Singapore - Leading change from the middle Workshop April 15-16 2013
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Leading change from the middle
ASCD Singapore April 15th – 16th 2013
Chris Jansen
University of Canterbury New Zealand
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Overview
• exploring your change inquiry
• influence and position
• systems thinking
• complicated or complex?
• system mapping
• creating self organisation
• tools for adaptive leadership
• Appreciative inquiry
• mapping your change journey
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Speed Complexity
Uncertainty Ambiguity
Opportunities
Paradox
Unintended consequences
Lack of Control
Exponential rate of change
Information overload
Interconnectedness of systems
Dissolving of traditional organisational boundaries
Disruptive technologies
Generational values and expectations
Increased globalization www.ideacreation.org
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change is changing…..
The greatest challenge for future leaders is the pace of change and the complexity of the challenges faced….
….”perpetual white-water”…
4 www.ideacreation.org
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“Our organisations are not equipped to cope with this complexity…” (IBM study – 1500 CEO‟s)
5 www.ideacreation.org
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Technical challenges
“can be solved with knowledge and procedures already at hand”
Adaptive challenges
“embedded in social complexity, require behaviour change and are rife with unintended consequences‟
6 www.ideacreation.org
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Positive Psychology
„what we focus on becomes our reality‟
Heliotropic Hypothesis “social systems evolve towards the most positive images they hold of themselves, toward what gives them life and energy, in much the same way that plants grow in the direction of the sun”
7 www.ideacreation.org
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What do we tend to focus on?
• vision
• planning
• detail
• problem
• drama
8 www.ideacreation.org
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Applications of Positive Psychology
• Solution focused therapy / narrative therapy
• Positive expectations on educational achievement
• Placebo effect / positive thinking
• Positive deviancy
• Positive leadership – leveraging strengths
• Appreciative Inquiry
9 www.ideacreation.org
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– What factors effect powerful professional learning in schools?
– What processes build effective collaborations with communities and whanau?
– What factors promote positive student behaviour?
– How do we improve achievement?
– How can we improve our staff culture?
What's your change leadership inquiry?
10 www.ideacreation.org
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www.ideacreation.org 11
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12 www.ideacreation.org
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Planning my change inquiry
13 www.ideacreation.org
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Planning my change inquiry
14 www.ideacreation.org
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Planning my change inquiry
15 www.ideacreation.org
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Planning my change inquiry
16 www.ideacreation.org
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Change agenda - organisational change processes
1. establish urgency based on provable need/gap
2. form a powerful coalition or core team
3. develop a vision and operation plan
4. launch numerous small ‟safe to fail‟ pilots
5. communicate the vision and develop whole school approach
6. consolidate improvements by building capacity
7. widen awareness and support
8. celebrate and embed
Based on Kotter
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Hierarchies
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Networks
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Communities
Schools
Classrooms
Departments
Scales of Influence
Individuals
www.ideacreation.org 20
What strategies could you consider to increase your positive influence within your organisation and community?
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Leading from the middle
21 www.ideacreation.org
www.educationalleaders.govt.nz
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Kiwi Leadership for Principals
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Middle leadership case studies
www.educationalleaders.govt.nz
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Analysing change
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Systems Thinking…
….is a way of making
sense of a complex system
…is the ability to see the world as relationships and connections
...allows us to influence a complex system
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“Where the world is dynamic, evolving and interconnected, we
tend to make decisions using mental models that are
static, narrow, and reductionist.”
26 www.ideacreation.org
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Seeing connections instead of parts…
“You can never understand anything
by analysing it.”
“We have to understand the whole before
we can understand the parts - what
matters is their interaction.”
