of Brimbank Park. (Parks Victoria 2004)

(Google Maps 2012)

(Google Maps 2012)

Location

Geology

Due to its proximity to the Maribyrnong River, Brimbank consists mainly of Sediment rock. The sedi-ment closest to the river consists of alluvial terrace and alluvium deposits from the Quarternary Period (Geological Survey of Victoria 1973). Due to the lack of igneous rock in the area, this is presumably from further upstream where primary igneous rocks are weathered chemically and physically, process-es accelerated from the existence of water in the ecosystem. The sediment is then carried downstream where it is deposited on the banks of the Maribyrnong.

(Geological Survey of Victoria 1973)

Further away from the river there are depositions of far older sedimentary rock from the Silurian Period (Geological Survey of Victoria 1973). These depositions of inter-bedded shale, mudstone, and greywacke may outline the possible preceding form of the Maribyrnong. In earlier geological periods, weathering and erosion of primary rocks resulted in a large-scale deposition of sediment on the broad-er banks of the preceding Maribyrnong. Later geological periods brought about younger sediment, which gradually replaced the older sediment alongside the riverbanks. The 3rd alluvial deposition con-sists of sand, silt and minor inter-bedded gravel (Geological Survey of Victoria 1973). This sedimentary rock from the Tertiary Period may give evidence of another previous form of the Maribyrnong. Further away from the river, there are shallow (refer to cross section map) Olivine Basalt deposits. These Basalt deposits postdate the Silurian and Tertiary Period sedimentary rocks (Geological Survey of Victoria 1973), suggesting moderate volcanic activity in the area 5-1.6 million years ago (Australian Museum 2009) this is further supported by the existence of a nearby Fault (Geological Survey of Victoria 1973).

(Geological Survey of Victoria 1973)

(Geological Survey of Victoria 1973)

Landscape

* Refer to page 2 for legenddetails

Map created Thu Mar 15 12:45:11 EST 2012Department of Sustainability and Environment

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Brimbank Park is situated amongst a large basalt plane. The major geographical and topographic features of the park result from the existence of the Maribyrnong River. Though the Basalt surround-ing the park is relatively new, 5-1.5 Million years old (Australian Museum 2010), the original river bed sediment, from the Silurian period, predates that by a significant margin; being 443-417 Million years old (BBC Nature Prehistoric Life, 2012). The presence of the river in the ecosystem has resulted in a small gorge forming, as evident with the contour lines on the map. Other than the river, the remaining landscape is flat.The parks urban location has resulted in many walking paths (Department of Sustainability and Envi-ronment 2012), this is due to a desire from local residence wanting to use the park recreationally. There is also a presence of several roads in the park, including Brimbank Rd and Horseshoe Rd (Biodiversity Interactive Map 2012). This further allows public access to the area.

(Department of Sustainability and Environment 2012)

Brimbank park is “...a valley cut into overlying volcanic basalt plains dissected by the Maribynong River and Taylors Creek. Within this valley, including the river and the escarpment, there are significant na-tive vegetation remnants.” (Parks Victoria, 2004)

SoilsThe predominant soil in Brimbank Park is a sandy loam and a sandy clay loam (CSIRO Land and Water 2012). The area in close prox-imity to the river does not have as significant clay and loamy soil. This is due to the presents of the Maribyrnong River. Though the river increases the ability for soil to be deposited, it also increases the erosion of the soil closest to the banks of the river. The constant flow does not allow for the slow process of soil forma-tion, only 0.1mm per year (Weatherley 2012). Because at no point upstream there is signifi-cant time to form finer soils, such as clay, the soil closest to the river is a sandy soil.

(CSIRO Land and Water 2012)

The A1 horizon varies from 5-30cm thick, consisting of a sandy and silty clay loam. It is a dark greyish colour, which suggests poor drainage, understandable given the proximity to the Maribyrnong. The A2 is similar, however it’s colour is a bleached light grey, this is expected for an A2 horizon, as the clay, organic matter, iron and aluminium oxides are leached into the underlying B horizon.The subsoil contains medium to heavy clay. This produces a grey to yellowish brown colour, with bright yellow mottles (Department of Primary Industries 2011).The entire soil profile is usually greater than 100cm deeper, however on upper slopes, the depth deceases to between 40 and 80cm (Department of Primary Industries 2011).

