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Transcript of Singing in Tune: Insights from Music Educators and Psychological Researchers, by Ana Luisa Santo,...
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7/23/2019 Singing in Tune: Insights from Music Educators and Psychological Researchers, by Ana Luisa Santo, York University
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\wily`bqnjd bkjyq bhy|nb |ykq~wi| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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@N\Q JF QBK@I\
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QBK@I 2?5 HKIB [C^QCH \YK\LB@I \NODNFNLBDQ LJ[[I@BQNJD\ _NQC
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aifnlnq qci ndbkn`nq~ qj |ndo nd qydi hb~ lby|i hn`a ihkb{{b||hidq nd |jhi
ndanvnayb`| bda |nodnfnlbdq an|q{i|| nd jqci{|$ Wijw`i cj |ndo jyq jf qydi b{i
jfqid b|mia djq qj |ndo bq b``$ Qcn| n| i|wilnb``~ an|q{i||ndo qj |jhi lcn`a{id
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iswi{nidli yw qj qj(qcn{a| jf lcn`a{id lbddjq |ndo nd ydn|jd #@~jd 2>>6? 1
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lcn`a| `blm jf hy|nlb` bkn`nq~ nd|qiba jf {i|wjdando nqc ljdli{d b| qci~
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wi{liwqnjd #Fjsqjd iq b`$ ;771.$ Bhy|nl ndanvnayb`| cbvi anffnly`q~ djq jd`~
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aji| djq cbvi hylc jf bd iffilq jd blqyb` qiblcndo w{blqnli|$ Fj{ isbhw`i
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kidifnq| jf wi{fj{hbdli |mn`` hjai`ndo qiblci{| jd`~ y|i hjai`ndo bkjyq 27(;9
wi{lidq jf qci qnhi #;77? ;6.$ Qci w{jk`ih jf k{naondo qci obw kiqiid
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bda qcid isbhndi jdi wj||nk`i {ib|jd fj{ jyq(jf(qydi |ndondo$
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qj cib{ wijw`i lb|yb``~ |b~ qci~ b{i `ifq(k{bndia bda qcbq n| c~ qci~ b{i djq
hy|nlb` j{ b{qn|qnl$ Qci|i qj b||yhwqnjd| cbvi b`hj|q dj |ywwj{q nd qci
`nqi{bqy{i= hy|nl wi{fj{hbdli b`jdi ljdqbnd| hbd~ anffi{idq ljhwjdidq| `nmi
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b`$ ;77> ;761.$
B cyhbd kindo ljhi| ndqj qci j{`a nqc b k{bnd qcbq n| ivj`yqnjdb{n`~
w{iwb{ia qj `ib{d hbd~ qcndo|= dbhi`~ `bdoyboi #F{jhmnd ;776 1.bda b{i lbwbk`i jf
idobondo nd q{nbanl #qc{ii(wi{|jd. ndqi{blqnjd| b| ib{`~ b| qc{ii hjdqc|
#@ioi{|qii ;77> 11.$
@nmi `bdoyboi |jlnb` ndqi{blqnjd bda `ib{dndo qj b`m hy|nlb`
mdj`iaoi b`|j aivi`jw| nd ndfbdl~$ Dbqy{b``~ ndfbdq| aj djq ljhi ndqj qci
j{`a mdjndo cj qj w`b~ qci wnbdj j{ |nocq({iba hy|nlb` djqbqnjd kyq dinqci{
aj qci~ ljhi nd mdjndo cj qj {nqi b |qj{~ |cb{i nqc |nk`ndo| j{ w`b~
cjlmi~qci|i b{i |wilnfnl |mn``| qcbq hy|q ki qbyocq bda w{blqnlia kyq qci~
jy`a djq ki wj||nk`i nqcjyq qci aivi`jwhidq jf qci hj{i kb|nl ydai{`~ndo
|mn``| #`bdoyboi |jlnb` bb{idi|| hjqj{ ljj{andbqnjd. cnlc qci ndfbdq
aivi`jw| nqcjyq |wilnfnl qiblcndo hi{i`~ iswj|y{i$
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hjdqc| |cj b w{ifi{idli fj{ hy|nlb` |lb`i| nqc ydiryb` |qiw| bda |iih qj
`ib{d qcih fb|qi{ qcbd |lb`i| nqc iryb` |qiw|$; Ydiryb` |qiw| n| b ydnvi{|b`
w{jwi{q~ jf b`` |lb`i| {iob{a`i|| jf ly`qy{i j{ hy|nlb` |~|qih #Qcjhw|jd bda
\lci``idki{o ;776 >2.$ Ivid cid qci ydiryb` |lb`i| y|ia nd qci iswi{nhidq|
b{i ndvidqia #djq {i`bqia qj bd~ {ib`(`nfi |lb`i|. ndfbdq| |iih qj w{ifi{ qcih bda
b{i bk`i qj naidqnf~ hn|qydndo| nd qcih$
Iswi{nhidq| qj w{jvi hy|nl| nddbqidi|| cbvi b`|j kiid ajdi nqc
bay`q|$ Bay`q| nqcjyq bd~ hy|nlb` q{bndndo divi{qci`i|| |cj bd bkn`nq~ qcbq n|
ljhwb{bk`i qj fj{hb``~ q{bndia hy|nlnbd| nd aiqilqndo jyq jf qydi djqi| bda
b`|j cbvi iswilqbdlni| bkjyq cbq |iryidli| jf lcj{a| b{i `iob` nd bd~ onvid
wnili jf hy|nl #Wi{iqu iq b`$ ;773 ?9
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;1
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bqqihwq qj w{jayli b {jyoc i|qnhbqi jf cbq qci wnqlc |cjy`a ki #n$i$ |ndondo
jdi djqi cnoci{ qcbd qci disq nf qcn| {i`bqnjd|cnw b| w{i|idq nd qci hi`ja~.
qcin{ blly{bl~ n| djci{i dib{ cbq n| blcnivia k~ dj{hb` ljdq{j`| #Cyqlcnd| iq
b`$ ;727 973.$
Qci|i anffnly`qni| b`` |iih qj |qih f{jh jdi hbnd aifnlnqqci ndbkn`nq~
qj wi{linvi anffi{idli| kiqiid wnqlci|= |wilnfnlb``~ wnqlc anffi{idli| qcbq b{i
|hb``i{ qcbd qj |ihnqjdi| #C~ai bda Wi{iqu ;771 .$ B dj{hb` bay`q
ljdq{j` lbd wi{linvi anffi{idli| nd wnqlc qcbq b{i fjy{ qnhi| |hb``i{ qcbd qj
|ihnqjdi| #C~ai bda Wi{iqu ;771 .$ Ivid hj{i |wilnfnlb``~ nq bwwib{| qj
ki |iryidqnb` wnqlc {i`bqnjd|cnw| qcbq qci bhy|nl k{bnd lbddjq w{jli|| #C~ai iq
b`$ ;776 ;96;.$ Qci aiqilqnjd jf wnqlc an{ilqnjd n| b`|j nhwbn{ia #Wi{iqu iq b`$
;773
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idej~hidq f{jh hy|nl b| qci bkn`nq~ qj fj{h iswilqbqnjd| bda cbvi qcj|i
iswilqbqnjd| w`b~ia nqc n| jdi jf qci fydabhidqb` {ib|jd| qci k{bnd
iswi{nidli| hy|nl b| w`ib|y{bk`i #@ivnqnd ;77622
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cib{ndo wnqlc anffi{idli| |hb``i{ qcbd jdi |ihnqjdi cn`i dj{hb` k{bnd| aj$
Qci~ b`|j fjyda qcbq bhy|nl k{bnd| blqyb``~ jvi{{iblqia qj `b{oi lcbdoi| nd
wnqlc #Wi{iqu K{bqqnlj bda Qi{vbdnihn ;779 137.$
Ndqi{i|qndo`~ b hj{i {ilidq |qya~ cb| |cjd qcbq bhy|nl k{bnd| aj nd
fblq |iih qj ki bk`i qj wi{linvi wnqlc anffi{idli| b| |hb`` b| b ryb{qi{ jf b qjdi
#Wi{iqu iq b`$ ;77> 2;??.$ Bllj{ando qj qci byqcj{| qcn| n| nhwj{qbdq kilby|i
nq {ivib`| qcbq qci bhy|nl k{bnd n| irynwwia nqc qci i||idqnb` diy{b` ln{lynq{~ qj
wi{linvi fndi(o{bndia wnqlc anffi{idli|$ _cbq an|qndoyn|ci| qci bhy|nl f{jh qci
dj{hb` k{bnd n| qci bk|idli jf bb{idi|| jf qcn| bkn`nq~ #ihwcb|n| baaia.