Russell Ackoff
27 www.ideacreation.org
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28 www.ideacreation.org
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Simple, predictable cause and
effect interactions
Multiple predictable cause and
effect interactions
Multiple connected but unpredictable interactions
Multiple disconnected interactions
Complex Complicated
Chaotic Simple
Cynefin Framework
Decisions are obvious
Decisions require expert knowledge
Decisions are uncertain and solutions only
apparent in retrospect
Decisions need to be made quickly to dampen energy
Dave Snowden 2012 www.ideacreation.org
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Multiple predictable cause and effect
interactions
Multiple connected but unpredictable
interactions
Complex Complicated
Chaotic Simple
Cynefin Framework
Decisions require expert knowledge
Decisions are uncertain and solutions only
apparent in retrospect
Adaptive challenges
Technical problems
+innovative, responsive, nimble +Efficient, reliable, powerful
- messy and spontaneous - Inflexible, slow to respond
www.ideacreation.org
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Systems Thinking
www.ideacreation.org
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Student behaviour
issuesQuality of alternative
programmes
S
O
Programme appeal to
other students
S
B
R
“Causal loop diagrams provide a framework for seeing interrelationships rather than events, for seeing
patterns of change rather than snapshots”
Senge
32 www.ideacreation.org
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# students enrolled
reputation
student satisfaction
resources (physical,
people)
revenue
S S
S
S
S
resources for
research
staff research
activity
UC research
profile
TEC funding S
S
S
S
efts cap
economy
marketing
financial targets
management
strategies
imposed performance
standards
staff involvement in
decision making
motivation and
commitment
resistance
collaboration/
engagementteam spirit/ morale
sick leave, stress
leave, staff turnover
S
S
O
SO
O
S
S
O
O
O
Causal loopdiagram for
University ofCanterbury
R1 Growth
R2 Growth R3
Performance
B1 Resistance
B2 Health
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The Iceberg Model Four levels of thinking
Events
Patterns
Systemic structure
Mental models
Maani 2010
34 www.ideacreation.org
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System thinking tools – affinity process
1) Clarify the question
2) Determine influence factors
3) Map connections
4) Identify leverage
5) Act with clarity
35 www.ideacreation.org
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What are the indicators of a successful
school in Singapore?
What are the factors that contribute to this?
• What influences that?
• What influences that?
• What influences that?
36 www.ideacreation.org
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37 www.ideacreation.org
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38 www.ideacreation.org
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Complexity – self organisation
www.ideacreation.org
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The Innovation Stack
Management innovation Strategic innovation Product/service innovation Operational innovation Gary Hamel – The Future of Management
40
organisational processes/leadership roles communication and decision making
initiatives, programmes etc
pedagogy, technology etc
timetable, processes etc
www.ideacreation.org
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Complexity / Change / Uncertainty / Ambiguity
Paradox / Lack of Control / Unintended consequences
Adaptive challenges
Leadership capacity
Organisational capacity
Self organising, adaptive, innovative, flexible, nimble,
responsive, creative and resilient
41 www.ideacreation.org
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42 www.ideacreation.org
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How does self organisation work?
• independent agents • interactions with neighbours • decentralised control • an attractor - motivated by threat or opportunity
Self organisation leading to emergence
Complexity thinking, complex adaptive systems, adaptive leadership
www.ideacreation.org
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44 www.ideacreation.org
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……..get your goo glasses on – when you walk into a room put aside the programme, cut out the strategy – see the history, interactions, how wired they are, the group dynamics - look for the living breathing thing and then that‟s the stuff that grows….” Duane Major
45
“A key concept is Goo – like primordial soup, you can see it moving and growing – it involves people, relationships, you can‟t control it but you can notice it and foster it…it changes and evolves – its living and breathing….
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The Starfish and the Spider…
The unstoppable power of leaderless organisations
Ori Brafman and Rod Beckstrom
46 www.ideacreation.org
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Hierarchies and Networks
47 www.ideacreation.org
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Machine Living organism
Hybrid?
+Efficient, reliable,
+innovative, responsive, nimble
-Inflexible, slow to respond
-messy and spontaneous
48 www.ideacreation.org
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Adaptive Leadership
49 www.ideacreation.org
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Benefits:
• Engagement, ownership leading to…
…enthusiasm/energy and commitment
• Better solutions – innovation
The Pronoun Test “I” or “We”
“My” or “Our”
“We” or “They”
Daniel Pink – “A whole new mind”
“There's only one thing better than ownership – authorship!
