Simon E. Festivals of Attica. an Archaeological Commentary_Univ. of Wisconsin_Press (1983)

7/22/2019 Simon E. Festivals of Attica. an Archaeological Commentary_Univ. of Wisconsin_Press (1983)

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W I S C O l STUDIES IN CLASSICSGeneral Edito"8ARBARA FOWLER an WARREN M O O N

E. A. THOMPSON. . . J & Dn:/ine 01 tht Wmmr Empirr

JENNIFER TOL8EJ:T a.OB ERTSA u o u in A,htJ1ln r n m r n '

H. 1. MARROUA o J E d 1 1 0 f t in w i t ) 'Jt Jnns tnnslmd by Gcorge bm b(originally publisbed in English hy Shd and Ward. 1956)

SIMONFt1 /iv l! OJ ltC: An C M I I r n q

C. MICHAELRoman C i t i m i n . Perre Grimal. tn nslatedand edi ted hy G. Mchael Woloch, ^ r i p t v e a l o g u c of Roman Citeshy G. Michael Wo\ochWA J.RBN G.

A. llnrl Cruk A" nJ 1tongrpny

Festivals of AtticaAn Archaeological Commentary

Erika SimonIq'{]

The Unive r s i ty o f Wisconsin Pres s

WISCONSIN STUDIES IN CLASSICSGeneral EJitors

8^RBAJlA HUGHES FOWLER attd WAJUtE.N G. MOON

E. A. THOMPSON0 ,", n J . : Tht Dn lint 0 / . " Empirr

jENNIFER I 0 8E1TSACCC1Ullwbility n lh'rlUlrI Cowmmrnl

H. 1A J l . o f E . f D I I i " . 4 J, t k t t i . : l f l S . . i l l tnn s1alcd by Lamb

( o r i g i n a l l y h l i s b e d in Englitb by SheecI and Ward.5 1 M ' F fMl 0/ tr iar " " " l I H ' I t

G.R""",,, Citn: us vilks t o m l l Crimal. . < < 1and cdited by G. Michael Woloch. " h <

i p o Cua loguc of Roman Citieshy G. Michacl Woloc:hWARRI!N G. MOON , tdUor

Antitnl Crtrk An IIrtd

Festivals ofAtticaAn Archaeological Commentary

Erika Simon

The Uni versity of n s i n Press


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Pu blished' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Murra)' Stree tMadi50n. Wiscollsin 53715

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To Homer and Dorothy Thompson), F 1",,

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I' rinted in the United States of AmcrlcFor l..c CIP inronnation see

ISBN

To f10mer and Dorotliy Tlwmpson


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CONTENTS

List of Platcs ixLisl of Figures XlI IPreface xvAbbreviations XV IIlntroduction 3Fcstiva ls or Ze us 8Dil>olieia 8

I) ias ia and Pompaia 12Olympie ia 15Theogamia 162 Feslivals of Dcmcter 17Thesmophoria and Stenia 18Skira 22The Creat Mys teries 24H ~ ~3 Fes tivals of Athena , Ap hrodite, and Hcphaistos 38Chalkeia 38Arrephoria 39mm2A p h r Festivals of Hephaistos 51

4 I'a nathenaia and Parthenon 555 Festivals of and Arlemi s 73Thargela and Pyanopsia 76I-liketeria (?) 79Mounychia 81Chariste ria 82rallronia and Arktcia 83

vn


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6 of DionysosOschophoriaA n t hLenaiaRu ra1 Dionys ia and City DionysiaConclusionsIndcx

Cont'cnts898992

lOl111 PLATES

Following pagc 54Platc 11 and 2. Calendar-frie7.cPlatc 21-3. Calendar-fric7.C. l i o n to BoedromionPlatc 31-3 . Calcndar-frie7.e. Pyanopsion to CamelionPlate 41 and 2. Calyx-kratcr. Athcnian monthsPlate 5L Panathenaic amphora. Personi f1 cation of the Olympiad2. Oinochoe (chou s). Donysos and PompePlate 61-3. Oinochoe. DipolieiaPlatc 71. Cup. Bo ll7.yges p10wing2. e ll-kratc r. p 1 0 w i n gPlate 81. Bell-krate r. Eleusinian scene2. "Eleu.sinianPlatc 9Hydria. Elc lI sinian goddcssesPlatc 10L Vusorum." Elcu sinian scene2. East of the Parthellon. Eleu .sinian goddesse.sPlate 11Pinax ofNiinnionPlatc 121. Fragment ofan o r a o f shape. s s i o n for Alhena

