Sistema semicentralizado

8/10/2019 Sistema semicentralizado

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Water recyc l ing and water reuse

integral part of indus tr ial water

management

Peter CornelTechnische Universitt Darmstadt, Germany

Institute....


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Structure

Introduction / water challenges

Water consumption and water resources

Resources in wastewater

Water itself

Energy in wastewater

Nutrients and other valuables

Steps for implementation of water reuse

Examples (not included in handout)

Conclusion


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TU Darmstadt, Germany | Institute IWAR | Institut IWAR | 3

Challenge I: World Population Growth

Actual and Projected


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Challenge II: Urbanization


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TU Darmstadt, Germany | Institute IWAR | Peter Cornel | 7

Challenges III: Limited resources

1. Water

Jialing/Chongqing 2006; www.zeitenschrift.com/magazin/54-

wasser.jpg 26.5.2013

http://www.hvv-mobility.com 26.5.2013

www.baecktrade.de26.5.2013

2. Energy

3. Nutrients (P, N, ..)
http://www.zeitenschrift.com/magazin/54-wasser.jpghttp://www.zeitenschrift.com/magazin/54-wasser.jpghttp://www.hvv-mobility.com/http://www.baecktrade.de/http://www.baecktrade.de/http://www.hvv-mobility.com/http://www.hvv-mobility.com/http://www.hvv-mobility.com/http://www.hvv-mobility.com/http://www.zeitenschrift.com/magazin/54-wasser.jpghttp://www.zeitenschrift.com/magazin/54-wasser.jpghttp://www.zeitenschrift.com/magazin/54-wasser.jpg


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Source: A.J.B. Zehnder, Dechema 2003,


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Annual water requirement per person

Suffic ient > 1700 m3

Water s tress 1000 - 1700 m3Scarc ity 500 - 1000 m3

Extreme scarcity < 500 m3

Source: A.J.B. Zehnder (EAWAG), Dechema, May 2003


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Water needed to produce 1 kg of plant material

(dry weight)

Sorghum 250 Li terCorn 350 L iter

Clover 460 L iter

Wheat 500 L iterPotatoes 636 L iter

Cucumber 713 Li ter

A lfalfa 900 L iter

Rule of thumb:

For 1kg o f bread 1m

3

water is neededSource: A.J.B. Zehnder (EAWAG), Dechema, May 2003


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Animals convert 5 to 15 percent of the

energy content of plant material into meat.

The average is 10 percent.

Rule of thumb:

10 times more water is needed per uni t o f

energy from meat than from plantsSource: A.J.B. Zehnder (EAWAG), Dechema, May 2003


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Annual per capi ta water needs for food

to cover 2500 kcal a day

20% meat:theoretical 680 m3

actual 1200 - 1500 m3

Vegetarian:theoretical 250 m3

actual 500 - 1000 m3

Source: A.J.B. Zehnder (EAWAG), Achema, May

2003


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Solving water shortage problems

Integrated water resource managementSustainable, ecologically, economically

Efficient use needs

Improved management

Improved technology

Adequate tariff structures

Import from external sources as virtual water

Virtual water trade organization

Water intensive industries in water rich regions

Use of additional sources:

Use of runoff water / Rainwater Harvesting

Saline water / sea water high energy consuption (3-4 kWh/m)

Treated wastewater / water reuse ( 1 kWh/m)


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Wastewater is ambivalent

resource

pollutant

nitrogen

pathogens

phosphorus

potassium

germs copper

hormonesviruses

helminth eggs

iron

zinc

water

AOXs

antibiotics

heatorganic carbon

contraceptives

PCBsPAHs

potential and kinetic energy

endocrine disrupters

unknown

unknowns


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Resource or pollutant?

A Question of the point of view

resource

pollutant

Nitrogen

pathogens

Phosphorus

Potass ium

germs copper

hormonesviruses

helminth eggs

iron

zinc

water

AOXs

antibiotics

heatorganic carbon

contraceptives

PCBsPAHs



unknown

unknowns

Eutrophicat ionOxygen

deplet ion

Resource

as

fert i l izer


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A Question of the point of view

resource

pollutant

Nitrogen

pathogen

s

PhosphorusPotassium

germs copperhormonesviruses

helminth

eggs

iron

zinc

water

AOXs

antibiotics

heatOrganic carbon

contraceptives

PCBsPAHs



unknown

unknowns

Eutrophicat ion,Oxygen

deplet ion

Resource

for

energy


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A Question of Concentrations

Nitrogen

pathogen

s

PhosphorusPotassium

germs copperhormonesviruses

helminth

eggs

iron

zinc

Water

AOXs

antibiotics

heatorganic carbon

contraceptives

PCBsPAHs



unknown

unknowns

resource

pollutant

Wastewater

conta ins

99.5% water


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Reuse is more than water reuse

Reuse options

Water(fit for purpose)

Within the same process (direct recycling)

Downgrading /Upgrading

Cooling

Energy

Caloric energy / heat recovery

Chemical bound energy, e.g. via COD Biogas CHP power + heat

Compounds Nutrients

Metals

Solvents

.