Simon Breakspear , “Talent Magnets”
Adaptive Leadership
Characterised by both; • participative processes ”Surfing the Edge of Chaos‟” • collaborate solution finding
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Adaptive leadership: fostering self organisation
Conditions for self organisation Leadership role
1. independent agents 1. Proactive mentoring of individuals
2. interactions with neighbours 2. Foster interaction and shared learning
3. decentralised control 3. Distribute power + decentralise control
4. an attractor - motivated by 4. Explore and articulate shared values
threat or opportunity
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Layer 1: Proactive mentoring develop independent agents Recognise and value people
•Strong belief in people •Prioritize them and take the time •Creating space to empower people •Notice, listen, appreciate •Enlarge their self belief •Recognise their strengths and passions
Develop people •They leave in better shape than when they arrived •Create support structures to meet needs •Make opportunities available •Support initiative and boundary pushing •Note achievements
“employee first – customer second” Anand Pillai 52 www.ideacreation.org
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Who are you actively developing and looking out for? Who is looking out for you?
How could we increase this informal mentoring?
53 www.ideacreation.org
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The Roles of a Manager
Leadership (Vision & people driven)
Management (Office bound/paper driven)
Professional (Teaching role)
Plan Organise Control Administer systems Critique Create Order
Vision Meaningful Contribution Values Engage and develop people Create context
Commitment, Change & Hi-
Performance
Cammock (2001) The Dance of Leadership
Compliance & Status-Quo Efficiency
54 www.ideacreation.org
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Management and Leadership
55 www.ideacreation.org
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How‟s the balance of leadership vs management in your role?
Satisfied?........
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Layer 2: Foster interaction and shared learning
interactions with neighbours
“a healthy organisation is one in which all participants have a voice” (Peck ,1988).
Develop culture •Creating environments •Fostering high trust •Build positive relationships •Restorative environment •Compliment each other‟s strengths
Foster learning •Role model a learning attitude •Opportunities to dialogue and build networks •Listening to leverage collective intelligence •Redesign social architecture •Take time to consult, get buy in and find the best solution •Generate feedback
“It is no longer sufficient to have one person learning for the
organisation... Its just not possible any longer to figure it out from the top, and have everyone
else following the order of the „grand strategist‟. (Senge , 2002)
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Engagement leads to peak performance Sample culture survey:
Rate each question from 1 (low) to 5 (high) Add up total out of 25 1) I really care about the future of my organisation
2) I am proud to tell others that I work for this organisation
3) My organisation inspires me to do my best
4) I would recommend my organisation to a friend as a good place to work 5) I am willing to put in a great deal of effort and time beyond what is
normally expected
58 www.ideacreation.org
Adapted from Gallop
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Diffusion of change
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Innovators
Venturesome,
risky, can cope
with uncertainty
Can understand &
apply complex
technical
knowledge
Not always
respected by others
in the system
Plays an important
role as gatekeeper -
bringing in new
ideas from outside
the system
Early Adopters
Respect, more
integrated into the
system
“The individual to
check with”
Not so far ahead
so serve as a role
model
Plays an important
part by decreasing
the uncertainty
and conveying a
subjective
evaluation through
interpersonal
networks
Late Majority
Skeptical, cautious
May adopt because
of increased
network pressure
from peers or for
economic necessity
The weight of
systems norms
needs to favour an
innovation before
they are convinced
Means that most
uncertainty must be
removed before
they feel safe
Laggards
Traditional,
focussed on past
and interact with
like minds
Suspicious of
innovations and
change agents
Limited resources
leads to
cautiousness
Can change when
they can see what
is happening and
it fits with their
cultural values
Rogers (1995) Diffusion of Innovation
Tune into the environment
61 www.thinkbeyond.co.nz
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Commitment Charting
A (Induction)
Team Leaders
Technology
Board
B (the D)
Adapted from the ESD Toolkit v2.0 62 www.thinkbeyond.co.nz
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Who has a voice in our organisation?
