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www.grantadesign.com
„Software-based systematic approaches to material
selection and lightweighting‟
Sirris Materials Day
4th October 2011 - Ghent
Dr Charles Bream
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Granta Design - Introduction
Granta Design – history
• Founded in 1994 from the University of Cambridge
Professors Mike Ashby & David Cebon
Owners: Cambridge Univ, ASM International, Founders, Employees
• Technology firsts include:
Materials selection (Ashby charts, performance indices…)
Integrated materials data management
Software-based teaching of materials engineering
The materials information technology experts
• Software – manage materials information, selection…
• Data products – specialist materials data libraries
• Services – implement, configure, apply…
Customers
• Airbus, Arcelor, Aubert & Duval, Boeing, Dow, Emerson, EADS Astrium, Ferrari, GE, Honeywell, IHI, J&J, Moen, NASA…
• 800+ universities worldwide
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Design brief / requirements
CADPreliminary design concept
CAD, CAE
Optimisation packages Detailed design
Final design
Prototype & testing
LCA
Selection of Materials
Increasing:
Time
Effort
Cost
When?
Use previous or familiar material
Ask material supplier
Ask colleague or consultant
Development trials
How?
Implication of using wrong material:
Suboptimal design
Non-competitive
Extended development cycle
Product recall
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Systematic Material Selection
All materials
Breakdown design requirements into:
Function – What does the component do?
Constraints – What essential conditions must be met?
Objectives – What is to be maximized or minimized?
Free variable – What am I free to change?
Screen on constraints - ‘Go’ / ‘no-go’ criteria (usually many)
Rank on objectives - Ordering of materials that ‘go’
Top candidate materials
Supporting information – Specialist databases, contact suppliers
Local conditions – Preferred suppliers, process capability, location
Final Selection
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Train Floor Example
Function:
Self-supporting „Intermediate‟ floor for train carriage
Screen on Constraints:
• Temperature resistance (-40°C to +85°C)
• Adequate toughness & strength
• Durable to rain and salt water
• Manufacture from flat sheet/profile
Rank on Objectives:
• Minimize mass
• Minimize cost
Design Requirements:
Panel loaded in bending
Stiffness-limited design
Length, width specified
Thickness free
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Ranking on Objectives
• Minimize mass, cost… Minimize mass, cost…
per unit of performance
Function &
Loading
Tie in tension
Panel in bending
Shaft in torsion
Column in compression
……….
Mechanical,
Thermal,
Electrical...
Limiting
Constraint
Stiffness specified
Strength specified
Fatigue limit
Geometry
……….
Objective
Minimum cost
Minimum weight
Max energy storage
Minimum
environmental impact
……….
Each combination of:
Function
Constraint
Objective
has a characteristic index
E1M
312E
M
• Maximise performance
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Low weight
Tensile Strut
E(m) Index
Low alloy steel = 1
Influence of Application on Material Choice
COMPOSITES METALS PLASTICS
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Low weight
Panel in Bending
Low alloy steel = 1
31E(m) Index
Influence of Application on Material Choice
COMPOSITES METALS PLASTICS
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Low weight
Panel in Bending
Low alloy steel = 1
31E(m) Index
Mass vs Cost trade-off
31
m
E
C.(c) Index
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Hybrid Materials & Structures?
“A hybrid material is a combination of two or more materials in a pre-determined
configuration and scale, optimally serving a specific engineering purpose”
Kromm et al, 2002
Design variables:
Choice of materials
Volume fractions
Configuration
Connectivity
Scale
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Optimization of Hybrid Materials
Influence of adding different reinforcement types and loading levels to a magnesium alloy
Application = Lightweight stiff panel loaded in bending
All materials along line exhibit same
value of the index:
Materials with the highest value are optimal for the
application
31
E
quasi-isotropic
composite
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Optimization of Hybrid Structures
Orange: Sandwich panel, Mg-50% carbon fibre skins & 50kg/m3Mg octet lattice core
(Core thickness = 20mm, face sheet thickness = 0.05 – 5mm)
Yellow: Predicted performance of core & skin materials
All materials along line exhibit same
value of the index:
Materials with the highest value are optimal for the
application
31
E
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Summary
Integration of material selection tools into typical design workflow
Design brief / requirements
CADPreliminary design concept
CAD, CAE
Optimisation packages Detailed design
Final design
Prototype & testing
LCA
Increasing:
Time
Effort
Cost
CES Selector
Material
Selection
Eco Audit
Tool
Hybrid
Synthesizer
• Evaluate different materials and
design concepts before committing
expenditure
• Avoid problems associated with
incorrect material choice
• Reduce development time
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Thank You!