Ergane2. Apulian calyx.-kratcr. Athena and the daughters of Kekrops>x

viii6 Fcstivals of D ionysosOschophoriaAnthesleria

Rural D i o n City Dionys iaConcl usionsIndex

Cont'ents8989

lO l105111 PLATES

Following page 54Plale 1

1 and 2. Calcndar. friezePlate 21--3. Calendar.frieze. ElaJ>hebo lion 10 d r o m i o nPlate 31-3 . Pyanopsion to Cam elionPlale 41 and 2. Calyx.krater. Athenian monthsPlate 51. Panat.henaic amphora. t i o n of the Olympiad n y s o s and Plate 6 p o l Plate 71. Cup. Bouzyges . V i2. Be ll.krate r. ouzyges plowi ngPlate 81. Be ll.krate r. Eleusinian scene2 , MEleusinian pe like."Platc 9Hydria. Eleusin ian goddessesPlatc 101. Vasorum ," Eleusinian 2. Ea.st pedimenl of the Parthenon. Eleusinian goddessesPlate 11Pinax of NiinniO lPlate L2

1. of an amphom of special sh..tpe. s s i o n for AthenaErgane2. Apul:1Il calyx.kmter. Athena and the daughte rs of

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3Plate 13Apulian calyx.krater. Athena and the daughters of KekropsPlatc 14

1. Mycenaean gold ring2. Cal yx. krater. Athena and KekropsPlale 151. Sa nctuary of Aphrodite Pandemos2. V o l u t k r a t neck. Torch.race for HephaislosPlatc 161. Hydria. Offering to Athena and Pand rosos2. and.cup. Offe ring to AthenaPlnte 171. "Pa nathenaic" hydria2. Offering 10 AthenaPlate 18

Plates

1. d r a w i n g of th e north frieze of the Parthenon, slabsIV-VI2. d r a w i n of the Ilorth fri eze of the Parthcnon, slabsVIJ and VIII3. . v i n g o f t h friezeofth e Parthenon, slabs XXXVxxxvnPlatc 191. Hydriaphoroi from the north fri eze of the Parthenon2. Ocials from the north frieze of the ParthenonPlate 20Centcr of the east fri eze of the ParthenonPlatc 21Parthenon , west fri ezePlatc 221. Marshals and girls from the righl half of Ihe east friel e of theParthenon2. e l1. kraler. LampadedromiaPlatc 231. Volute. krale r. Apollo Pythi os2. Be ll.km te r. Dithyrambic victo ry.Pl at'c 241. Votive relie f. Artemis Elaphebolos2. KrateriskosPlatc 251and 2. Drawing and photograph of krate riskosPlate 26Amphora. Dionysos Oschophorm

PlalesPlate 27Calyx. krate r. Dionysos and ^po l1o shaking hands in Delph iPlate 281 and 2. Oinochoe (chorus). Victor and Nike

3. Oinochoe (chorus). Satyr on mulePlatc 29Bell.krate r. Dithyrambic chorusPlate 30

1. Skyphos. Satyr and i l i n n2. Skyphos. AiornPlate 311. Calyx. krater. Dion ysos and bas ilinna2. Chous. AioraPlate 321. of Dionysos2. Cup. Lenaia3. Colu mn .krater. Early lragedy

"Plate 13Apu Han . k r a Athena and the daughlers of KekropsPlale 14

1. n a e a gold ring2. Calyx.krater. Athena and KekropsPlnle 151. Sa nctuary of Aphrodite Pandemos2. V o l u t e . k r a l neck. Torch. race for HephaistosPlatc 161. Hydria. Offering to Alhena and Pandrosos2. and ..cup. e r i n g 10 AthenaPlnte 171. "Panathenaic" hydria2. Offer ing 10 AthenaPlatc 18