What mechanisms can we create to foster interaction and shared learning?
63 www.ideacreation.org
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“Traditional organisations require management systems that control peoples behaviour, learning organisations invest in improving the quality of thinking, the capacity for reflection and team learning, and the ability to develop shared visions and shared understandings of complex issues” (Senge, 2002)
Layer 3: Distribute power and decentralise control
decentralised control
Share journey – share leadership •We are all leaders •Break down hierarchy •Share responsibility and accountability – bit by bit … •Create ownership and empowerment •Delegate and let go •Foster interdependance •Master the process – not the content
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A framework for empowerment Extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation external locus of control internal locus of control control empowerment Strict and complete external control no external control Responsibility on leader responsibility shared responsibility on participant I decide we decide you decide less choice more choice Dependence interdependence independence
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High Supportive & Low Directive Behaviour
High Supportive
&
High Directive Behaviour
(High)
(Low)
(Low)
(High) DIRECTIVE BEHAVIOUR
SU
PP
OR
TIV
E B
EH
AV
IOU
R
High Supportive & High Directive Behaviour
Low Supportive & High Directive Behaviour
Low Supportive & Low Directive Behaviour
Situational Leadership
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Go to the people, Live with them,
Learn from them, Love them,
Start with what they know, Build with what they have, But with the best leaders, When the work is done, The task accomplished,
The people will say, “We have done it ourselves”
Chinese Philosopher Lao Tsu
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Who makes the decisions?
How could power be shared more effectively?
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Layer 4: Explore and Articulate Shared Values
an attractor - motivated by
threat or opportunity
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We need to be culturally tight and managerially loose. Order and design are not externally imposed but emerge as a result of the combination of individual freedom and shared core values
Getting on the same page •Explore individual values and negotiate organisational values to fit •Role model values in leadership behaviour •Reconnect all staff with personal moral purpose •Establish benchmark of needs •Create clarity around shared vision •Leave space for emergent outcomes
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Moral purpose and collective vision…. 1. What‟s the one change you want to see in the world?
2. What do you currently do in your role that contributes to this?
How do you play your part?
3. What strategies would you have to do to move more towards this?
4. How would your leadership be different?
5. How would you know if you had achieved this shift?
adapted from Jan Robertson 2010
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Calling
Duty
Hobby
Job
External opportunities
Inte
rnal pass
ion /
Mora
l Purp
ose
/ M
eanin
g
Getting into the flow…
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In what way does our organisation live out shared
core values and vision?
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Appreciative Inquiry and Positive Psychology
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Appreciative Inquiry (AI)
Appreciative Inquiry focuses on supporting people getting together to tell stories of positive development in their work that they can build on. (Reed, 2004) AI as an orientation to the positive rather than just a series of techniques
•Focus on the positive •Inclusivity – shared ownership, voice, decision making
Appreciative Inquiry is an exploratory process for positive change. It identifies the best of what is happening in the present moment to pursue what is possible in the future. (Harkness, 2004)
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Appreciative Inquiry Processes
2) Inquire
3) Imagine 4) Innovate
1) Initiate
2) Dream
3) Design 4) Delivery
1) Discovery
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Appreciative Inquiry Processes
2) Dream
3) Design 4) Deliver
1) Discover
Discover - collective discussion around focusing questions -paired interviews around positive and real experiences Dream - collective sense making Design - practical visioning based on these concrete past experiences Deliver - collective action taking
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Appreciative Inquiry Processes
When you ask people appreciative questions, you touch something very important to them. They don‟t give
politically correct answers, they give heartfelt answers because we ask soulful questions. (Hammond)
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Think back over your experience as a leader and locate a moment or period
that was a high point in your leadership, when you felt a sense of satisfaction
in your work, when you went home saying YES!