Climate

Based on the Koppen classification, Brimbank Park, like all of Mel-bourne, is a temperate climate with no dry season but a warm summer (Bureau of Meteorology 2012).Because Brimbank park has no official weather station, all local weather charts are specific to the nearest weather observation centre, Tullamarine Airport.

Average mean max temperature since 1995 (Beuro of Meteorology 2011)

Average mean min temperature since 1995 (Beuro of Meteorology 2011)

Monthly Rainfall Since 1999 (Beuro of Meteorology 2011)

Hydrology

The Brimbank Park area is home to the Mar-ibyrnong River, a river originating around Mt Macedon and flowing south to join the Yarra River and flow into Port Phillip Bay (Parks Victoria, nd). The water ways that flow into the river in the vicinity of Brimbank Park are: Taylors Creek, and the Stenson Road Drain (Department of Sustainability and Environ-ment, 2012).

(Department of Sustainability and Environments, 2012)

The river intersects with the park and flows into a ‘horseshoe bend’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2012). This forms the human focal point of the park, pro-viding a perfect setting for park infrastruc-ture (e.g. Picnic areas, cycling paths, cafés and playground areas).

As a result of local urbanisation, the quality of the water has suffered; the river is generally regarded as having acceptable pH (Parks Victoria, nd) ranging between 6 – 8 pH. However, the river possesses poor levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, turbidity, salinity and blue green algae (Parks Victoria, nd) Storm water runoff and silt due to land clearing are seen as the major contributors to the watercolour which is a mud-dy brown (Parks Victoria, nd). Other potential causes of poor river health include: changes to flow, lack of native vegetation, existence of riverside weeds. Vegetation plays an important role of not only provid-ing shelter for local animals, but also to absorb materials from the water, maintain chemical balance and filtering out unwanted particles.

The river is tidal, therefore varying greatly in its depth (Parks Victoria, nd). Furthermore, the Maribyrnong floods every 2-3 years. However due to the River-Red-Gum lining its banks, it is able to withstand periodic floods that occur in the area (Parks Victoria, nd).

(Bureau of Meteorology 2005)

Map created Thu Mar 15 12:45:11 EST 2012Department of Sustainability and Environment

Legend

Map Scale 1:20,000

NOT FOR NAVIGATION

Disclaimer: This map is a snapshot generated from Victorian Government data. This material may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria does not guarantee that the publication iswithout flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for error, loss or damage which may arise from reliance upon it. All personsaccessing this information should make appropriate enquiries to assess the currency of the data.

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Vegetation Type

Botanical Values of the park:- 348 species of flora - 8 listed as threatened in Victoria.- 3 of the flora species in the park are classified as rare, one vulnerable and one depleted.

There are four broad Ecological Vegetation Communities (EVC) present:1. Flood Plain Riparian Woodland (21 hectares)2. Grassy Wetland (3 hectares)3. Plains Grassland (14 hectares)4. Rocky Outcrop Shrub land (15 hectares)

1. Flood Plain Riparian woodland: (Purple)Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum), Bursaria Spinosa (sweet Bursaria), Hymenthera Dentata (Tree Violet), Acacia dealbata (Silver Wattle) and Acacia melanoxylon (Blackwood), with ground-flora dominated by Themeda triandra (Kangaroo Grass) and Poa labillardieri (Tussock Grass) (Parks Victoria, 2004)

2. Grassy Wetland: (Blue)Viminaria juncea (Golden Spray), Leptospermum lanigerum (Wooley tea-tree), Callistemon sieberi (Alpine Bottlebrush) and Phragmites Australis (Common reed) dominate the grassy wetland. The wetland area to the south has been invaded by largely exotic groundflora such as the Phalaris tubero-sa (Canary Grass). (Parks Victoria, 2004)

3. Plains Grassland: (Yellow)Characterised either by Dichanthium sericeum (Silky Blue-grass), Bothriochloa macra (Red-leg Grass), Themeda triandra (Kangaroo Grass) and Pimelea Glauca (Smooth Rice flower) with a scat-tered middle storey of Hymenanthera spinosa (Sweet Bursaria). A few canopy trees comprising Aca-cia implexa (lightwood) and Allocasuarina verticillata (Drooping She-oak) also form part of these communities. (Parks Victoria, 2004)

