Simplified 28
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A NOTE ON TRENDS IN ELECTRONICSA NOTE ON TRENDS IN ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
PRODUCED BYPRODUCED BY
VENKATA SIVA KUMAR VARDHINEEDI (E.C.E)VENKATA SIVA KUMAR VARDHINEEDI (E.C.E)
&&M.VIJAY VENKAT RAM (E.C.E)M.VIJAY VENKAT RAM (E.C.E)
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Communication SystemsCommunication SystemsThe topics within this unit are:The topics within this unit are:
Characteristics of communication systems.Characteristics of communication systems.
Examples of communication systems.Examples of communication systems.Transmitting and receiving in communicationTransmitting and receiving in communicationsystems.systems.
Other information processes in communicationOther information processes in communicationsystems.systems.
Issues related to communication systems.Issues related to communication systems.
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Characteristics ofCharacteristics of
Communication SystemsCommunication Systems
ProtocolsProtocols
HandshakingHandshaking
Speed of TransmissionSpeed of Transmission
Error CheckingError Checking
Communication SettingsCommunication Settings
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More Information
There must be a Sender and ReceiverA protocol is a set of rules which governs the
transfer of data between computers. Protocols
allow communication between computers andnetworks.
Handshaking is used to establish which protocolsto use. Handshaking controls the flow of data
between computersprotocols will determine the speed of
transmission, error checking method, size of bytes,and whether synchronous or asynchronous
Examples of protocols are: token ring, CSMA/CD,TDMA,FDMA,TCP/IP
Characteristics ofCharacteristics of
Communication SystemsCommunication Systems
http://www.bettscomputers.com/communications.htmhttp://www.bettscomputers.com/communications.htm -
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5 Basic Components5 Basic Components
Every communication system has 5 basic requirementsData SourceTransmitterTransmission MediumReceiverDestination
Destination
The final
destination of the
transmission
Receiver
Decodes back to
original
Transmitter
Encodes data
for transmission
Data sources
Creates data for
transmission
Transmission
medium
Connecting medium
between two devices
Noise
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5 Basic Components5 Basic Components
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Bandwidth:The amount of data which canbe transmitted on a medium over a fixedamount of time (second). It is measured on Bitsper Second or Baud
Bits per Second (bps): A measure oftransmission speed. The number of bits (0 0r 1)which can be transmitted in a second
Baud Rate: Is a measure of how fast achange of state occurs (i.e. a change from 0 to1)
Transmission Media SpeedTransmission Media Speed
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Examples of CommunicationExamples of Communication
SystemsSystems
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Examples of Communication
Systems- Fax- Smart Phone - Telecommuting
- Groupware - Telephony- E-Commerce - The Internet- Bulletin board system - The Web- Global positioning system
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Any transmission May be:analog or digitalSerial or parallel
Communication ConceptsCommunication Concepts
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Sender transmitted
Data is transmitted, on a single channel, one bit at aData is transmitted, on a single channel, one bit at atime one after anothertime one after another
- Much faster than parallel because of way bits- Much faster than parallel because of way bits
processed (e.g. USB and SATA drives)processed (e.g. USB and SATA drives)
Receiver received
Serial TransmissionSerial Transmission
101 0 0 1 1 0
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Rece
iverr e
ceiv e
d
-each bit has its own piece of wire along which it
travels- often used to send data to a printer
Parallel TransmissionParallel Transmission
Sendertran
sm
it ted
All bits are sent simultaneously
1
0
0
1
1
0
01
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Why Not use Parallel Instead ofWhy Not use Parallel Instead of
serial?serial?Due to inconsistencies on channels dataDue to inconsistencies on channels dataarrives at different timesarrives at different times
Because of the way it is transmittedBecause of the way it is transmitted
packet switching cannot be usedpacket switching cannot be usedThe above two points makes parallelThe above two points makes parallelslower than serial and requires higherslower than serial and requires higher
bandwidth.bandwidth.Parallel transmissions are rarely usedParallel transmissions are rarely usedanymoreanymore
SS h
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Synchronous Transmission
all data sent at once and no packet switching
Asynchronous Transmission
Uses stop/ start bitsmost common type of serial data transferAllows packet switchingAllows sharing of bandwidth (i.e. talk on phone
while another person is using internet)
SynchronousSynchronous
VsVs
Asynchronous TransmissionsAsynchronous Transmissions
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- simplex: One direction only
Transmission DirectionTransmission Direction
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Half Duplex TransmissionHalf Duplex Transmission
half duplex: Bothhalf duplex: Both
directions butdirections but
only oneonly onedirection at adirection at a
timetime
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Full Duplex TransmissionFull Duplex Transmission
full duplex:full duplex:
send andsend and
receive bothreceive both
directions atdirections at
onceonce
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Internetpublic/international network which is used to access
information, e-shopping, e-banking, email
Intranetprivate network (LAN or WAN) used to share resources in secure
environment
uses web pages (HTML to view) and TCP/IP protocols (to make
connection)
Extranetintranet that has been extended to include access to or from selected
external organizations such as customers, but not general public.
Note: Connections via leased lines, or network interconnections.
Internet--Intranet--ExtranetInternet--Intranet--Extranet
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Transmission MediaTransmission Media
twisted pair telephone cabletwisted pair telephone cable
coaxial cable Thick black cable used forcoaxial cable Thick black cable used for
higher bandwidth communications thanhigher bandwidth communications than
twisted pair (i.e. Optus cable)twisted pair (i.e. Optus cable)
fibre optic data transferred throughfibre optic data transferred through
pulses of light. Extremely fast.pulses of light. Extremely fast.
Non cable methods such as satellite,Non cable methods such as satellite,
microwave, wireless and Bluetoothmicrowave, wireless and Bluetooth
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Copper Wire: Many older phonesconsist of two thin insulated copper wires
twisted around each other.
Coaxial Cable: Carry many moremessages all at once than twisted-pair
wire. Consists of an outer tube made of a
material that conducts electricity (usually
copper). Inside the tube is an insulatedcentral conductor (also copper). Several of
these cables are combined into one
bundle.
Transmission Channels
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Communication SystemsCommunication Systems
Optical Fibers: thin fibersof pure glass that carrysignals in the form ofpulses of light. Eachoptical fiber is surroundedby a reflective claddingand an outside protectivecoating. The light pulsesare converted toelectronic signals.
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Communication SystemsCommunication Systems
MICRO WAVES :Microwaves can be used to
carry phone conversations over long distances.
Microwaves are very short electromagnetic
waves that travel through the atmosphere andmake communication without connecting wires
possible.
In cell phones, sound waves are changed into
microwaves. They are transmitted using anantenna (sent and received) and converted back
to sound waves.