Advanced Biology: Simple Animal Lab

Name:

Characteristics of animals: most form tissues, are motile, heterotrophs, multicellular

Ways to organize animal diversity: Number of tissue layersBody SymmetryType of Body Cavity: acoelomate, psuedocoelomate, coelomate

Types of Tissues:Endoderm - the innermost tissue - forms the digestive tractMesoderm - the middle tissue - forms the musculature, blood, bone, reproductive Ectoderm - the outermost tissue - forms the skin, nervous tissue, sensory organs

Phylum PoriferaSponges are animals with no tissues and no symmetry

There are different cell types in a sponge, each cell with different functions, but they are not a tightly integrated system like in other animals (you could stick a sponge in a blender and the sponge would reform)

Sponges are primarily filter feeders Collar cells with flagella beat, pulling in water and food Influx passes through the matrix, where amoebocytes and collar cells absorb food Structure maintained by spicules (little spines) Osculum is the opening through which water leaves the sponge

Label the diagram below. Include Observe a dried sponge and sketch it here:collar cells, osculum, spicules, pores,amoebocytes, and use arrows todraw in the water flow.

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Phylum CnidariaRadially symmetrical animals with only two tissue types:

Endoderm - forms digestive tractEctoderm - forms epidermisMesoglea - jelly-like acellular substance between tissues

(the "jelly" in jellyfish) Not a true tissue

First organisms with a nervous system - not centralized (no brain)Incomplete digestive tractPossess nematocysts - stingers - unique character for this groupAll are in the form of a polyp or a medusa

Observe and sketch each of the following. Label it a polyp or a medusa. Label tentacles, mouth, gastrovascular candidate.

Jellyfish Hydra

List other organisms from this phylum, and whether they are a polyp or medusa:

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Phylum Platyhelminthes• flat worms• acoelomate• usually internal parasites or free living organisms• incomplete digestive tract• flatworms are structurally limited by not having a fluid-filled cavity

Sketch the following organisms. Label eyespot, gastro vascular cavity, & mouth when possible.

Tapeworm:

Planarian:

Fluke:

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Phylum Nematoda – simple round worms psuedocoelomate usually internal parasites complete digestive tract (possess both mouth and anus) separate sexes possess lateral muscles - can only move side to side (cannot manipulate coelomic

fluid)

Below, sketch the roundworm specimen and label the mouth and anus.

Phylum Rotifera – rotifers, no lab activity for these (too small)

Phylum Molluska coelomates Mantle tissue - secretes shell radula (chitinous tongue - used like a rasp) advanced sensor organs & nervous tissue

Class Gastropoda - Usually have a coiled shell, extremely diverseClass Cephalopoda - Loss of shell in most, most advanced nervous system and sensory organs of any invertebrate.Class Bivalva - Two shells which can open and close, all aquatic.

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No sketches, you will dissect a squid in another lab. List some other examples of organisms in this phylum:

Phylum EchinodermataCoelomatesWater vascular system - system unique to this phylum

• Functions in movement, support, respiration, digestionDecentralized nervous systemRapid regenerationSecondary radial symmetry

• Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical• Adults are radially symmetrical

A tube foot is an extension of the water vascular system of a starfish. The tube feet act like little suction cups, which enable to starfish to grasp onto the sediment for movement or to break into bivalves for food. Note that since this is not a muscular system, they will not tire.

You will dissect a starfish in another lab. List some distinguishing features of the echinoderms:

Over Over Over Over

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Discussion Questions:1. Why are all these organisms considered to be simple? Be specific.

2. What are some similarities across all of these phyla (excluding porifera).

3. Choose one characteristics explain how it becomes more complex across these phyla.

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