Sino-Western Relations (1759-1839). Overland Contacts Russian Expansion Office of Border Affairs...
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Transcript of Sino-Western Relations (1759-1839). Overland Contacts Russian Expansion Office of Border Affairs...
Overland Contacts Russian Expansion
Office of Border Affairs (Lifanyuan) Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) Treaty of Kaikhta (1723)
Canton System of Trade1759-1841
British East India Company (BEIC) Cohong Merchants
Monopoly on trade Responsible for foreigners
No Direct Communication with Chinese government
Trading Season (October to January)
British Complaints Trade restrictions Government corruption No representation in Beijing Chinese laws too harsh
Lady Hughes Affair, 1784
British Diplomatic Missions Marcartney Mission (1793)
Amicable but ineffective
Amherst Mission (1816) Discordant and ineffective
Road to Opium War (1839-1842)
Importance of Chinese Tea to British Government
Increasing Opium exports after 1800 to balance trade
Abolishment of BEIC, First British Superintendent
of trade,
Impact of Illegal Opium Trade on China
Official corruption Drug addiction Economic impact
Silver – copper imbalance
Chinese Response to Opium Trade Daoguang Emperor (1821-50) Legalize or Suppress 1836 Lin Zexu (Commissioner Lin)
1839 Reason, moral suasion, coercion
Attack opium trade Treatment of addicts Blockade foreign merchants
Lin ZexuLin Zexu
Opium War End of BEIC monopoly 1834 British Government Rep in Canton
Lord Napier, Deputy of British Crown
Destruction of Opium Hostilities Phase One
Lin Zexu—Charles Elliott Hostilities Phase Two
Qishan—Henry Pottinger
Destruction of the Opium
Treaty of Nanjing 1842 Ceded Hong Kong in
perpetuity Opened Five new ports:
Canton, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai
Fixed tariff Equality in
correspondence Indemnity Abolish Cohong
Treaty Port System Trade at Five Open Ports Most favored nation for foreign powers Extraterritoriality