#2;3
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kiqiid wy{i qjdi| #Ejdi| iq b`$ ;77>b 6>. j{ q{jyk`i nqc qi|q| jf wnqlc
an{ilqnjd #@ny iq b`$ ;727 26>2.$
Ai|wnqi kindo bd ib|n`~ jk|i{via #j{ cib{a. w{jk`ih jyq(jf(qydi
|ndondo nd djd(bhy|nl| cb| djq kiid onvid hylc bqqidqnjd k~ w|~lcj`jonlb`
{i|ib{lci{| #Cyqlcnd| iq b`$ ;727 979.$ Wi{iqu |b~| qcbq fyqy{i {i|ib{lc |cjy`a
fjly| jd ljhwb{ndo qci wi{liwqnjd bda w{jaylqnjd |mn``| jf bhy|nl| #;773
.$ Qcn| n| hylc cnoci{ qcbd Mb`hy| bda F{~| 1)$ B
|qya~ qcbq y|ia qci An|qj{qia Qydi| Qi|q #AQQ. |l{iidia inocq cyda{ia bda
|nsq~(fjy{ wijw`i bda fjyda 6> jf qcih qj ki qydi aibf #Ejdi| iq b`$ ;77>b
;;3.$ Qcn| n| 3$3)hj{i qcbd qnli b| cnoc b| qci jfq(ryjqia 1)$ Qci {ib|jd
fj{ qci|i anffi{ndo wi{lidqboi| n| djq l`ib{$ Cjivi{ kilby|i hbd~ hj{i
wijw`i qcbd bd~ jf qci ryjqia wi{lidqboi| qcndm jf qcih|i`vi| b| qjdi(aibf nq
n| rynqi wj||nk`i qcbq qci anffi{idli n| hbai yw k~ wijw`i cj lbddjq |ndo nd
qydi kyq b{i djq jqci{n|i aifnlnidq nd qcin{ bkn`nq~ qj qi`` wnqlci| bwb{q #Lyaa~
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qid|j{ nhbondo #AQN. qj `jjm bq qci k{bnd| jf bhy|nl|$1 Qci~ fjyda qcbq qci
b{lybqi fb|lnly`y| #BF. #b diy{b` wbqcb~ qcbq ljddilq| qci f{jdqb` lj{qis bda
qci b{ib ci{i qci qihwj{b` bda wb{niqb` `jki| hiiq. cba hylc `i|| vj`yhi qcbd
ljdq{j`|$ Qcn| |yooi|q| qcbq qci diy{b` ljddilqnjd kiqiid qci|i qj nhwj{qbdq
k{bnd b{ib| n| nhwbn{ia$ Qci bkn`nq~ qj an|l{nhndbqi wnqlci| |iihia qj ki
lj{{i`bqia nqc qci vj`yhi bda |nui jf qci fnki{ q{blq| nd qci BF #@jyn B`|jw
bda \lc`byo ;77> 27;2?.$ Qci~ b`|j |yooi|q qcbq {bqci{ qcbd kindo b
rybdqnqbqnvi anffi{idli kiqiid bhy|nl| bda ljdq{j`| nq n| `nmi`~ b anffi{idli nd
ryb`nq~ ci{i qci vj`yhi nd bhy|nl| BF n| bq qci `j ida #27;2>.$ Kb|ia jd
qcn| ivnaidli qci byqcj{| w{jwj|i qcbq bhy|nb hnocq ki b an|ljddilqnjd
|~da{jhib an|j{ai{ ci{i qj wb{q| jf qci k{bnd fbn` qj islcbdoi
ndfj{hbqnjd$
Qcn| n| bd ndqi{i|qndo naib kilby|i nq nhw`ni| qcbq ivid bhjdo bhy|nl|
qci{i hnocq ki vb{~ndo aio{ii| jf aifnlnq$ Nq jy`a b`|j nhw`~ qcbq |jhi djd(
bhy|nl| ljy`a wj||nk`~ cbvi hn`ai{ hy|nlb` nhwbn{hidq$ Qci~ b`|j djqnlia
qcbq qci BF n| ndvj`via nd byanqj{~(hjqj{ kicbvnj{ #i$o$ cib{ndo b djqi j{
hi`ja~ bda qcid bqqihwqndo qj {iw{jayli nq k~ |ndondo.5 cn`i qci |ywi{nj{
1 AQN n f n c a f H[N a n c n c k n c n
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k{bdlc jf qci BF |iih| qj w{ianlq wnqlc an|l{nhndbqnjd bkn`nq~ nq| ndfi{nj{
k{bdlc |iih| qj w{ianlq |jyda w{jaylqnjdbkn`nq~$
Jdi b{qnl`i ana isbhndi wjj{ |ndondo bkn`nq~ b| |iwb{bqi f{jh wnqlc
wi{liwqnjd aifnlnq|$ Qci byqcj{| |yooi|q qcbq qci ndbkn`nq~ qj |ndo nd qydi hb~ ki
lby|ia k~ |id|j{nhjqj{ ndqio{bqnjd n||yi| #Wfj{a{i|ci{ bda K{jd ;776 >9.$ Nq
b`|j |iih| qcbq kilby|i jyq(jf(qydi |ndoi{| lbd wi{linvi wnqlci| nqcjyq
anffnly`q~ qci~ cbvi bd blly{bqi hidqb` {iw{i|idqbqnjd kyq fj{ |jhi {ib|jd b{i
ydbk`i qj q{bd|`bqi qcn| ndqj blly{bqi |ndondo #22;.$ Qcn| hn|hbqlc kiqiid
blly{bqi wi{liwqnjd kyq ndblly{bqi w{jaylqnjd n| {ihndn|lidq jf @jyn bda
lj``iboyi| an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi hjai` jf bhy|nb$ Nq n| wj||nk`i qcbq
qjdi(aibfdi|| ljy`a b`|j ki b anffi{idq mnda jf an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi
|ndli hidqb` {iw{i|idqbqnjd bda hjqj{ w{jaylqnjd |iih qj ki ndaiia
an|ljddilqia= qcn| wj||nk`~ cb| b`|j kiid |yooi|qia k~ Cyqlcnd| bda
lj``iboyi| #;727 927.$
N| bhy|nb hy|nl(|wilnfnl:
\ndli bhy|nl ndanvnayb`| aj djq cbvi anffnly`qni| nqc jqci{ b|wilq| jf
