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Simulation – An Airline Perspective

An Airline Perspective

Simulation


Outline

• Line Operational Simulation

• Technical versus Non-Technical Skills

• Behavioural Modelling (MAPP)

• Behavioural Debriefing

Simulation


180 Day Requirement

• 4 Hour Recurrent Training

36 month recurrent program QA and Flight Safety Departments Flight Operations Assessment scores database

• 4 Hour Competency Assessment

Regulatory and company requirements

Line Operational Simulation


Categories

• Special Purpose Operational Training (SPOT)

• Line Orientated Flight Training (LOFT)

• Line Operational Evaluation (LOE)




MemoryIndividual Collective

Explicit (Declarative)

Cultural

Communicative

Implicit(Procedural)

Semantic Episodic


Technical versus Non-Technical Skills

Source: Nagal (1988)


Trends in the causality of accidents

Time

% mix

accidents




Machine

causes


Time

% mix

accidents




Human causes


Time

% mix

accidents




Machine

causes

Human causes


Time

% mix

accidents




Technical

Knowledge

Flying Skills

Technical skills

Communication

Team

Work

Leadership

Management

Decision

Making

Situational

Awareness

Non-technical skills


70% Accidents

Assessment focus


Essential Skills

Enabling Skills

Situational Awareness

Aircraft flown

within tolerances

Decisions

Considerate of risk

Aviation

Knowledge CommunicationManagement

Model for Assessing a Pilots’ Performance (MAPP)

Source: Mavin (2010)


1 2 3 4 5

Essential Skills

SA Perception

Comprehension

Projection

Lacked awareness of clearly

obvious systems or environmental

factors.

Misinterpreted or did not

comprehend factors effecting flight safety.

Did not predict future events,

even those obvious to flight safety.

Missed some minor systems or

environmental factors not critical to

flight safety.

Comprehended some factors and

implication on flight safety.

Difficulty predicting future events.

Perceived significant systems or

environmental factors affecting flight.

Comprehended significant factors and implication on flight safety with few

errors.

Some difficulty predicting future

events.

Perceived all systems or

environmental factors affecting flight.

Comprehended the implication of all factors.

Predicted future events and impact on flight safety.

Perceived all systems or environmental

factors, with an active approach to

seeking further information.

Clearly comprehended the meaning of

all factors.

Actively considered future events and

impact on flight safety.

Decision making

Time

Facts and Diagnosis

Option generation

Risk assessment

Plan + contingency

Poor grasp of time available.

Facts not considered, leading to

ill-informed or wrong

identification or diagnosis.

Inadequate range of options

considered.

Inappropriate risk assessment.

Unable to develop plan.

Limited time appreciation, led to rushed or delayed decision.

Correct diagnosis, though some facts

not considered creating initial difficulty.

Limited range of options.

Some risks assessed.

Difficulty developing a plan.

Limited contingency planning.

Decision made in time available.

Most facts taken into account and

problem correctly identified or

diagnosed.

Obvious options considered.

Most risks taken into account.

Developed a plan.

Adequate contingency planning.

Decision made within clearly established time constraints.

All facts taken into account; problem

correctly identified or diagnosed.

All suitable options considered.

Sound risk assessment.

Developed a sound plan.

Sound contingency planning.

Consistently identified problem, choosing best possible option in time

available, appearing almost intuitive.

Clearly outlined the plan, with no doubt to intentions from any crew

member.

Thorough risk assessment.

Detailed contingency planning.

Aircraft maintained within tolerances

Manual flight

Automation

Monitoring

Manipulative skills resulted in frequent or sustained deviations

outside allowable tolerances.

Automatic system use led to aircraft exceeding tolerances.

Frequent mistakes or missed calls made in monitoring.

Aircraft manipulated to limit of tolerances, or, slightly exceeded

tolerance, immediately corrected.

Inappropriate use of automated systems, though tolerances maintained.

Significant mistakes or lapses in monitoring.

Manipulated with some deviation from target parameters, though quickly

recovered.

Appropriate use of automated systems with few errors.

Minor lapses or mistakes in monitoring.

Manipulated accurately, with only occasional variation from target

parameters, quickly corrected.

Correct and appropriate use of automatic systems.

Appropriate and timely monitoring.

Manipulated accurately, with no deviations from target parameters.

Totally appropriate use of automated

systems at all times.

Monitoring well carried out with

timely calls.

Enabling Skills

Knowledge Facts

Procedures

Unable to recall facts or made fundamental errors in their recall.

Correct procedure not identified, major deficiencies or excessive

time taken in execution.

Able to recall facts with some difficulty, some errors.

Displayed lack of familiarity with procedure; correct procedure selected

but executed slowly or with errors.

Recalled facts with only isolated errors.

Correct procedure performed, with minor errors.

Easily recalled facts.

Correct procedure performed.

Demonstrated an error free understanding of all facts.

Correct procedure selected and executed with certainty.

Management Workload

Control

Cooperation

Threats & Errors

Ineffective organisation of crew tasks.

Inability to control self or crew member performance.

Interaction was negligible, or disrupted team effectiveness.

Serious threats or errors not mitigated or managed.

Inefficient organisation of crew tasks.

Controlled self or crew member

actions, though with difficulty.

Interacted with crew member, but

provided limited support.

Threats or errors not well mitigated or

managed.

Adequate organisation of crew tasks.

Controlled self or crew members

performance; disagreements resolved.

Interacted with crew member.

Most threats managed; most errors trapped.

Crew member tasks effectively organised.

Effective control of self or crew to achieve expected performance.

Considered other crew to improve team performance.

Threats identified and managed; errors trapped.

Tasks organised so challenging aspects of flight appeared easy.

Effective control of self or crew, even in a challenging situation.

Interaction with and consideration of crew maximised performance.

TEM well integrated.

Communication Clear and correct

Information flow

Timeliness

Unclear or incorrect.

Blocked inputs or withheld

information.

Timing created confusion or

misunderstanding.

Occasionally unclear or incorrect.

Resistant to inputs or limited

participation.

Poorly timed.

Clear and correct, with only minor mistakes.

Mostly receptive to crew inputs; adequate participation.

Adequately timed.

Clear and correct.

Receptive to other crew members

inputs, whilst own contribution well considered.

Timely.

Actively promoted open and timely communication, even in challenging

situations.


MAPP Skills and Elements

Skill Elements

Situational Awareness• Perception• Comprehension• Projection

Flying• Manual• Automation• Monitoring

Decision Making

• Time• Facts and Diagnosis• Option generation• Risk assessment• Plan and contingency

Knowledge• Facts• Procedures

Management

• Workload• Control• Cooperation• TEM

Communication• Clear and correct• Information flow• Timeliness


Facilitated Phases

• Recap of event sequence (absorbed coping)

• Initiate reflection

• Event analysis

Behavioural Debriefing


Facilitated Phases

• Recap of event sequence (absorbed coping)

• Initiate reflection

• Event analysis

• Event assessment Behavioural model

• Overall assessment Behavioural metric



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