4. Rocky Outcrop Shrub land: (Green)(Elevated area) Dominated by a variety of Acacias with some groupings of Busaria Spinosa (Sweet Bursaria). Some of the areas have also been severely invaded by Phalaris tuberosa. (Parks Victoria, 2004)

Indigenous Vegetation: “In total there are around 53 hectares of indigenous vegetation, 32 hectares of which are remnant and the remaining area reflects the extensive re-vegetation program that has been undertaken. The area of indigenous vegetation comprises almost 15% of the total area of Brimbank Park.” (Parks Victoria, 2004)The 17 separate areas of indigenous vegetation are quite fragmented. Most areas are less than 5 hectares each. Nearly 24 hectares is contained within the riparian areas along the Maribynong River and the remaining 29 hectares is in small patches of native grassland and rocky outcrop shrub land.

Fauna

Faunal Values of the park: - A medium fauna diversity of 135 species, comprising 101 birds, 11 mammals, 12 reptiles, 8 frogs and 3 fish.- 7 threatened species in Victoria.- 2 nationally threatened species.- The Maribynong river and its associated floodplains support the nationally significant fish: the Australian Grayling (Prototroctes marnaena) and Spotted Galaxias (Galaxias pursilla).- The vulnerable Striped Legless Lizard (Delma impar) may exist amongst the Remnant Plain Grasslands above the river escarpment at Kealba, but has not been recorded.- Two rare bird species Lewin’s Rail and Little Bittern have been recorded in the park.

The park plays a role in providing habitat for a migratory bird species. One Japan Australia Migra-tory Bird Agreement/ China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA/CAMBA) species has been recorded in the park.

Riparian area: Provides a refuge for wildlife. This is becoming increasingly important as nearby land is being converted for urban use

As re-vegetation has been carried out, wildlife has returned to the area. There have been increased numbers of sightings of swamp wallabies and kangaroos. (Parks Victoria, 2004)

Specific species commonly seen at the park include: Willie Wagtails, White-Plumed Honeyeaters, Superb Blue Wren, Galaxias, Grayling, Wood Ducks, Growling Grass Frog, Long-necked Tortoise, Ringtail Possum and Golden-headed Cisticola.

Superb Blue Wren (Nature of Robertson 2006)

Willie Wagtail(Kate Murray 2006)

Growling Grass Frog(Lydia Fuksco 2008)

(MapShare 2012)

Human Context

Early Human History:The Brimbank area was originally the land of the Wurjundjeri people.In 1940, a 15,000-year-old Aboriginal skull was found during excavation of a sandpit on Dry Creek near the Maribynong River in Keilor. Further evidence of old campsites places the Keilor area amongst the oldest human habitations in Australia (Parks Victoria, 2004).

Archeological surveys at Keilor indicate that aboriginal occupation of the Brimbank area extends back 40,000 years, making it among the oldest known human inhabited sites in Victoria. Human remains and artefacts estimated to be 8,000 years old were found in the vicinity of the Kulin Wetlands at nearby Green Gully (Parks Victoria, 2004).

Post European Settlement:The area around the Maribyrnong became of high value to farmers who used it initially as grazing property. It was later used by dairy farmers and orchard owners, thus forming the town of Keilor in the 1880’s (Parks Victoria, 2004). In 1907, the Dodd family bought the property that was then called Brimbank Farm.

Modern Development:In 1986 the Kulin Wetlands were created by the park staff. They were developed to provide a habitat for a diverse range of species including: water birds, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The wetland are also part of an on going river health programme, working as a natural flood buffer, a filter for pollutions and also helps recycle nutrients.

Extensive re-vegetation has been a major project for the park workers. Due to this program there has been a indigenous re-vegetation of 21 hectares of the park (Parks Victoria, 2004).

Due to constant urbanisation of the suburbs surrounding Melbourne, there is a significant amount of property development around the Keilor area (Parks Victoria, 2004). This is increasing the amount of population not only living around the area, but also travelling through the area. Due to Brimbank’s proximity to the M80, there is a potential for significant increase of pollution. The effects of this will need to be managed in the future to maintain the park as a natural reserve.

