Simple mixture of anionsSimple mixture of anions

#if SO4 is present----------Group V Cations is absent

1- HCl test#Solid +dil Hcl ------- heat

# Strong eff. /CO3 or HCO3 present yellow ppt---------S2O3 present#Soln. + BaCl2------------- white ppt #Soln.+ FeCl3-----brown immediately------- CO3 present colour disappear in few # Soln. + BaCl2------------- white ppt minutes after heating------- HCO3 present

2-FeCl3 Test2-FeCl3 Test

Soln.+ FeCl3-----Soln.+ FeCl3-----

Persistent brown Redish brown colourPersistent brown Redish brown colour

color-----SO3 present Iodide presentcolor-----SO3 present Iodide present

Soln + BaCl2----white Cl2-water testSoln + BaCl2----white Cl2-water test

ppt sol. In dil. HCl Soln.+ chloroformppt sol. In dil. HCl Soln.+ chloroform

+ Cl2-H2O---shake+ Cl2-H2O---shake

violet colour in CHCl3 layerviolet colour in CHCl3 layer

3-BaCl2 Test3-BaCl2 Test

Soln.+ BaCl2-------- white ppt insol. In Soln.+ BaCl2-------- white ppt insol. In dil. HCl ----------SO4 presentdil. HCl ----------SO4 present

4- Cl2- water test4- Cl2- water test Soln.+ chloroform + Cl2-H2O---shake-----Soln.+ chloroform + Cl2-H2O---shake-----

yellow to brown colour in CHCl3 layer----- yellow to brown colour in CHCl3 layer----- Br presentBr present

5- Chromyl Chloride test5- Chromyl Chloride test

Yellow color in NaOH---- Cl presentYellow color in NaOH---- Cl present

Simple mixture of cationsSimple mixture of cations

Tests for cations on solid for Tests for cations on solid for ammonia and colored cationsammonia and colored cations

Cu----- blueCu----- blue Fe----- Faint yellow to dark brownFe----- Faint yellow to dark brown Cr------ dark greenCr------ dark green Co------ reddish brownCo------ reddish brown Ni-------- GreenNi-------- Green

1- test for ammonia1- test for ammonia Solid + dil. NaOH---- ammonia Solid + dil. NaOH---- ammonia

odour---ammonia presentodour---ammonia present2- test for Fe2- test for Fe Soln. + 3 drops conc. HNO3 --- Soln. + 3 drops conc. HNO3 ---

boil-----cool---- NH4SCN---- red blood boil-----cool---- NH4SCN---- red blood color----iron presentcolor----iron present

3- test for Co3- test for Co Solid+ 2 ml Amyl alc.+ 1 gm Solid+ 2 ml Amyl alc.+ 1 gm

NH4SCN---Shake ----blue color in alc. NH4SCN---Shake ----blue color in alc. Layer--- Co presentLayer--- Co present

4-test for Ni4-test for Ni soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH till Amm. odour soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH till Amm. odour

appear + Dimethyl glyoxime----Rose red appear + Dimethyl glyoxime----Rose red colour colour

5-test for Cu 5-test for Cu Soln.+ H2S---- black pptSoln.+ H2S---- black ppt Soln.+NH4OH------ blue colour Soln.+NH4OH------ blue colour Soln. + ferrocyanide--chocolate brown pptSoln. + ferrocyanide--chocolate brown ppt

6- test for Cr6- test for Cr Soln + NH4Cl + NH4 OH----greenish white Soln + NH4Cl + NH4 OH----greenish white

pptppt

Dissolve part of solid to form Dissolve part of solid to form according to the following solubility according to the following solubility SequenceSequence

( cold water, Hot water, cold dil. HCl, ( cold water, Hot water, cold dil. HCl, hot dil. HCl, Conc. HCl (hot),dil. hot dil. HCl, Conc. HCl (hot),dil. HNO3, conc. HNO3, Aqua Regia (3 HNO3, conc. HNO3, Aqua Regia (3 HCl:1 HNO3)HCl:1 HNO3)

Test for the six groups in orderTest for the six groups in order

Group I : Pb+1, Hg +1Group I : Pb+1, Hg +1

Soln. + cold Soln. + cold Dil HCl ----White ppt---Dil HCl ----White ppt---gp I present ----gp I present ---- Filter--ppt(gp I) Filter--ppt(gp I)

-filterate(other groups) -filterate(other groups) Wash ppt with water and boilWash ppt with water and boil If sol-----pbIf sol-----pb Insol. ------HgInsol. ------Hg

Confirmatory tests for pbConfirmatory tests for pb• KI testKI test (soln.+KI------yellow ppt.) (soln.+KI------yellow ppt.)• H2SO4H2SO4 test test (soln.+dil. H2SO4---white ppt)(soln.+dil. H2SO4---white ppt)• K2CrO4 testK2CrO4 test (soln.+ K2CrO4—yellow ppt.) (soln.+ K2CrO4—yellow ppt.)