Plates

1. d r a of the north of the Parthenon, slabsIV.V I2. Carrey's drawing Il orth frie7,c of the Parthcnon, slabsVII and VIII3. Carrey'sdrawingofthe sou th frie-leofthe Pnrthenon , slabs XXX:VXXXVIIPlatc 191. Hydriaphoroi from the north frieze of the Parthenonfrom the north frieze of the ParthenollPlate 20Cenler of the east frieze ParthenonPlate 21

P a r t h friezcPlale 221. gi rls from the righl half of the of thePar thenon2. k r a l m p a d r o m Plate 231. Volute-kraler. Apollo Pythios2. ell-krater. DithyrambicPlnt'c 24

t i v e relief. Artem is Elaphebolos2. Krn teriskosPlate 251and 2. Drawing and photograph of krateriskosPlate 26Amphora. Dionysos Oschophoros

PlatesPlale 27Calyx-krater. l y S O S and Apo l1o shaking hands in DelphiPlate 281and 2. O i n o c h h o r u Victor and Nike.

3. Oinochoe (chorus). 5alyr on mulePlale 29Be ll-krater. chorusPlale 301. Skyphos. 5alyr and bas ilinna2. Skyphos. AioraPlate 311. Calyx-k rater. Dionysos and bas ilinna2. Chous. AioraPlale 321. e r r a of Dionysos2. Cup. Lenai a3. Column-krater. Early tragedy.

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FIGURESFigures 1 a-d

M i n o a n - M y n a e u n gems and seal-impress ion swth bull-offcring, . v i n g s . 10Figurc 2Votive r e l i man and child in front of a big snake.probably Zeus Meilichios. 15Figures 3 n and bEUffiolpos on skyphos and on "Eleusinian 30-3 1Figure 4Sanctuary of Aphrodite and Eros on the north slope ofthe r o p o l drawing. 41Figure 5 relief for A p h r o d i t Daphni, drawing. 44Figure 6Seated Athena, terracotta , from the Acropolis, drawing. 47Figure 7

t r u c t i o n of the aedicula of Aphrodite Pandemo s,drawing. 49Figures 8 a and bPanathenaic prize amphoras. 56-57Figures 9 a and bL..te Ceome tr c cup , per haps dance ot the Th argela. 80Figures 10 a and bBrauronian arktoi on a k r a t Figure 11Pyx is wi th personi6cation of Oelos (in sc ribed) ancl Leto,Apollo, Arlemis, ancl Hermes , B5Figure 12Ship-chariot on lale archaic k y p h o

XIII

FIGURESFigures dMinoan- Mycenaean gems and seal-impressions b u l l . v i n 10Figure 2 re lief with man and child in front of a big snake.probably Zeus Mclchi os. 15Figures 3 n nnd bEUlnolpos on skyphos and 00 "Eleus inian 30-3 1Figure 4S a n c t u a r Aphrodite and Eros on the north slope ofthe r o p o l drawing. 41Figure 5 re lief for A p h r from Daphni , drawing. 44Figur e 6Seated Athena , terracoUa, from the Acropo lis, drawing. 47Figure 7 of the aedicula of Aphrodite Pandemosdrawing. 49Figures 8 a and bPanathenaic pr ize amphoras. 56-57Figures 9 a and bL.tte Ceometric cup , per haps dance at the Th argelia. 80Figurcs 10 a and b8 rauronian arktoi on a k r a t Figure 11

v i t h p e r s o c a t i o of Oelos (in sc ribed) and Leto,Apollo, Artemis, 3nd Hermes, drawing. 85Figurc 12Ship-chariot 011 late archaic 94