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• Describe the situation. What happened? What was the result?
• What was your role in creating this experience? What other people and factors contributed to this exceptional moment?
• When you reflect on this experience– what beliefs and values guided you in your leadership?
Step 1) Discover
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Step 2) Dream
Collectively draw out the key themes from the peer interviews in step 1
• Listen to each sound bite • Consider key themes emerging • Build up collective mind map of clusters of similar foci
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LYNGO Deeply held values
Equality Social Justice Compassion
Dignity and respect Generosity
Honesty and integrity Passion and energy
Humility Quality
Commitment
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We take what we know and we talk about what could be.
We stretch what we are to help us be more than what we have already been successful at.
We envision a future that is a collage of the bests.
Because we have derived the future from reality, we know it can happen. We can see it, we know what it feels
like, and we move to a collective collaborative view of where we are going.
(Thin Book of Appreciative Inquiry)
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Step 3) Design Collective dialogue to explore;
• What energises and motivates us? • What do we have in common? • What could we do collectively that we couldn‟t do individually?
Step 4) Deliver
• If we were to carry this
conversation on beyond this workshop what could that look like? • What opportunities are there for us
to further these conversations? • What would we like to achieve?
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AI touchstones for creating learning communities
Focus on the positive strengths, what‟s working
Collaboration
shared ownership, voice, inclusivity, decision making
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AI based NGO Leadership Project
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Creating a professional learning community Guiding principles • Positive focus • Collaboration
5 key strategies • flexible and negotiated structure • sharing positive stories • cycles of exploration • individual and collective reflection • significant time frame • Intentional facilitation
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Pioneered by Jerry and Monique Sternin in Vietnam working with communities whose children had extremely high malnutrition statistics Now successfully implemented in an enormous range of complex settings around the world • infant mortality in the Himalayas • rehabilitating child soldiers in Uganda • preventing girl trafficking in Indonesia • reduction in hospital infections – MRSA superbug • girls access to education in Ethiopia • primary school student retention in Argentina US etc
Positive Deviancy
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Positive Deviancy DEFINE, DETERMINE, DISCOVER, DESIGN
Step 1: The community DEFINES or reframes the problem • Explore the magnitude of a problem • Articulate a preferred future • Including all stakeholders in community meetings • Collect baseline data
Step 2: The community DETERMINES common practices • Conducting discussions and focus groups
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Step 3: The community DISCOVERS the presence of positive deviants • Identify individuals or groups that exhibit different outcomes • Ensure that those selected have the same circumstances or worse than everyone else in community • Conduct in-depth interviews and observations to indentify uncommon practices • Vet the findings with the whole community
Step 4: The community DESIGNS and develops activities to expand the PD solutions • Set up opportunities for the positive deviants to demonstrate their practices to other members of the community • Create opportunities for community members to learn by doing • Start small, ensure safe environment to try new things • Target the widest possible range of community members
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Positive Deviancy
Suggests that when confronted with an intractable problem that is resistant to other change strategies, then look for those outliers within the community or organization who have already successfully addressed the issue, then provide opportunities for these „positive deviants‟ to teach other community members. The solutions to complex long term problems in communities and organisations are to be discovered within these organisations or community “somebody just like me”…
Invisible in plain sight…often invisible
positive deviants don‟t realise what they are doing and yet they
flourish while their peers struggle” (The Power of Positive Deviance, 2010)
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Four Critical Tasks in Leading Change
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Leading Change
Appreciating Change
Mobilising Support
Building Change Capability
Executing Change
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Engaged
Gutsy
Inspired
Agile Un-precious
Connected Informal
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What is success?
To laugh often and much To win the respect of intelligent people And the affection of children To earn the appreciation of honest critics And endue the betrayal of false friends To appreciate beauty To find the best in others To leave the world a bit better Whether by a healthy child, a garden patch Or a redeemed social condition To know even one life has breathed easier Because you have lived This is to have succeeded RALPH WALDO EMERSON
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