ljodnqnvi fydlqnjdndo nq |iih| b| nf bhy|nb n| b an|j{ai{ qcbq bffilq| qci
w{jli||ndo jf hy|nlb` wnqlci| bda djqcndo i`|i$ Cjivi{ qci{i aji| bwwib{ qj
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W[JK@IH\ _NQC W[J\JA^
Jdi b{ib ci{i bhy|nl| hb~ cbvi |ykq`i anffnly`qni| n| nd qci
ydai{|qbdando jf w{j|ja~$ W{j|ja~ {ifi{| qj qci wbqqi{d| jf |q{i|| bda
ndqjdbqnjd nd b bdoyboi$ #Fj{ isbhw`i nd Ido`n|c i y|yb``~ {bn|i qci wnqlc jf
qci `b|q j{a nd b |idqidli cid i bdq qj b|m b ryi|qnjd$. \ndli bhy|nl|
cbvi aifnlnq| nd wnqlc wi{liwqnjd nq jy`a hbmi |id|i qcbq qci~ hnocq cbvi
anffnly`q~ an|li{dndo hibdndo nd |wiilc$ \qyani| jf |ykeilq| nqc k{bnd abhboi
cbvi |cjd qcbq hy|nlb` bkn`nq~ bda |wiilc w{j|ja~ aj |iih qj ki {i`bqia
#Ai``b Ki``b ;77> ;9>= Kbyqn|qb bda Lnbhwiqqn ;77
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ndqi{vb`| bda qci |qya~ k~ @ny bda lj``iboyi| nqc |hb``i{ ndqi{vb`| |iih| qj
ljdfn{h qcbq$ Bdjqci{ |qya~ b`|j fjyda qcbq bhy|nl| |iih qj cbvi q{jyk`i
aiqilqndo qci an{ilqnjd jf wnqlc lcbdoi| nd |wiilc b| i`` #Wbqi` iq b`$ ;773
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|lj`a$ _nqc jqci{ qjdi vb{nbqnjd| nq lbd b`|j hibd hjqci{ bda cj{|i
#Aiyq|lc iq b`$ ;771.$ Ndfbdq| kj{d ndqj qjdi(`bdoyboi(|wibmndo ly`qy{i| cbvi
qj ki bk`i qj naidqnf~ qci|i wnqlc lcbdoi| j{ qci~ jy`a cbvi |ivi{i anffnly`qni|
ydai{|qbdando qcin{ jd `bdoyboi$ Nq cb| kiid c~wjqci|nuia qcbq bhy|nb hnocq
djq ki b| w{ivb`idq nd qjdi(`bdoyboi ly`qy{i| kilby|i ib{`~ bda ljd|n|qidq
iswj|y{i qj qjdi(an|l{nhndbqnjd hnocq ljhwid|bqi fj{ b wnqlc w{jli||ndo aifnlnq
#Wi{iqu ;773
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qcn| wjndq| qj b an||jlnbqnjd kiqiid wnqlc wi{liwqnjd bda wnqlc w{jaylqnjd nd
|wiilc$ #B an||jlnbqnjd kiqiid bdoyboi wi{liwqnjd bda w{jaylqnjd n| b`{iba~
i`` i|qbk`n|cia #Wndmi{ 2>>1
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djq anffi{ jd blly{bl~ fj{ qcn| qb|m$ Qci~ qcid qi|qia qci qj o{jyw| nqc qci
|bhi hidqb` {jqbqnjd qb|m y|ia k~ Ajyo`b| bda Kn`mi~$ Qcin{ |qya~ fbn`ia qj
{iw`nlbqi qci {i|y`q| jf Ajyo`b| bda Kn`mi~| iswi{nhidq |yooi|qndo qcbq
bhy|nb bda vn|yj|wbqnb` w{jli||ndo b{i djq {i`bqia$ Bdjqci{ {ilidq |qya~ y|ndo
|ivi{b` hib|y{i| jf vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ b`|j fbn`ia qj {iw`nlbqi qci {i|y`q|
#_n``nbh|jd Ljllcndn bda \qib{q nd w{i||.$
B| w{jwj|ia k~ Wbqi` bda lj``iboyi| #;773
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di$ B lj{{i`bqnjd cb| kiid fjyda kiqiid hihj{~ fj{ vn|yj|wbqnb` `jlbqnjd
bda hihj{~ fj{ wnqlc bda ljdqjy{ nd hi`ja~ #Hjundoj 2>3> 6?.$ Nd b |qya~
y|ndo lcn`a{id nq b| fjyda qcbq l{ibqnvi hy|nlb` bkn`nq~ b| lj{{i`bqia qj
|wbqnb` j{nidqbqnjd nd kjqc kj~| bda on{`| bda qj |wbqnb` vn|yb`nubqnjd nd on{`|
#Cb||`i{ Kn{kbyhi{ bda Fin` 2>39 222.$ Qci an{ilqnjd jf qcn| {i`bqnjd|cnw n|
djq l`ib{ cjivi{$ Nq n| nmi`~ qcbq nq oji| kjqc b~| nqc hy|nlb` q{bndndo
idcbdlndo vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ bda vnli vi{|b$ Qcj|i nqc cnoci{ nddbqi
vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ b{i wi{cbw| hj{i `nmi`~ qj ljdqndyi nd hy|nl `i||jd| bda aj
i``$ Nq n| wj||nk`i qcbq kjqc |mn``| |cb{i b ljhhjd diy{b` {iw{i|idqbqnjd bda
qcy| ndf`yidli iblc jqci{ #Ajyo`b| bda Kn`mi~ ;77? >2>.$ \ivi{b` |qyani| cbvi
b`|j |cjd qcbq wnqlc cinocq n| {iw{i|idqia vn|yb``~ nd qci k{bnd #[jff`i{ bda
Kyq`i{ 2>63= [y|ljdn iq b`$ ;776. bda qcbq |wbqnb` {jqbqnjd bda hy|nlb`
wi{hyqbqnjd| |cb{i ydai{`~ndo w{jli||i| #Lywlcnm Wcn``nw| bda Cn`` ;772.