XIII


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PREFACEThe six chapters of this were Mary Flexner given atBryn Mawr Col1ege n the fa ll of 1978. 1 shall always remember withpleasure the months 1 spent in the beautiful setting of this distin.gu ished M thanks go to tl!e president , Mary P a t t e r Mc-Pherson, 10 t he dean of the l u a l Ph yllis P. Bobe r, and tothe colleagues who did me the honor of p p o me Flexne r lec-turer. I 3m mo st deeply indebted to Machte ld 1- Mellink and BrunildeS. Ridgway for their kindness and hospitality which I enjoyed fromthe very frst day. Together with the other members ofthe departmentthey gave me the feeling of belonging to the facul ty, and the lecturesprofted greatly from their stimulating sugges tions. My thanks go also10 C. Stephen Jaeger and Slane who spcnt much time in e c t i n g my English text. di scllssion s with Richard andMaria Jam es Wright and KathJeen Slane helped to shapethese lectures. The same may be sa id of the eager studen ts in mysemnar on the Athenian gods and festivaJs; 1 joy theirreports and the ir interested questions. The manuscript of this

c o m p in the spring of 1979. Publications a f t e r date couldnot be taken J wish to thank Pericles Georges of TheUn iversity of Press for his editorial assistanceFor the iIIustrations of this book 1am indebted to the museu lI l s and t i o n wh ich are named in of the plates. Further-more I should Iike to thank C. 8rard (Lausann e), A. Bircha11 (LonB. Borell-Seidel (Hamburg), O. vo n 80thmer (New York), H. ACahn (aseJ), J. Frel M a l i b H. Froning ( w M. HirmerM u n i c l C. Melldahl (G tebo rg), O. G. Mitten(Harvard U n i v e r s i M. Stett)er (Steffisburg), and l l i m l l l(Carlsruhe)Much of my knowledge of ancient Athens J owe to Homer andOorothy Tholllpson. To them this book is gratefully dedicated

,V

PREFACEThe si. chapters of this were Mary Flcxner lectures given at

Mawr College in the faU of 1978. 1 shall always rernember withpleas ure the months 1 spe nt in the beautiful settng of this d i s t i n ~b'u ished place. M) ' thanks go to the president , Mary Patterson Mc-Pherson, 10 the dean of Ihe graduale school , and tothe colleagues who did me the honor me Flexner lec-lurer. I am most deeply indebted 10 Machte ld J. Melli nk and 8runildeS. g - . . for their kindness and hospitality w h i c l enjoyed fromthe very flrst with the olher membe rs ofthe deparhnentthey gave me the feeling of beJonging to the faculty, and the lectur esprof ted from their stimulating t i o n My thanks go 10 C. Stcphen Jaege r and K a t h l Slane who spent much time in " t i n g my English tex t. Many di scllss ion s with Richard andMaria with and KathJeen SJane heJped 10 shapethese lectures. The same may be said of the eager students in mysemnar on the Athenian gods and festiva ls; 1 v i t h joy theirreports and the ir interested q u e s o n s l e m a n u s c of this w c o m p e t e d in the spring of 1979. P u b l i after that date couldnot be taken inlo J wi sh 10 thank r i c l of TheUn versity of for his d i t o r i a For the iIIustrations of this I am indeb ted to the museums andcollection s which are llamed in the captions of the plates. Furthermore 1 should Iike to thank C. Bra rd (La usanne), A. h a l l (Lo o-B. Bo reU-Seidel D. von Bothmer( New York), H. ACahn (Basel), J. Frel (Malibu), H. Froning liinner

M u n i M. Ma.us (l\'lunich), C. Melldahl D. G. Mitten(Harvard University), M. Stettler (Steffisburg), and D. Thimme(Carlsnahe)Much of my knowledge of ancient Athens I owe to Homer andDorothy Thompson. To them ths book is gra tefuUy declicated

xv


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ABBREVIATIONS1follow the list of abbreviations pub lished in AJA 82 (1978)5 - lO ; AJA84 Other abbrev ial ions used here areAristotle. AP Ari sloteles, Atllenaion Polteia ("The Consti-tution ofth e Athenians"), trans. J r r i n g t o n

m a n ' s Library; London and New 1976)8ianchi U. 8ianchi , The Greek Mysteries. o g r a .phy of Relig10ns XVII . 3 (Leiden. 1976)

"Pompa" F: Bmer, s.v. "Pompa," RE 21.2 8 7 8 -1974Brommcr, PF F. Brommer, Der Parlhenorljries (Mainz,1977)

B u r k e urkert , "ApeUai lI nd Apollon ," RhM 118

8urkcrt. u r k flomo Necans . Religionsge-schichtliche Versuche uncl Vorarbe iten 32(erlin , 1972)