Confirmatory tests for HgConfirmatory tests for Hg ppt. + aqua regia in porcelain ppt. + aqua regia in porcelain

dish-----------evaporate till dish-----------evaporate till dryness----------dissolve residue in few dryness----------dissolve residue in few drops of water ---------add drops of water ---------add SnCl2-------------- grey white ppt SnCl2-------------- grey white ppt

Group II A & B (Pb, Hg, Bi, Cu, Cd, Group II A & B (Pb, Hg, Bi, Cu, Cd, As, Sb or Sn)As, Sb or Sn)

Filterate from group I (or Soln.+ dil. Filterate from group I (or Soln.+ dil. HCl)HCl)

Adjust acidity using methyl Adjust acidity using methyl violet till greenish blue colourviolet till greenish blue colour

If If blue------------add HClblue------------add HCl Green----------add WaterGreen----------add Water

Test for presense of Gr. II Test for presense of Gr. II

• • part of soln + H2S ----if ppt ----add part of soln + H2S ----if ppt ----add excess H2S to whole soln.---filterexcess H2S to whole soln.---filter

------------if no ppt. ----move to gp III------------if no ppt. ----move to gp III Test for complete pption on filterate Test for complete pption on filterate

by drops of H2S ----if ppt. --- add H2S by drops of H2S ----if ppt. --- add H2S to filterate and refilter againto filterate and refilter again

Ppt---------gp IIPpt---------gp II Filterate ----------- other groups Filterate ----------- other groups

Soln. (adjusted acidity) + excess H2SSoln. (adjusted acidity) + excess H2S

Canary Yellow ppt Black or brown ppt Canary Yellow ppt Black or brown ppt

Cd or gp II B (Pb, Bi, Hg)Cd or gp II B (Pb, Bi, Hg)

Filter Filter

Wash ppt. with10 ml dil. Nitric Wash ppt. with10 ml dil. Nitric

+ 10 ml dil sulfuric acid + 10 ml dil sulfuric acid (boil)(boil)

Soluble InsolubleSoluble Insoluble

Bi Hg or PbBi Hg or Pb

to differentiate between lead and to differentiate between lead and mercuric add acetic acid to ppt.mercuric add acetic acid to ppt.

If If a) soluble-------------- ----------Pba) soluble-------------- ----------Pb b) insoluble --------------------- Hgb) insoluble --------------------- Hg

Confirmatory testsConfirmatory testsfor bismuthfor bismuth soln. (ppt+dil nitric+ dil sulfuric) + soln. (ppt+dil nitric+ dil sulfuric) +

conc.NH4OH------- white gelatinous ppt.conc.NH4OH------- white gelatinous ppt.

for leadfor lead as aboveas above

for mercuric:for mercuric: ppt. + aqua regia in porcelain ppt. + aqua regia in porcelain

dish-----------evaporate till dryness----------dish-----------evaporate till dryness----------dissolve residue in few drops of water dissolve residue in few drops of water ---------add SnCl2-------------- grey white ---------add SnCl2-------------- grey white pptppt

To differentiate between Cd and gpIIBTo differentiate between Cd and gpIIB To part of yellow ppt + NaOH+ 1 drop To part of yellow ppt + NaOH+ 1 drop

yellow ammonium sulfide ----warm and yellow ammonium sulfide ----warm and shake shake

If sol ----- gp II B If sol ----- gp II B

insol. ---- Cdinsol. ---- Cd

Gp II BGp II B part of residue + few drops conc Hcl + part of residue + few drops conc Hcl +

heat with stirring heat with stirring

If sol. ----- Sn or SbIf sol. ----- Sn or Sb

insol. ------ Asinsol. ------ As

Test for As Test for As

Residue + amm. Carbonate soln.+ Residue + amm. Carbonate soln.+ H2S--------orange pptH2S--------orange ppt

For Sn and SbFor Sn and Sb

Soln + iron wire ----boil----black ppt on Soln + iron wire ----boil----black ppt on wire ------ Sb wire ------ Sb

------- no black ppt ---- Sn------- no black ppt ---- Sn Test for SnTest for Sn

Soln + HgCl2-------white to grey pptSoln + HgCl2-------white to grey ppt

Gp III (Al, Fe and Cr)Gp III (Al, Fe and Cr)

If gp II present boil to expell H2S If gp II present boil to expell H2S and test it by lead cetate paper and test it by lead cetate paper ( no black color of paper)( no black color of paper)

Soln. + NH4Cl (solid)--------Soln. + NH4Cl (solid)--------dissolve-------- add NH4OH---------dissolve-------- add NH4OH---------