bobnd |yooi|qndo b {i`bqnjd|cnw kiqiid wnqlc wi{liwqnjd bda vn|yj|wbqnb`
bkn`nq~$
WJ\\NK@I WB[B@@I@\ KIQ_IID B VN\YJ\WBQNB@ @IB[DNDOAN\BKN@NQ^ BDA BHY\NB
Djd(vi{kb` `ib{dndo an|bkn`nq~ #D@A. n| b qi{h w{jwj|ia k~ |ivi{b`
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w{jk`ih |j`vndo vn|yj|wbqnb` hbqi{nb` |jlnb` bkn`nq~ hjqj{ ljj{andbqnjd.$
Hbd~ hianlb` ljdanqnjd| #hiqblc{jhbqnl `iymja~|q{jwc~ vi`jlb{anjfblnb`
|~da{jhi wi{nvidq{nly`b{ `iymjhb`blnb bda isli||nvi {banbqnjd q{ibqhidq fj{
k{bnd qyhj{|. b`` w{i|idq nqc b l`y|qi{ jf djd(vi{kb` `ib{dndo aifnlnq|$ Kilby|i
qci|i ljdanqnjd| b`` cbvi cnqi hbqqi{ aifnlnq| nd ljhhjd [jy{mi #2>3>. cb|
w{jwj|ia b cnqi hbqqi{ c~wjqci|n| fj{ qcj|i cj cbvi djd(vi{kb` aifnlnq| nd
qci bk|idli jf bd~ naidqnfnbk`i wc~|nlb` ljdanqnjd l`bnhndo qcbq qci D@A
|~da{jhi n| `nmi`~ lby|ia k~ cnqi hbqqi{ aifnlnq| i|wilnb``~ nd qci {nocq
cihn|wci{i$ Kilby|i qci {nocq cihn|wci{i ljdqbnd| hj{i cnqi hbqqi{ nq n|
qcjyocq qcbq oidi{b` cnqi hbqqi{ abhboi n`` cbvi hj{i jf bd iffilq jd {nocq
cihn|wci{i fydlqnjd|$ _cnqi hbqqi{ wbqcb~| i|wilnb``~ nd qci lj{wy|
lb``j|yh cbvi kiid |cjd qj ki aifnlnidq nd qcj|i nqc B|wi{oi{| \~da{jhi
#@ndlj`d iq b`$ 2>>3. cnlc |cj| b l`j|i {i`bqnjd qj qci D@A |~da{jhi$6
Qci `nqi{bqy{i jd D@A n| ndqi{i|qndo cid ljhwb{ia qj bhy|nb$ _cnqi
hbqqi{ bkdj{hb`nqni| nd qci {nocq cihn|wci{i cbvi b`|j kiid b||jlnbqia nqc
bhy|nb #C~ai iq b`$ ;776.$ \wilnfnlb``~ bhy|nl k{bnd| cbvi kiid fjyda qj cbvi
`i|| cnqi hbqqi{ nd qci {nocq ndfi{nj{ f{jdqb` lj{qis #Wi{iqu ;773
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cbvi kiid {i`bqia qj kjqc vn|yj|wbqnb` aifnlnq| bda bhy|nb #Cjffhbdd ;773 36.$
Ndanvnayb`| nqc iwn`iw|~ cj i{i ojndo qj cbvi qcin{ qihwj{b` `jki|
{ihjvia i{i bahndn|qi{ia wb{q| jf b hy|nlb` bwqnqyai qi|q kifj{i bda bfqi{
|y{oi{~$ Qcj|i cj cba qcin{ {nocq qihwj{b` `jki| {ihjvia wi{fj{hia
|nodnfnlbdq`~ j{|i jd qci |ykqi|q hib|y{ndo qjdb` hihj{~ #_nddi{ 2>>3
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{nocq cihn|wci{i n| `b{oi`~ {i|wjd|nk`i fj{ w{jli||ndo w{j|janl ndfj{hbqnjd
#i$o$ [j|| bda Hi|y`bh 2>?>.$ Fy{qci{hj{i b lb|i |qya~ jf |jhijdi nqc
{nocq cihn|wci{i |inuy{i| |cjia qcbq qci~ lby|ia kjqc bw{j|ja~ bda bhy|nb
#Kbyqn|qb bda Lnbhwiqqn ;77
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^iq cj cbvndo b `ib{dndo an|bkn`nq~ hnocq bffilq `ib{dndo qj w`b~ bd
nd|q{yhidq |ndondo |nocq({ibando j{ ivid {ihihki{ndo hy|nl cb| cb{a`~ kiid
isw`j{ia nd qci `nqi{bqy{i #|ii Ki{oidab` bda Qb`j 2>6> Lb{`|jd 2>36 Fj{oib{a
iq b`$ ;773 Cki{q bda Lyaa~ ;776 Hjundoj 2>>? bda \`jkjab 2>?3 fj{
n|j`bqia kyq djqbk`i isliwqnjd|.$
Qci w{jk`ih jf `ib{dndo an|bkn`nqni| bda hy|nl `ib{dndo hb~ oj
yddjqnlia fj{ b vb{niq~ jf {ib|jd|$ Nq n| wj||nk`i qcbq @A |qyaidq| hb~ ndnqnb``~
ki ndqi{i|qia nd hy|nl kyq rynlm`~ kiljhi an|ljy{boia kilby|i jf qcin{
lcb``idoi| bda qci `blm jf bb{idi|| jf qci w{jk`ih$ Qci `nqi{bqy{i |cj| qcbq
|wilnfnl ljodnqnvi aifnlnq| aj ndaiia ndqi{fi{i nqc qci `ib{dndo jf hy|nl f{jh
wcjdihnl bb{idi|| #O{jhmj ;779. qj a~|`isnb #Fj{oib{a iq b`$ ;773. qj
w{jli||ndo |wiia #Mjwniu bda @ii ;776 223. qj vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ #On``hbd
Ydai{jja bda Hjj{cid ;77;.$ Qj ki y|ify` jf ljy{|i bd~ bqqihwq| qj
isw`bnd cj hy|nl `ib{dndo hnocq ki bffilqia k~ `ib{dndo an|bkn`nqni| |cjy`a
`jjm bq |wilnfnl ljodnqnvi w{jli||i| bda ljhwb{i qcih qj |wilnfnl hy|nlb` qb|m|$
Kilby|i bhy|nb n| b mdjd ljdanqnjd qcbq bffilq| hy|nl w{jli||ndo nq
w{jvnai| bd jwwj{qydnq~ qj `jjm bq b |wilnfnl hy|nlb` qb|m #|ndondo nd qydi. qj
|ii nf nq n| {i`bqia qj bd~ jqci{ ljodnqnvi bkn`nq~nd qcn| lb|i vn|yj|wbqnb`
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c~wjqci|i| qcbq ljy`a ki isbhndia qj isw`j{i qci {i`bqnjd|cnw kiqiid `ib{dndo
an|bkn`nqni| bda hy|nl$
C~wjqci|n|
Qci w{i|idq c~wjqci|n| n| b| fj``j|5 kjqc qcj|i nqc wnqlc wi{liwqnjd
aifnlnq| #bhy|nl|. bda qcj|i nqc wnqlc(w{jaylqnjd aifnlnq| nd qci bk|idli jf
bhy|nb #qjdi(aibf. n`` wi{fj{h |nodnfnlbdq`~ wjj{i{ qcbd q{bndia |ndoi{| bda
ljdq{j`| jd |ns hib|y{i| jf vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~$ Anffi{idli| kiqiid qcj|i
nqc bhy|nb bda qcj|i nqc +qjdi aibfdi||+ n`` ki isw`j{ia wj|q(cjl$
Hiqcja|
WB[QNLNWBDQ\
B`` wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i {il{ynqia vnb djqnli| wyq yw bq ^j{m Ydnvi{|nq~ qci
Ydnvi{|nq~ jf Qj{jdqj l{bno|`n|q$j{o mnenen$lb bda j{a jf hjyqc$ Qci{i i{i
qc{ii q~wi| jf djqnli|5 |jhi b|mia fj{ wijw`i cj cba ivi{ kiid qj`a j{
ljd|nai{ia qcih|i`vi| qj ki qjdi(aibf |jhi b|mia fj{ djd(hy|nlnbd| bda qci
jqci{| b|mia fj{ q{bndia |ndoi{|$ Qci boi {bdoi jf wb{qnlnwbdq| b| 23(?7 nqc
qci hianbd boi kindo ;;$ Qci{i i{i ;> hb`i| bda ;> fihb`i| nd qci |qya~$
HBQI[NB@\
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#HKIB. i{i y|ia qj |l{iid wb{qnlnwbdq| fj{ bhy|nb$?