Oavies, APF J. K. Davies. Ath enian Prope rlied Fam il/ es) ( ) - 3 B .C. (Oxfo,d , 1971)

Deubner L. Deuhner, Attische Fesle (Berlin , 1932)J. h a d w i in M Creek(2nd edition: Cambridge, 1973)

:


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xviii Abbreviations"EleusO" E. Simon , "Neue Delltung zweier eleusinischer Denkmler des 4. Jh. v. Chr.," AntK 9

72- 92Famell L. R. Farne ll, The Cu/t s 01 tlle Greek States1- 5 (Oxfo,d. 8 9 6 -Ferguson S. Ferguson, ' e Salaminioi of phylai and Sounion," (1 938 ) 1-74Froning H. Froning, D i t h r a m b und Vasenmalerei

(Wrzburg, 1971 )Graf, Eleu.i s F. Graf, Eleusis und die Diclitung

A t h e vorhellenistiscller Ze it . Re ligionsgeschichtliche VerslI che und Vorarbeiten 33(Berlin , 1 9 7 4Hadzistcliou Price Th a d z i l i o u KOllrotro"IIos den , 1978)Judeich W. VO l Athell (Munich ,1931)Kahil , "ArtmisAtt" L. Kahil, t o u r de I'Arlmis attique ," AntK8 20-33Kahil , "Srauron" L. Kahil , "L'Artmi s de Brauron: rites etmystre ," AntK 20 9 7 8 6 - 9 8Kron U. Kron , Die zelm attischen P h y l

AthMitt -BH 5 (Berlin , 1976)Maass, Prohedrie M. Maass , Die Prohedrie desters ill s t i g i a Be itrge zur AltenCeschichte 15 (Munich , 1972)MelldahVFlemberg C. Melldahl and J. Flemberg, "Eine Hydriades These us-Malers mit einer Opferdarstellung," From tlle Gustavianwn Collectioll.J inUppsala 2 (Acta v e r s reas 9: Uppsala 1978) 57-79

Abbreviations xixMetLger H. Metzger, Recherches sur l'i magerie Ath-nienne (Paris, Meuli, ee. Sch K. Meuli, Gesa mmelte Schriften , ed. Th

and Stuttgart , 1975)1 o n a t s b i l d e r E. Simon , "Attische Mon atsbilder," jd l BO 105 - 123

Mylonas G. E. Mylonas, Elellsis an d theMysteries P r i n 1961)Nilsson, GF M. P. Nilsson , Feste (Leipzig,

Nilsson, CCR M. P. Nilsson, Cescllichte der griechischenReligion 1 (Munich, a n d e m o s E. Simon, "Aphrodite Pandemos aufattischenMn :t.en," e i z e NumismatischeRund3chau 49 (1970) 5-19Parke H. W Parke, Fes tioa ls of he A tlleniana (Lo ndon , 1977)Pausanias Descril' tion ofG reece 1, trnns. J. CFrazer (London , 1898)Pickard-Cambridge , A. Pickard-Cambridge, Th e Dramatic FestiDFA ",,1. 01 rev. J. Gould a:nd 1) . M. Lewis(2nd edition, Oxford ,Princeton Sympo- Athells Comes 01Age: From Solo Fl to Salamissium Pape rs of t he Sponso red by the

Institute of Am erica, nPrince ton S o c i the Depart ment ofArt and Archaeology, Prince ton Unive rsityP r i n 1978)

Richardson, r n n The Horneric flymn to Demeter, ed . N. JRichardson (Oxford , 1974 )

xviii Abbreviations"E lcusD" E. Simotl . "Neue Deulung Z\veier eJeusinischer Oenkm ler des 4. Jh . v. Chr.," AntK 9

( 1 72-92Famell L. R. Fame ll. The C ulls of tlle Creek St(iles1- 5 f o r d 8 9 6 - F e r g u s o n S. SalaminiO of Hepta Sounon," 1 1-74Froning H. Froning , Dithyrambos urul (Wrzburg, 197 1)Craf, F . Graf, Eleusis und die h i s c Dichtung