(Parks Victoria, 2004)

Site Visit Plan

Our plan for the site visit mainly comprises a walk through the Brimbank Park begin-ning at the Information Centre and then following the track up the hill towards the hillcrest, and then down the hill to the Maribynong River, following the trail walk through the Sandy Beach and cross the foot-bridge over Taylor’s Creek to enter Kulin Wetlands, and then return to the Informa-tion Centre. We will stop at eight observa-tion sites including four test sites along the itinerary which we drew above.

The location of those sites which we marked above have been chosen since we believe that we can find something special in those sites and they will provide a comprehensive overview of Brimbank Park. Moreover, we will do some general observations of landscape and catchment and conduct specific record-ings of plants and animals which we can see, identify different soils along our visit.

(Parks Victoria 2011)

SITE ONE:The first observation site is near the Information Centre. According to Nature Trail Brimbank Park Par-knotes, there is a low stonewall which is the remainder of a basalt rock fence constructed around 1880. The fence previously marked the boundaries of the Brimbank farm property, and acted to keep livestock within the owned land.

SITE TWO:The second site is near a rock picnic shelter on the track up the hill. The reason why we chose it is the grass in this area are native Poa, which are one of 35 species native to Australia, as mentioned in the Par-knotes. This site also lies on a recent sedimentary rock, one of the most abundant rocks in the Brimbank area.

SITE THREE:The third site is atop the highest contour of Brimbank Park. The view above the basin will allow a pano-ramic view of the landscape of Brimbank park. This site’s vegetation, according to the EVC classification is of ‘Plains Grassland’. By investigating different EVC areas, there is an increased diversity of vegetation, and the fauna it entails, that can be recorded. Also this site provides the possibility of finding basaltic rock, as well as providing an area of finding silty loam soil.

SITE FOUR:The fourth site is a ford at the bottom of the hill. The EVC classifies this area as “Grassy Wetland”. Accord-ing to the Park notes, there is a thickly layered sedimentary rock specimen on the far side of the river, which can be observed. This site is also an area of great biodiversity, allowing us to record the existence of more varied species. It is a possibility that we will find some Silurian mudstone

Proposed sites for observation and measurement:

SITE FIVE:The fifth site is a dry billabong. Because the river has changed watercourse a number of times in it’s exist-ence, part of the riverbed was cut off. This provides a great area to investigate different alluvial sediment carried down river at different geological time periods. By doing so, the time period in which the river changed direction can be found. Furthermore, this area provides an ability to find sandy loam soil.

SITE SIX:The sixth site is Sandy Beach on the north of the park. This is a great example of the abrasive weathering occurring due to water flow.

SITE SEVEN:The seventh site is an archeological site. This is where the aboriginal remains in the park were discovered. Given it is an archaeological site, there may be a visible soil profile to investigate.

SITE EIGHT:The eighth site is Kulin Wetlands. This area is where Taylors creek joins the Maribynong, allowing us to see the major drainage line into the Maribynong within Brimbank Park. This site is also an area of great biodi-versity, allowing us to see a greater number of fauna and vegetation.

Orientation of the site:

Assuming public access is available, we will begin at the Information Centre, having located this from our directions, which are highlight-ed in red. We will then use a topo-graphic map, to locate our observa-tion sites. We will also carry a GPS and a compass to further assist our navigation from site to site.

Equipment:Topographic Map of Brimbank Park Showing Observation site, GPS,

Methods of Investigation

(Parks Victoria 2011)

Location and Landforms

At each test site as highlighted in red above, we will take detail recordings of the location and the landforms by using cameras to photograph the areas, and noting the visible land-forms according the Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook to identify the appropriate names for the landforms.

Equipment: Map Showing Test Sites, GPS, Compass, Camera, Australia Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook, Note Book, Pencil

Vegetation:

We will describe and record the main vegetation at each observation site on the basis of the Australia Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. We will also document any other important vegetation attributes dur-ing our visit.

Equipment: Notebook, Pencil, Camera, Measuring Tape, and Plant Identification Key

Land Surface:At each test site, we will observe the land surface, keeping an eye out for signs of erosion and unusual disturbance of the soil, especially for those sites near the catchment. At sites 4, 6 and 8 we will also test the salinity of the water and record of the conditions of the riverbanks.