Qci|i qi|q| ndvj`vi
`n|qidndo qj wbn{| jf |cj{q hi`jani| bda ailnando ciqci{ qci~ b{i qci |bhi j{
anffi{idq$ Qci anffi{idq hi`jani| ljdqbnd b jdi djqi hn|qydndo cnlc n|
jkvnjy| qj dj{hb` `n|qidi{| kyq ydaiqilqbk`i k~ bhy|nl|$ B |lj{i jf qj
|qbdab{a aivnbqnjd| ki`j qci hibdydai{ ;; fj{ qci hi`janl |yk|lb`i bda
ydai{ ;< fj{ qci {c~qchnl |yk|lb`i #Wi{iqu Lcbhwja bda C~ai ;77
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byqcj{5 Bhy|nl Qjdi Aibf Djd(hy|nlnbd bda \ndoi{$ B fnfqc o{jyw #Bhy|nb(
{c~qch. b| baaia `bqi{$
O{jyw 25 Bhy|nl
Qcj|i cj |lj{ia ;; j{ ki`j jd qci HKIB hi`janl |yk|lb`i bda ;
O{jyw ;5 Qjdi Aibf
Qcj|i cj |lj{ia dj{hb``~ jd qci hi`janl |yk|lb`i kyq ljy`a djq |ndo
nd qydi i{i wyq ndqj qcn| lbqioj{~ {iob{a`i|| jf qcin{ wi{fj{hbdli jd qci
{c~qchnl |ykqi|q$ Qci{i i{i > wijw`i nd qcn| o{jyw$
O{jyw
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nd qcn| o{jyw$
O{jyw 15 \ndoi{
Wb{qnlnwbdq| nd qcn| lbqioj{~ |lj{ia dj{hb``~ jd kjqc |yk|lb`i| |bdo nd
qydi bda cba bq `ib|q < ~ib{| jf w{nvbqi vjlb` q{bndndo bda*j{ hihki{|cnw nd b
lcjn{ qcbq {iryn{ia byanqnjd|$ Qci{i i{i 26 wijw`i nd qcn| o{jyw$
O{jyw 95 Bhy|nb({c~qch
Fnvi wb{qnlnwbdq| |lj{ia dj{hb``~ jd qci hi`janl |yk|lb`i kyq ki`j ;6?.$ Hj|q bhy|nl| aj djq cbvi bd~ aifnlnq| nqc {c~qch
#C~ai bda Wi{iqu ;779.$27 Jqci{ |qyani| cbvi b`|j |cjd qcbq |jhi bhy|nl|
cbvi {c~qch aifnlnq| kyq qci|i bwwib{ qj ki lby|ia k~ ndqi{fi{ndo wnqlc lcbdoi|
cnlc hb~ an|q{blq f{jh qci {c~qch #Qn``hbdd iq b`$ ;727 2.$
Fy{qci{ qi|qndo jy`a cbvi qj ki ajdi jd qci|i ndanvnayb`| cjivi{ qj
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fnda jyq nf qci~ b{i q{y`~ kibq(aibf j{ nf qcin{ wjj{ wi{fj{hbdli jd qci {c~qchnl
|yk|lb`i jf qci HKIB b| ayi qj |jhi jqci{ {ib|jd$ #Qci wb{qnlnwbdq nqc
kibq(aibfdi|| hidqnjdia bkjvi blqyb``~ wi{fj{hia dj{hb``~ jd qci {c~qchnl
|yk|lb`i kyq wjj{`~ jd qci hiqi{ |yk|lb`i$ Qci `bqqi{ b| djq bahndn|qi{ia qj
wb{qnlnwbdq| nd qci ly{{idq |qya~.$
Djd(o{jywia wb{qnlnwbdq|
Qj wb{qnlnwbdq| ana djq fnq ndqj qci|i lbqioj{ni|= jdi cba b |lj{i jf ;;
jd qci hi`janl |yk|lb`i kyq b dj{hb` |lj{i jd qci {c~qchnl |yk|lb`i kyq
divi{qci`i|| ljy`a |ndo nd qydi$
Bdjqci{ cba dj{hb` |lj{i| jd kjqc |yk|lb`i| bda ljy`a |ndo nd qydi kyq
b| isl`yaia f{jh qci djd(hy|nlnbd lbqioj{~ kilby|i qci~ cba qjj hbd~ ~ib{|
jf hy|nlb` iswi{nidli$ Kjqc jf qci|i wi{|jd| abqb i{i ndl`yaia jd`~ nd qci
lj{{i`bqnjdb` bdb`~|i|$
Vn|yj|wbqnb` qb|m|
\nshib|y{i| jf vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ i{i bahndn|qi{ia jd qci ljhwyqi{
#Hyi``i{ ;727.$22 Qci|i hib|y{i| i{i lcj|id kilby|i qci~ i{i ib|n`~
bvbn`bk`i bda qi|q b nai vb{niq~ jf vn|yj|wbqnb` fydlqnjd|$ Qci j{ai{ jf qci
qb|m| b| ljydqi{kb`bdlia kiqiid wb{qnlnwbdq| y|ndo b {bdajh |iryidli
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oidi{bqj{$
Lj{|n Fj{b{a| n| b qb|m y|ia isqid|nvi`~ qj b||i|| ndvi|qnobqi bda
hib|y{i vn|yj|wbqnb` |mn``| djdvi{kb` hihj{~ bda vn|yj|wbqnb` hihj{~
#Ki{lc M{nmj{nbd bda Cycb 2>>3
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vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nqni| #Hbhhb{i``b bda Lj{dj`an ;779 2761.$ Qci ljhwyqi{
b`|j ida| qci qb|m bfqi{ |ivi{b` ndlj{{ilq {i|wjd|i|$ Lj{|n Fj{b{a| bda Lj{|n
Kblmb{a| w{jayli fjy{ |lj{i| iblc5 k`jlm |wbd #qci `jdoi|q |q{ndo jf k`jlm|
{ihihki{ia lj{{ilq`~.= qjqb` lj{{ilq #qci dyhki{ jf lj{{ilq q{nb`|.= hihj{~
|wbd #qjqb` lj{{ilq - ; anvnaia k~ ;.= bda QJQB@ #k`jlm |wbd s qjqb` lj{{ilq.$
Fnoy{i 2 |cj| b |bhw`i jf qci |l{iid bq qci |qb{q jf qci Lj{|n qb|m| kifj{i qci
k`jlm| kiond qj `nocq yw$
Fnoy{i ;5 L`jlm Qi|q |qb{q |l{iid
Qci L`jlm Qi|q hib|y{i| vn|yb` bqqidqnjd #@nlc|qind [niai` bda
[nlchbd ;777 29
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Fnoy{i ?2 ?7.
j{nondb` vi{|njd jf qcn| qb|m cnlc n| b hib|y{i jf |wbqnb` bkn`nq~$ Nd qcn| qb|m
wb{qnlnwbdq| |ii qj oijhiq{nl |cbwi| |nai k~ |nai$ \jhiqnhi| qci |cbwi| b{i
naidqnlb` kyq jdi n| b {jqbqnjd jf qci jqci{= jqci{ qnhi| jdi jf qci |cbwi| n| b
hn{{j{ nhboi #qcbq hb~ b`|j ki {jqbqia.$ Qci `bqqi{ n| ljd|nai{ia anffi{idq
cn`i qci fj{hi{ n| |bhi$ Fnoy{i < |cj| b |bhw`i jf b wbn{ jf |cbwi|$
Wb{qnlnwbdq| ndanlbqi qcin{ lcjnli k~ w{i||ndo qci A j{ \ mi~$ Nd qcn| lb|i
qci lj{{ilq {i|wjd|i n| Anffi{idq$ 2;
Qci Hbq{ns [jqbqnjd qb|m n| b hib|y{i jf |wbqnb` j{nidqbqnjd bda {jqbqnjd
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bda |cj{q qi{h hihj{~ #@idqu 2>3> 23.$ Nd qcn| qb|m b wbqqi{d n| w{i|idqia
bda qci wb{qnlnwbdq n| nd|q{ylqia qj qbmi b| hylc qnhi b| qci~ diia qj hihj{nui
Fnoy{i 15 Hbq{ns [jqbqnjd2|q |l{iid bda ljhwb{n|jd isbhw`i
nq bda w{i|| bd~ mi~ cid qci~ b{i ajdi$ Qcn| hbmi| qci j{nondb` wbqqi{d