A t h e vorhelleni.s tiscller Zeil. Re lgionsgeschichtliche Vers lI che lI nd Vorarbe iten 33(Berlin , 1974).Hadzistcliou P r i c e H a d z i s t e (Le iden , 1978)

o p o g r von Athen (Mun ih.1931)Kahil , "ArtmisAtf' L. Kahil , ^ u t o u r de I'Arlmis 8 20-33Kahil , "Brauron" L. Kahil , "L'Arlmis de Brauron : riles etmys tre," A ntK 20 - Kron U. Kron , Die zehn attiscllen Phylenheroen,

Ath MiU-BH 5 Maass, Prohedrie M. Maass, Die Proliedrie des Dionysosthea

A t l l Vestigia, Be itrge zur A1 tenCeschichte 15 (Munih , 1972)MelldahllFlemberg C. Melldahl and J. "Eine Hydria

de, mil einer Opferdarstell u n g From tlle Gusto vionwn Collections inUppsala 2 (A cto Universitatisreas 9: Uppsala 1978) 57-79

Ahbreviations xixMetzger H. Met lger, Recherches sur l' im Clgerie Ath -

(Paris. Meuli, Ge,Sch K. Meuli. G m m e ed . Th

and StuUgart , 1975)M o n a t s b i l d e r E. Sim on, "At t ische Monatsbilder:' jd l 80

Mylonas C. E. Mylonas , EJc lIsis an d the E l e t Mysteries (Princetoll . GF M. p, NUsson , Crlecllische Feste (Le pzig,

Nilsson, CCR M. P. Ni lsson, Ceschichte der griecll ischenReligion 1 (Munich, "Pandemos" E. Simon, Prudemos auf attischen5chwei::.erische Num i.smatischeRUlldscholl 49 Parke H. \v. Parke, FestivaJs of he A tI,enians (1..on-don, 1977)Pausanias ' D e s c r i p tr.ms. J. GFrazer (1..ondon , 1898)Pickard-Cambridge , A. Pickard-Cambridge , T/l e Dromatic

oo/s 01 rev. J. Could rul


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m

Simon , Glter

AbbreviationsJ. Schelp, der griecliisclie 0 ,, -f erkorb n E. Simon, Die Gtler der Griechen (Munich,1969)

Simon/ H irmcr E. Simon, M. Hirlller, and A. J) iegriechisclu FI Vasell (Munich,Sokolowski . LS F. Lois sacres des cits grecques(Paris, 1969)

T h o m p s o n l V y c h e r - H. A. Thompson and R. E ThcIcy Athenian Ago ra 14 (Princeton , 1972) p f f e r AC 1. Toeper, Att iscllc

W R . E. Wyche rley, Tlie Stoncs 01 AthclI sP r i n 1978)

Zichcn L. Ziehen, s. v. "Panuthenaia," RE 18.3 (1949)..457- 489

Festivals of Atticaxx5 c h c l p 0 " 0 " "

Simon, Gtter

AbbrevationsJ. h e l p KnI lOlUl , dcr Op-f erkorb \ V r z h l l E. Simoll, Die GU er der Crlcclum (Munich.1969)

SimonJHirmcr E. Simon , M. Hirmer, and A. lI irmer, Dieg r i e c / o s c (Munich, 1976)

Solm lowski, LS F. Sokolowski . Lois s(l crc.J r c c q u (Paris,T h o m p s o V y c h c r - H. A. Thompson and n. E Tlwley At J.CIl OII Agora 14 1972)Tocp fTcr, AC 1. Toepffer, Geneulogie (Bc rlin,y c h e r l c y H. E Stones 01 Athens