Equipment: Notebook, Pencil, Petri Dishes, and ER Meter

Soil Profile:

Applying the techniques that we learned during the past several weeks in our practical tutorials, we will do some tests on the soils. The group will test the surface layer of soils at each site according to the park’s regulations that no digging is allowed.

Equipment: Notebook, Pencil, Disposable gloves, dilute HCI acid, Petri dishes, Squirt bottle, Safety glasses, Australia Soil and Land Survey Book, Soil pH Kit

Substrate:

During the visit, we will look for parent rocks to test and identify specific details about the rock. We will also note the descriptions of the rock such as colour, fracture pattern, texture, mineral content, grain size etc.

Equipment: Notebook, Pencil, Screwdriver, HCI Acid, Safety Gloves, Safety Glasses, Camera, Map

Fauna:

Brimbank Park is an area of great biodiversity. There are many animals including some threaten species living in this region. We will attempt to take recordings of the species we come across as many as possi-ble. Specific attention will be paid to the Willie Wagtails, White-Plumed Honeyeaters, Superb Blue Wren, Galaxias, Grayling, Wood Ducks, Growling Grass Frog, Long-necked Tortoise, Ringtail Possum and Golden-headed Cisticola.

Equipment: Notebook, Pencil, and Camera

Summarised Equipment List:

GPSCompassCameraNotebookPens and pencilsTopographic Map of Brimbank ParkSoil pH KitSoil colour chartScrewdriverSafety GlassesPetri dishesSquirt bottleDisposable glovesHCI AcidEC MeterMeasuring tapeAustralia Soil and Land Survey BookMelways

- In addition to aforementioned equipment, personal equipment such as water, hat (if necessary),enclosed footwear, food or some warm/wet weather clothing should be brought along by every group member.

Environment, health & safety risk assessmentRisk Exposure Likelihood Consequence Risk Score

Snakebite or Insect Bites

1 1 3 3

Sunburn 1 2 1 2

Dehydration 1 1 2 2

Cuts and Abrasions as a result walking through bushland

1 2 1 2

Drowning 1 1 3 3

Becoming disorientated or lost

2 1 2 4

Injury when undertaking field tests

1 2 2 4

Ankle injury as a result of walking on unstable ground

1 1 2 2

Broken Bones 1 1 2 2 Control Measures

Snakebite or Insect Bites: Low risk score is low due to a reduced likelihood of this occurring in such an urbanised regional area. The consequences are however, dangerous and severe. Possible control meas-ures would be Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as closed shoes, suitable first aid knowledge to deal with such a situation. Also, keeping to designated walking tracks, and being sure to not encroach on animal habitat will decrease the risk.

Sunburn: An easily avoidable risk. Proper planning reduces the likelihood of this risk occurring, whilst poor planning has the reverse effect. PPE control methods should be used, in particular long sleeve shirts and trousers, hats and sunscreen. These measures will ensure sunburn cannot occur.

Dehydration: Another easy risk to avoid with proper planning. Control method used would be PPE, in this case ensuring enough water or other fluids are brought on the site visit to avoid dehydration.

Cuts and Abrasions: This risk although being more likely to occur, the consequences of such a risk are very minor. Suitable control measures would be PPE, in particular wearing gloves, trousers and protec-tive shoes all of which are increasingly able to resist penetration. Also knowledge of how best to disinfect (first-aid administration) would be helpful in reducing the severity of the consequences and ensuring infection does not occur.

Drowning: In a site such as Brimbank, with a river running through the park, the potential for a seri-ous drowning incident to occur is increased. The risk is potentially the most severe of any on site due to participant’s proximity to water. Although the consequences are severe, the likelihood in reality is small provided proper control measures are adhered to. Control methods can include employing both Admin-istration and PPE methods. Administrative control measures would involve observing signs that identify dangers associated with the river, whilst PPE control methods would involve ensuring all group members are well aware of each others whereabouts at all times during the site visit. Keeping a safe distance from the river whilst assessing the stability of footing around water areas would also be a suitable risk-elimi-nating method.

Becoming Disoriented and Lost: Administration control measures such as providing all members with a clear map and outline of the exact sites we are visiting during the site visit should eliminate risk. Members also carry mobile phones, which can be called if someone was to become separated from the group.