an|bwwib{$ Bdjqci{ wbqqi{d nhhianbqi`~ qbmi| nq| w`bli bda wb{qnlnwbdq| b{i
{iryn{ia qj ndanlbqi ciqci{ qcn| |iljda wbqqi{d n| qci |bhi j{ anffi{idq k~
w{i||ndo qci `ifq j{ {nocq |cnfq mi~ {i|wilqnvi`~$ Qci wbqqi{d hb~ ki inqci{ b
{jqbqnjd jf qci jdi qci~ hihj{nuia #|bhi. j{ |jhiqcndo idqn{i`~ anffi{idq$
Qcn| qb|m w{jayli| b |lj{i jyq jf ;7$ Fnoy{i 1 jd qci `ifq |nai |cj| b q~wnlb`
wbqqi{d w{i|idqia qj qci wb{qnlnwbdq= qci {nocq |nai w{i|idq| b |bhw`i jf b |iljda
wbqqi{d cnlc qci wb{qnlnwbdq n| b|mia qj eyaoi b| kindo qci |bhi b| #hi{i`~
{jqbqia. j{ anffi{idq f{jh qci fn{|q$ Nd qcn| lb|i qci bd|i{ n| \bhi$
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Fnoy{i 95 Hbqlc qj \bhw`i2|q wbqqi{d bda ljhwb{n|jd
#\b{qu iq b`$ 2>>9 ;79.$ Qcn| qb|m w{i|idq| wb{qnlnwbdq| nqc b |nhn`b{ |j{q jf
wbqqi{d b| nd qci Hbq{ns [jqbqnjd qb|m nqc qci |bhi nd|q{ylqnjd| fj{
hihj{nundo$ Bfqi{ qci mi~ n| w{i||ia qj l`ib{ qci |l{iid b fi |iljda| i`bw|i
kifj{i qci w{i|idqbqnjd jf qj di wbqqi{d|$ Wb{qnlnwbdq| b{i {iryn{ia qj
ndanlbqi cnlc jf qci qj wbqqi{d| naidqnlb``~ hbqlci| qci fn{|q jdi qci~
hihj{nuia k~ w{i||ndo qci `ifq j{ {nocq |cnfq mi~$ Dj {jqbqnjd jlly{|$ Qcn| qb|m
w{jayli| b |lj{i jyq jf
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W[JLIAY[IWb{qnlnwbdq| i{i onvid qci ljd|idq fj{h bda cba nq isw`bndia k~ qci
{i|iblci{ kifj{i qci~ |nodia$ Qci~ i{i qj`a qci {i|ib{lci{ b| ndqi{i|qia nd
`jjmndo bq anffi{idli| nd |ndondo bkn`nq~ bda cj qcbq hnocq ki {i`bqia qj jqci{
ljodnqnvi |mn``|$ B`` wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i bahndn|qi{ia qci HKIB |yk|lb`i| fn{|q$
Qci qi|q b| bahndn|qi{ia vnb ljhwyqi{ nd b ryniq {jjh nqc qci vj`yhi |iq qj
b ljhfj{qbk`i `ivi`$ Qci wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i nd|q{ylqia qj l`nlm anffi{idq nf qci~
ki`nivia qci |iljda hi`ja~ nd qci wbn{ b| anffi{idq nd bd~ b~ bda |bhi nf
qci hi`jani| i{i naidqnlb $ Qci {i|ib{lci{ {ihbndia nd qci {jjh ay{ndo qci
qb|m ryniq`~ j{mndo bq bdjqci{ qbk`i$
Bfqi{ qci HKIB |yk|lb`i| wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i onvid qci |ns vn|yj|wbqnb`
qb|m| nd b ljydqi{kb`bdlia j{ai{$ Iblc qb|m b| isw`bndia vi{kb``~ bda qci{i
i{i b`|j {nqqid nd|q{ylqnjd| jd qci |l{iid$
B`` wb{qnlnwbdq| i{i qcid b|mia qj |ndo J Lbdbab #j{ jdi jf qci
|yk|qnqyqi |jdo|.$ Qci~ ana djq mdj kifj{icbda qcbq qcn| jy`a ki qci |jdo
qci~ jy`a ki {iryn{ia qj |ndo$ Qci `~{nl| i{i w{jvnaia jd qci ljhwyqi{
|l{iid$ Qci {i|ib{lci{ |qb{qia b qbwi {ilj{ai{ bda qcid ifq qci {jjh cn`i qci
wb{qnlnwbdq |bdo qj hndnhnui i{{j{| lby|ia k~ di{vjy|di||$
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[i|y`q| bda An|ly||njdQci abqb b| bdb`~uia y|ndo |qbqn|qnlb` |jfqb{i #\W\\.$ \wilnfnlb``~
jdi(b~ Bdb`~|n| jf Vb{nbdli #BDJVB. hy`qnw`i ljhwb{n|jd| Wib{|jd
lj{{i`bqnjd| bda q(qi|q| i{i wi{fj{hia$ Qci dbqy{i jf qci|i bdb`~|i| bda qci
anffi{idli| nd qci qi|q o{jyw| qcbq bwwib{ ydai{ qcih fj``j$ 2.$ \nodnfnlbdq o{jyw
anffi{idli| i{i djq fjyda fj{ Lj{|n Fj{b{a| k`jlm |wbd qjqb` lj{{ilq j{
hihj{~ |wbd$
2< H a a a a n n ` F ` a f `` m k f a
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B cnoc`~ |nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli kiqiid o{jyw| b| fjyda fj{ b`` qci
Lj{|n Kblmb{a| |lj{i|k`jlm |wbd qjqb` lj{{ilq hihj{~ |wbd QJQB@5
w8$772 $77; $77 {i|wilqnvi`~.$ Bhy|nl| b`|j |lj{ia
|nodnfnlbdq`~ `ji{ qcbd qci Qjdi Aibf o{jyw jd k`jlm |wbd #w8$72?.bda
QJQB@#w8$7
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LJ[[I@BQNJD\Wib{|jd Lj{{i`bqnjd|26 i{i b`|j wi{fj{hia jd qci abqb$ #Wj|nqnvi
lj{{i`bqnjd| hibd |nhw`~ qcbq b| jdi vb{nbk`i oji| yw |j aji| bdjqci{ bda vnli
vi{|b$. Ljhwb{ndo qci |lj{i| jd qci HKIB hi`ja~ |yk|lb`i bda {c~qch
|yk|lb`i qj iblc jf qci vn|yj|wbqnb` qb|m| |nodnfnlbdq lj{{i`bqnjd| i{i fjyda
nqc kjqc qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a| |lj{i| bda qci Hbqlc(qj(\bhw`i |lj{i|$ #Qci
vb`yi| b{i {iwj{qia nd Bwwidans L.$
Q(QI\Q\
Q(qi|q| i{i b`|j {yd qj aiqi{hndi nf qci{i i{i bd~ |nodnfnlbdq
anffi{idli| nd qci hibd |lj{i| jf hb`i| bda fihb`i| jd iblc jf qci qb|m|$
Hb`i| cba b |nodnfnlbdq`~ cnoci{ hibd jd Lj{|n Fj{b{a| #qjqb` lj{{ilq.
#hihj{~ |wbd. bda #QJQB@. b| i`` b| Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #k`jlm |wbd. #qjqb`
lj{{ilq. #hihj{~ |wbd. bda #QJQB@.$ Fnoy{i 6 w{jvnai| bd isbhw`i jf qci
oidai{anffi{idli f{jh jdi jf qci qb|m|$Cjivi{ b qj(b~ BDJVB b|
b`|j {yd bda qci |nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli| kiqiid qci o{jyw| fjyda k~ qci
BDJVB| fj{ qci vn|yj|wbqnb` qb|m| lbddjq ki blljydqia fj{ k~ oidai{$
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Fnoy{i 65 Hb`i bda fihb`i hibd| jd Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #QJQB@.