White gelatinous ppt reddish brown ppt greenish white pptWhite gelatinous ppt reddish brown ppt greenish white ppt AL Fe CrAL Fe Cr

Ppt------------gp IIIPpt------------gp III Filterate -------- other groupsFilterate -------- other groups

Confirmatory tests:Confirmatory tests: 1- for aluminium or chromium1- for aluminium or chromium

ppt + NaOH+ H2O2---ppt + NaOH+ H2O2---dissolve--------add NH4Cl----dissolve--------add NH4Cl----boil----cool----- if white gel. boil----cool----- if white gel. ppt.---- Alppt.---- Al

-----if yellow soln. ------Cr-----if yellow soln. ------Cr 2- for iron as above (NH4SCN)2- for iron as above (NH4SCN)

Group IV: Zn, Co and NiGroup IV: Zn, Co and Ni

Soln. + NH4Cl (solid)--------Soln. + NH4Cl (solid)--------dissolve------ add NH4OH------dissolve------ add NH4OH------add excess H2S, warm---add excess H2S, warm---

white ppt. Black ppt.white ppt. Black ppt. Zn Co or NiZn Co or Ni Ppt + very dil. HCl ---- if Sol. -----ZnPpt + very dil. HCl ---- if Sol. -----Zn if insol. ----- Co or Niif insol. ----- Co or Ni

Confirmatory testsConfirmatory tests For Zn:For Zn: Soln+acetic acid+ pot. Soln+acetic acid+ pot.

Ferrocyanide--------- greenish white pptFerrocyanide--------- greenish white ppt.. For Co and NiFor Co and Ni: (note their salts are coloured) : (note their salts are coloured)

residue+ Aqua regia -----evaborate till dry + Cool residue+ Aqua regia -----evaborate till dry + Cool + 5 ml H2o + Boil--- Solution----divide the soln + 5 ml H2o + Boil--- Solution----divide the soln into2 Partsinto2 Parts

1-test for Co1-test for Co: Solid+ 2 ml Amyl alc.+ 1 gm : Solid+ 2 ml Amyl alc.+ 1 gm NH4SCN---Shake ----blue color in alc. Layer--- Co NH4SCN---Shake ----blue color in alc. Layer--- Co presentpresent

2-test for Ni2-test for Ni: soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH till Amm. : soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH till Amm. odour appear + Dimethyl glyoxime----Rose red odour appear + Dimethyl glyoxime----Rose red colour colour

Group V: Ca, Ba and SrGroup V: Ca, Ba and Sr

Conc. soln.( boil filterate to expell Conc. soln.( boil filterate to expell H2S and concentrate solution) + H2S and concentrate solution) + NH4Cl (solid)--------dissolve-------- add NH4Cl (solid)--------dissolve-------- add NH4OH--------add solid NH4OH--------add solid (NH4)2CO3-----------white ppt.(NH4)2CO3-----------white ppt.

Dissolve ppt. in dil. Acetic acid and Dissolve ppt. in dil. Acetic acid and divide into 3 parts and tests must be divide into 3 parts and tests must be done in the following sequence:done in the following sequence:

test for Ba: soln.(ppt + dil. test for Ba: soln.(ppt + dil. HAC)+ HAC)+ K2CrO4----------yellow K2CrO4----------yellow ppt---------Ba ppt---------Ba

test for Sr: soln. + CaSO4 OR test for Sr: soln. + CaSO4 OR (NH4)2SO4--------------white (NH4)2SO4--------------white ppt.------ Srppt.------ Sr

test for Ca: soln. + test for Ca: soln. + ammonium oxalate---------ammonium oxalate---------white ppt.------Cawhite ppt.------Ca

Group VI: NH4, Mg, Na, KGroup VI: NH4, Mg, Na, K

If gp V presentIf gp V present add amm. Oxalate add amm. Oxalate and amm. Sulfate ----boil---filter---then and amm. Sulfate ----boil---filter---then test on filterate for gp VI (not done in test on filterate for gp VI (not done in case of gp V absence)case of gp V absence)

Tests must be done in the following Tests must be done in the following sequencesequence

test for Mgtest for Mg: soln+ NH4Cl (solid)--------dissolve-------- : soln+ NH4Cl (solid)--------dissolve-------- add NH4OH+Na2HPO4 (disosium hydrogen add NH4OH+Na2HPO4 (disosium hydrogen phosphate) ---------scratching-------white ppt.phosphate) ---------scratching-------white ppt.

test for Natest for Na : soln + potassium pyroantimonate : soln + potassium pyroantimonate ----------white ppt----------white ppt

test for K:test for K: soln. + dil HAC+ sodium cobalt nitrite soln. + dil HAC+ sodium cobalt nitrite --------yellow ppt--------yellow ppt