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Fit for purpose

Quality requirements depend on utilization of water reuse

Possible relevant parameters:

Salts (Calcium-, Magnesium-, Sodium-, Iron-, Alumina-, )

Hygienic condition (pathogens, helminth eggs, etc.)

nutrients (biofilm formation, re-growth of microorganisms)

Color, odor

Inorganic and organic trace elements

Advanced treatment options:

Filtration for particle removal (and biodegradation)

Activated carbon/ Ozonation for organic trace elements

Disinfection for pathogens

Membrane filtration (particle removal, disinfectionto desalination)


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Steps for implementation of reuse

Not different from industrial water management in general

1. Inventory of existing water management

Water consumers (amount, quality needed,)

Wastewater producers (amount, quality, specifics, valuables,temperature, )

Added chemicals which might be in wastewater streams from process

or at WWT (reactants, flocculants, salts, acid/base, cleaning agents,

)

2. Make a water balance

3. Identify trouble makers (salt, color, toxic compounds, )



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4. Identify reuse / recycling options

Within the same process

For other processes (downgrade)

For external users

From outside e.g. reclaimed water or municipality

5. Partial streams or full stream

6. Check

Amounts (hour, day, year,..)

Availability when needed (variations in demand and availability

Quality requirements (fit for purpose, tolerable /non-tolerable comp.)

Legal requirements



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7. Evaluate treatment options

Possible treatment techniques

Feedback on water quality and balances

GHG and Energy balances

Combination with resource recovery possible?

Economics

Cost for reuse (Opex, Capex)

Savings in freshwater, WWT and energy

8. Tests / experiments if necessary9. Implementation

10. Monitoring and optimization



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Reuse options (examples)

Low contaminated water for cleaning and rinsing processes withlow quality requirements (Downcycling / Down grading)(with or without intermediate treatment)

Cleaning and rinsing water recycling with intermediate mechanical

/ biological treatmentDesalinated process water after treatment for make-up-water in

cooling towers or as boiler feed water

Treated wastewater as make-up water for cooling towers (afterdesal)


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Potential risks

Bacteriological pollution

measure: disinfection

chemically

electro-chemically

membraneprocesses

salting

measures

Reverse osmosis (RO)

Ionen exchange

Increase of non-degradable organic compoundsmeasures

Oxidation

Adsorption

Nanofiltration, RO


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Industrial Water Use in Germany in 106m/a

origin numberof firms

Fresh-water

Waterusage

Coolingwater

Utilityfactor

(# of re-

cycle)

processing industry 10.305 6.207 30.226 22.486 4,9

- chemistry/pharmacy. 794 3.422 11.836 10.594 3,5

- metal 1.366 873 6.018 4.925 6,9

- pulp and paper 467 610 3.485 816 5,7

- food 2.345 416 1.728 834 4,2

- coke oven/mineral oil 59 244 2.379 2.301 9,7

- automotive 449 93 1.989 1.092 21,5

- textile- and garment 483 183 242 172 1,3

[Statistisches Jahrbuch 2001]


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Specifc water amount in paper industry

0

10

20

30

40

50

1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

(average all products)

l /kg Paper

Quelle: F. Schmid, PTS-Mnchen


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22.09.2013 | Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen und Geodsie | Institut IWAR | Prof. Dr. -Ing. Cornel | 27

Energy for water

Source

Supply and

Conveyance

0 1.06 kWh /m

Water Treatment

0.026 4.23 kWh/m

Water Distribution

0.18 0.32 kWh/m

User

Household:

< 20 kWh/m

Industry:

??? kWh/mWastewater

Collection

Wastewater

Treatment

Discharge

0 0.11 kWh/m

Receiving

water

0.29

1.22 kWh /m

Total water use cycle energy intensity (without end

use energy demand)

0.53 5.3 kWh/msource: Integrated

Energy policy report

2005, modified

Recycled WaterTreatment

Recycled WaterDistribution

Verteilung0.11 0.32 kWh /m


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(intermediate)-treatment processes

In general all known processes

typically pilot tests required / recommended

Multi barrier treatment, e.g.

Biological treatment (degradable COD)

Oxidation (non-degradable Cod)

Membrane processes

Disinfection (UF/MF)

Particles (UF/MF)

Disolved organics (NF) Desalination(RO)

Membrane processes are a breakthrough technology for reuse


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Examples

Examples will be presented

Membrane bioreaactor plants for effluent treatment

Reuse of secondary municipal effluent in refinery

Reuse of refinery effluent within refinery



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Water recyc l ing and water reuse

integral part of indus tr ial water

management

Peter CornelTechnische Universitt Darmstadt, Germany

Institute....

www.iwar.bauing.tu-darmstadt.de

Sistema semicentralizado

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