_CBQ AJI\ QCI ABQB HIBD:
[i|y`q| jd qci Lj{|n Fj{b{a| qb|m i{i djq b| c~wjqci|nuia$ Qci{i
i{i dj |nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli| kiqiid o{jyw| fj{ qci `jdoi|q |q{ndo jf k`jlm|
wb{qnlnwbdq| ljy`a {ihihki{ #k`jlm |wbd. j{ qci dyhki{ jf lj{{ilq q{nb`| #qjqb`
lj{{ilq.$ _cid qci|i qj |lj{i| i{i ljd|nai{ia qjoiqci{ #QJQB@. b
|nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli b| w{i|idq nqc \ndoi{| |lj{ndo cnoci{ qcbd qci
Bhy|nb({c~qch o{jyw= cjivi{ kilby|i qcn| anffi{idli b| ey|q jd qci lyq(jff
fj{ |nodnfnlbdli bda qci Bhy|nb({c~qch o{jyw jd`~ ljdqbndia 9 wb{qnlnwbdq| nq
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bkn`nq~$ Qcn| n| ljd|n|qidq nqc qci {i|y`q| fjyda k~ _n``nbh|jd Ljllcndn bda
\qib{q #nd w{i||. cj |cjia qcbq djq jd`~ i{i qci{i dj anffi{idli| kiqiid
bhy|nl| bda ljdq{j`| jd qci Lj{|n Fj{b{a| qb|m qci~ i{i blqyb``~ qci |bhi qj
dndi ailnhb` w`bli| #Vnlqj{nb _n``nbh|jd nd bd ihbn` qj qci byqcj{ Jlqjki{ ;9
;727.$
Qcn| hbmi| qci {i|y`q| jd qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a| qb|m b`` qci hj{i
ndqi{i|qndo$ Bhy|nl| |lj{ia |nodnfnlbdq`~ `ji{ qcbd \ndoi{| jd b`` fjy{ jf qci
|lj{i| fj{ qcn| qb|m$ Qcn| n| |iid vi{~ l`ib{`~ k~ qci kjs w`jq| |cjd nd Fnoy{i
? cnlc onvi| qci qjqb` lj{{ilq |lj{i| jf iblc o{jyw fj{ qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a|
qb|m$ Bhy|nl| cba b hibd |lj{i jf ?$2> cn`i |ndoi{| cba b hibd |lj{i jf >$?9$
Qcn| hb~ djq |iih `nmi b |nodnfnlbdq anffi{idli kyq cbq n| nhwj{qbdq nd
aiqi{hndndo qci |nodnfnlbdli n| qcbq |ndoi{| b| b cj`i |lj{ia hylc cnoci{ qcbd
bhy|nl| b| b cj`i$ Qci |cbaia kb{| jd qci kjs w`jq||cj ci{i 97) jf qci
hnaa`i |lj{i| `ni #nd qcn| isbhw`i kiqiid 6$9(3$;; fj{ Bhy|nl|= kiqiid 3$??(
27$?< fj{ \ndoi{|. bda qci b{h| isqidando f{jh qci kb{| ndanlbqi qci `ji|q
#Bhy|nl|5 1= \ndoi{|5 6. bda cnoci|q #Bhy|nl|5 27= \ndoi{|5 2
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cbvi b j{mndo hihj{~ aifnlnq b| i``$ Qcn| n| ljd|n|qidq nqc bdjqci{ |qya~
qcbq fjyda b |hb`` |yk|iq jf bhy|nl| qj cbvi aifnlnq| nd j{mndo hihj{~
#_n``nbh|jd ;727.$
Fnoy{i ?5 O{jyw kjs w`jq| fj{ Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #qjqb` lj{{ilq.
W{iln|i`~ cj qcn| bwwb{idq aifnlnq nd {ihihki{ndo djd(|iryidqnb`
vn|yj|wbqnb` ndfj{hbqnjd bffilq| bhy|nl| bkn`nq~ qj w{jli|| hy|nl lj{{ilq`~ n|
jwid fj{ aikbqi$ _i mdj qcbq bhy|nl| cbvi b aifnlnq nd fndi o{bndia wnqlc
an|l{nhndbqnjd bda qcbq qcn| hb~ an|{ywq qci dj{hb` blryn|nqnjd jf hy|nlb`
|~dqbs qcbq jqci{| blryn{i nhw`nlnq ~ |j`i`~ qc{jyoc iswj|y{i qj hy|nl$ Nd
jqci{ j{a| cid hj|q wijw`i cib{ hy|nl qcin{ k{bnd| w{jli|| nq cj`n|qnlb``~
29;. 2? Qc k n fn n n ` n cn #n ` . c n ` a
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29;.$2? Qci k{bnd fnq| hy|nl ndqj djqi({i`bqnjd|cnw| #n$i$ |lb`i|. qcbq nq b`{iba~
wj||i||i|$
Nq n| wj||nk`i qcbq bhy|nl| aifnlnq nd djd(|iryidqnb` vn|yj|wbqnb`
hihj{~ b`|j bffilq| qcin{ cj`n|qnl hy|nlb` w{jli||ndo b| i`` lby|ndo qcih qj
divi{ blryn{i qci qjdb` |q{ylqy{i j{ |~dqbs jf qcin{ hy|nlb` ly`qy{i qj kiond
nqc$ Qcn| hb~ `iba qcih qj cib{ hy|nl nd b wnilihib` fb|cnjd bda hb~ bffilq
|yk|iryidq hy|nlb` `ib{dndo$
Cjivi{ qcn| isw`bdbqnjd aji| djq qbmi ndqj blljydq bhy|nl| b`{iba~
i`` ajlyhidqia aifnlnq nd ljd|lnjy|`~ wi{linvndo vi{~ |hb`` wnqlc lcbdoi|$
Wi{cbw| bhy|nl| cbvi hj{i qcbd jdi ydai{`~ndo aifnlnq j{ wi{cbw| qci
anffnly`q~ nqc {ihihki{ndo cj`n|qnl vn|yj|wbqnb` {i`bqnjd|cnw| |jhicj
ndqi{fi{i| nqc ljd|lnjy| wnqlc(wi{liwqnjd #b| hidqnjdia ib{`ni{ bhy|nl|
k{bnd| blqyb``~ wi{linvi vi{~ |hb`` wnqlc anffi{idli| bq qci ydljd|lnjy| `ivi`.$
Nf bhy|nl| cbvi b aifnlnq nd vn|yj|wbqnb` j{mndo hihj{~ b| i`` qcn|
jy`a ki ljd|n|qidq nqc qci naib jf bhy|nb b| b an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi$
_j{mndo hihj{~ aifnlnq| b{i jfqid fjyda nd jqci{ an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi|
|ylc b| a~|`isnb #Wby`i|y iq b`$ 2>>6 291. onvndo |ywwj{q qj @jyn B`|jw bda
\lc`byo| an|ljddilqnjd |~da{jhi hjai` bda qcin{ fndando qcbq qci b{lybqi
f n ` n n c c ` ` qc q ` #;77> 27;2?.