Injury when undertaking field tests: A lack of experience for the vast majority of the group members in using the equipment provided could be a contributing factor in increasing the likelihood of this risk; thus making the risk potentially severe. PPE control methods must be used. For example, wearing protective equipment such as those designated in the list above (safety glasses, gloves and suitable clothing) whilst undertaking particular tests. Administration methods can also be used as a control factor to eliminate risk, particularly education on how to use the equipment properly and in a safe manner. Furthermore, correct treatment of the equipment, in terms of packing and storing in effective ways will ensure that the equip-ment functions as it should and no risks will be increased due to it functioning incorrectly. Any damage to equipment should also be reported to suitable authorities.

Ankle injury: The risk score is low, but changed weather conditions could make one more susceptible to this risk and increase its likelihood. Employ a control measure of wearing PPE, in this case totally enclosed footwear, suitable for walking on trails should be worn.

Broken Bones: Again very similar to the above risk of an ankle injury, the risk score is low, however this may change according to weather conditions. PPE control methods of footwear with effective traction suit-able for trails would help to reduce this risk factor.16

Australian Museum. 2009. The Pleistocene Epoch. [ONLINE] Available at: http://australianmuseum.net.au/The-Pleistocene-Epoch. [Accessed 01 April 12].

BBC Nature Prehistoric Life. 2012. Silurian Period. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/na-ture/history_of_the_earth/Silurian. [Accessed 01 April 12].

Biodiversity Interactive Map, 2012. Vegetation of Brimbank Park. n.d, n.d, 1:11703, Australia: Depart-ment of Sustainability and Environment.

Bureau of Meteorology, 1990. Climate Classifications of Australia. Australian Climate Zones, n.d, 1:25000000, Australia: Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology.

Bureau of Meteorology. 2012. Monthly Rainfall. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=139&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=087015. [Ac-cessed 27 March 12].

CSIRO, 2012. Soil Map of Brimbank Park. ASRIS, n.d, 1:35000, Australia: Australian Government De-partment of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.

Department of Primary Industries. 2011. Generalised Soil Descriptions. [ONLINE] Available at: http://vro.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/coranregn.nsf/pages/soil_landform_soil_unit. [Accessed 01 April 12].

Department of Primary Industries. 2011. Geomorphology of Victoria - Tier 1. [ONLINE] Available at: http://vro.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/map_documents.nsf/pages/grg_vic_tier1. [Accessed 30 March 12].

Geological Survey of Victoria, 1973. Sunbury. 1 mile to 1 inch, geological map. Department of Mines, Victoria.

Google Maps, 2012. Satellite Map of Brimbank Park. n.d, n.d, 1:200, U.S.A: Google.

Google Maps, 2012. Map of Brimbank Park. n.d, n.d, 1:200, U.S.A: Google.

Kate Murray, (2011), Willie Wagtail [ONLINE]. Available at: http://kate-murray.com/2011/bird-lore/ [Accessed 01 April 12].

Lydia Fuksco, (2008), The Growling Grass Frog [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.nccma.vic.gov.au/library/scripts/objectifyMedia.aspx?file=images/17/30.jpg&siteID=1&str_title=Growling%20Grass%20Frog%20(4).jpg [Accessed 01 April 12].

Melbourne Water. n.d. Maribyrnong Catchment. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/rivers_and_creeks/river_health/maribyrnong_catchment.asp?bhcp=1. [Accessed 01 April 12].

Parks Victoria. 2004. Brimbank Park and Horseshoe Bend: Future Directions Plan, Melbourne, Victoria. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au. [Accessed 27 March 12].

Parks Victoria. n.d. Brimbank Park VCE Teacher Notes, Physical Feature. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/education/resources/bpvce_phyfea.pdf. [Accessed 26 March 12].

References

Parks Victoria. 2011. Park note -Brimbank Park Natural Trail. [ONLINE] Available at: http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/314487/Park-note-Brimbank-Park-nature-trail.pdf. [Accessed 25 March 12].

The Nature of Robertson, (2006), Fairy Wren Superb [ONLINE]. Available at: http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/3970/1906/1600/Fairy-Wren_Superb3_Cook.jpg [Accessed 01 April 12].

Weatherley, T. (2012). Landscape Processes: Mass Wasting, Basic Soil Properties, lecture notes distributed in the topic ENV 10001. University of Melbourne, Melbourne on 20th March.