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fb|nly`y| nd bhy|nl| cb| hylc `i|| vj`yhi qcbd ljdq{j`| #;77> 27;2?.$
B`|j ndqi{i|qndo n| qcbq Bhy|nl| |lj{ia |nodnfnlbdq`~ `ji{ qcbd qci
Qjdi Aibf o{jyw jd Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #k`jlm |wbd. bda Lj{|n Kblmb{a|
#QJQB@.$ _cn`i qci abqb |cj| qcbq qci Qjdi Aibf bda \ndoi{ o{jyw| i{i
b`hj|q naidqnlb` |qbqn|qnlb``~ qcn| aji| djq byqjhbqnlb``~ nhw`~ |bhidi||
kiqiid qci o{jyw|$ Nq n| wj||nk`i qcbq nqc b `b{oi{ |bhw`i |nodnfnlbdq
anffi{idli| ljy`a ki fjyda$ Divi{qci`i|| cid `jjmndo bq b vn|yb`
{iw{i|idqbqnjd jf qci abqb #|ii Fnoy{i ?. qci ndqynqnvi ljdl`y|njd n|
ljhwi``ndoqcbq \ndoi{| Djd(hy|nlnbd| bda qci Qjdi Aibf b{i b`` vi{~
|nhn`b{ qj iblc jqci{ cn`i qci Bhy|nl o{jyw #bda qci |hb`` Bhy|nb({c~qch
o{jyw. |lj{i| rynqi jkvnjy|`~ `ji{ qcbd qci jqci{ o{jyw|$ _cn`i qci anffi{idli
kiqiid qci Qjdi Aibf o{jyw bda Bhy|nl| onvi| |q{idoqc qj qci naib qcbq qci|i
qj hy|nlb``~(lcb``idoia o{jyw| b{i rynqi anffi{idq f{jh iblc jqci{ #nd qci
w{jli||ndo jf cj`n|qnl vn|yj|wbqnb` ndfj{hbqnjd. nq aji| djq ljdfn{h jdi jf qci
c~wjqci|i| fj{ qcn| |qya~ qcbq Qjdi Aibf ndanvnayb`| jy`a b`|j ki nhwbn{ia nd
vn|yj|wbqnb` bkn`nq~ ljhwb{ia qj Djd(hy|nlnbd| bda \ndoi{|$ Qcj|i cj
lbddjq |ndo nd qydi kyq aj djq cbvi bhy|nb hb~ cbvi b anffi{idq bda b| ~iq
ydnaidqnfnia j{nond jf qcin{ |ndondo anffnly`qni|$
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{c~qchnl bhy|nb b`|j cbvi qci |bhi djd(|iryidqnb` vn|yj|wbqnb` hihj{~
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qb|m qci Bhy|nl bda Qjdi Aibf o{jyw| i{i blqyb``~ vi{~ |nhn`b{ qj iblc
jqci{ bda bq qci jqci{ ida \ndoi{| bda Djd(hy|nlnbd| i{i naidqnlb`$ Bq qci
vi{~ `ib|q qcn| qi``| y| qcbq qci |cj{q qi{h vn|yb` hihj{~ ndvj`via nd qcn| qb|m n|
b`|j aifnlnidq nd bhy|nl| #kilby|i qcn| qb|m ndvj`vi| {ihihki{ndo qci nhboi b|
b cj`i nq qbw| cj`n|qnl j{ djd(|iryidqnb` vn|yj|wbqnb` hihj{~ b| i``$.
Qci lj{{i`bqnjd| kiqiid wb{qnlnwbdq| |lj{i| jd qci HKIB |yk|lb`i|
i{i bd ndqi{i|qndo bda wi{cbw| l`ibdi{ b~ qj isbhndi qci abqb$ Nq ana djq
ndvj`vi anvnando qci wb{qnlnwbdq| ndqj o{jyw| bq b`` kyq {bqci{ `jjmia bq qci
wb{qnlnwbdq| wi{fj{hbdli jd qci hi`janl bda {c~qchnl |yk|lb`i| bda ljhwb{ia
nq qj qcin{ |lj{i| jd iblc jf qci jqci{ qb|m|$ Djq |y{w{n|ndo`~ qci {i|y`q| jf
qci|i bdb`~|i| ilcjia qci o{jyw ljhwb{n|jd|$ B| qci |lj{i| jd qci HKIB
qci lj{{i`bqnjd| i{i cnoc`~ |nodnfnlbdq B hjai{bqi |q{idoqc qj qci {i`bqnjd|cnw
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qci lj{{i`bqnjd| i{i cnoc`~ |nodnfnlbdq$ B hjai{bqi |q{idoqc qj qci {i`bqnjd|cnw
hibd| qcbq b| jdi oji| yw qci jqci{ b`|j oji| yw kyq jd`~ k~ b fi wjndq|$
Divi{qci`i|| qci |nodnfnlbdli jf qci {i`bqnjd|cnw n| blly{bqi dndiq~(dndi qnhi|
jyq jf b cyda{ia cnlc hibd| nq n| b cnoc`~ ljd|n|qidq {i`bqnjd|cnw$ Fnoy{i 3
w`jq| iblc jf qci 93 ndanvnayb` wb{qnlnwbdq|$Qci oidi{b` q{ida ywb{a|
cnoc`nocq| qci hjai{bqi {i`bqnjd|cnw kiqiid qci |lj{i| jd qci HKIB hi`janl
|yk|lb`i bda qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a| #qjqb` lj{{ilq. |lj{i|$ Qci fnqqia `ndi |cj|
qci ywb{a q{ida$ Qci lj{{i`bqnjd {i|y`q| b{i ndqi{i|qndo nd qcbq qci~ |yooi|q b
Fnoy{i 35 HKIB h$ |yk|lb`i lj{{i`bqnjd nqc Lj{|n K_ #q$ lj{{ilq.
hj{i oidi{b` {i`bqnjd|cnw kiqiid wnqlc wi{liwqnjd bda djd(|iryidqnb`
b`|j wj||nk`i qcbq |jhi cnoci{(`ivi` w{jli||ndo hilcbdn|h n| {i|wjd|nk`i fj{
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b`|j wj||nk`i qcbq |jhi cnoci{ `ivi` w{jli||ndo hilcbdn|h n| {i|wjd|nk`i fj{
kjqc wnqlc wi{liwqnjd bda vn|yj|wbqnb` hihj{~$
Fyqy{i |qyani| |cjy`a fjly| jd isbhndndo ciqci{ bhy|nl| q{y`~ aj
cbvi b aifnlnq nd vn|yj|wbqnb` j{mndo hihj{~$ Jqci{ qb|m| ljy`a ki y|ia nd
ljhkndbqnjd nqc qci Lj{|n Kblmb{a| qb|m qj wndwjndq qci isblq dbqy{i jf qci
aifnlnq nf jdi ndaiia isn|q|$ Qci idqn{i HKIB kbqqi{~ |cjy`a ki y|ia qj hbmi
|y{i b`` wb{qnlnwbdq| kindo qi|qia b{i q{y`~ bhy|nl$ Fyqy{i |qyani| |cjy`a b`|j
fjly| jd qcj|i cj lbddjq |ndo nd qydi #l`b||nfnia b| qjdi(aibf fj{ qcn| |qya~.
b| qci ly{{idq |qya~ ana djq |cia hylc `nocq jd qci {ib|jd| fj{ qci|i
ndanvnayb`| |ndondo anffnly`qni|$ Djq hylc {i|ib{lc cb| kiid ajdi jd qci
hi{i`~ qjdi(aibf kyq |ndli qci~ aj djq bwwib{ qj cbvi b ljodnqnvi aifnlnq nd
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qydi |ndoi{| qj fy{qci{ |qya~ qci w{jk`ih b| w{i|yhbk`~ nq jy`a ki ib|ni{ qj
aivn|i ndqi{vidqnjd| qj ci`w qcih |ndo nd qydi$
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|bhi ljodnqnvi w{jli||i| b| |ndondo.$ Bda ai|wnqi qci i|qbk`n|cia {i`nbkn`nq~
bda vb`nanq~ jf qb|m| `nmi Lj{|n K`jlm| qci{i b{i b`b~| ljdli{d| qcbq qci
ydai{`~ndo ljodnqnvi w{jli|| ndvj`via nd b wb{qnly`b{ qb|m hb~ djq dili||b{n`~
ki qci hilcbdn|h bq j{m #Ki{lc M{nmj{nbd bda Cycb 2>>3 .$ Nd bd naib`
iswi{nhidqb` |nqybqnjd b`` fblqj{| isliwq qci jdi| kindo hib|y{ia jy`a ki
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HKIB b| djq bk`i qj ki bahndn|qi{ia$
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qydi. nd j{ai{ qj fnda b~| qj fns nq$ Kjqc iaylbqj{| bda {i|ib{lci{| jy`a
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k{jba`~ qj b`` b|wilq| jf iaylbqnjd djq ey|q hy|nl #Lb|bdjvb 2>3>.$ B {ilidq
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nhw`ihidqndo nq nd qci l`b||{jjh #_b{k~ iq b`$ 2>>> ;79.$ B Ydnvi{|b`
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jf |ivid |qiw| iaylbqj{| lbd fj``j qj ci`w qcih `jlbqi bda ydai{|qbda
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