P r i n 1978)Ziehcn L. Ziehen , $ .V. "Panathenaia." RE 18.3 (1949)..457-489

Festivals of Attica


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Introduction festivals of Athens are beuer known to us than t he festiva ls ofthe other C reek states. The Iiterary tradition is rich and 50 ofthe monumcnt s, which range from modest Ath enian vases to the Par.thenon frieze . A treatment of Ath enian fes ti vals without the archaeological mate ri a1 wo uld be and so 1 shall rcfcr frequcntlyto the iUustrations in the two man on Attic festvals: LudwigDcubner, Attische Feste (Berlin , 1932) and H. W: Parke , Festivals ofthe i a t l (London , These books wc re writtcn b y philoloto whose fie ld heortology (from Creek fes tival) be lon gsTo understand the monum cnts, however, we need an archaeological

ap!>roach of which Deubncr use than P a r k va1 ueof Parkc's book, accordingJy, is somewhat diminished , especially be..cause the monuments date from the heyday of Attic fes tivals in theand fourth centuries BC. , whereas most of the lite raryevidence late r.In a d d i to ancient authors and Athenian works of art a third ma terial is important for our ) ( ) s e : the inscriptionsThey te ll us aboul the time and the form offes tivals and (or) aboul thekind and the nu mber of gifts for the gods. This epigraphical evidenceis for the mo sl part contemporary with the artistic monuments. It consists of public in scriptions on stone , wh ich rend er an of the of etc. , mo st of the AUic fes ti vals were notpriva te but public in character. \Ve are here chieAy co ncerned withthe and for this more private ce remonies areleft out. 1tenn "s tate fes tiva1 " does not denote profane celebrations. AIIof the polis were in the cult of gods or heroes ,1I andwe re celebrated with re ligious rites. For that Deubner's bookis arranged by gods. We shal1 adopt a similar order here a nd shall not

1. Th us I do nol speak bere aboul the very At ic bul more p r i v a hemlS: for Simon, Cffer 7 - 9 pls. 294-975tale for i\ tt, have been l u e d them see224-29 ; I( ron pa5lim; Parlce 51 52, 81- 823

IntroductionTh e fes tivals of Athens are be tter known to us than t he festivaJs o fthe other Greek states. n litcrary tradilion is rich ofthe Il lonumcnts, which rnnge from modcst Ath enian to tbe Par-thenon fri eze. A treatmcnl of festivals withoul the a r c h a logical mate rial would be incomplete , and 50 I shaU refcr frequently10 the ilJ ustrations in the two main 00 AUic festvals : Ludwig

Atlbche Feste (Berlin. 1932) 3nd H. W: Parke. Festioo 01",e Athenlms (London, books were writtcn b y philolo- to whose fe ld heortology (from Creek O Q ' festival) belongsTo understand the monuments. however, we need an archaeologicalapproach of which Oeubner makes greater U5e P a r k valueof P a r k n g l diminished , be-cause the monumcnts date from the heyday o f Attic fes tivals in thesixth , ffth , and fourth centuries 8 .C . , wh ereas most of the Iiterary

r a b l y Inter.In addition 10 ancienl alllhoni and Athenian works of art a third of mate ri aJ is important for ollr purpose: the inscriptionsThey te ll us about the time and the form H and (o r) about thekind and the nllmber of giA:s for th e gods. Th is epigraphica1 evidenceis for the mo st pnrt contemporary with the arti stic monllments .sists of public on stone , which render an of the e tc. , becallsc most of the Attic festivnls were notprivate bul public in characlcr. \Ve are here chiey concemed withthe state feslivals and for this reason morc private ce remonies areleft out. 1ll1e tenn "state fcstivaJ" docs not denote J>rofane ce lebrations. AIIfes livals of were in the cult of gods or heroes ,t: and b r a t e d with re ligious that reason, b o o kis arranged by shall adopt a similar order here and shall nott I . . . . 1 l the .. but

. . . ~ . 112. 1e ltate f tivalJ ror A l Ic: heroes have been r n l t t b . " " p.ilSslm - . .

3


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4 Fes tivaJs of fo llow the order of Parke , who arnlOged the festivaJs 10 thehveJve Il lonth s of Ihe Athe nian yea r. It is tru e that that arrnnge llle ntis c10se r 10 Creek Iife. Bul the Athen ian mon ths see lll extrcmcJy foreign 10 us. They co rrespond ne ilher in chronoJogy nor in name loourtwe Jve month s, which are based on the reform of the Julius Caesar and have the fami liar Lalin na l1les. La te r on Ihe Romanmont hs also cam e to RO1lan C reece, u n t i J then eac h C ree k IXJ Ji shad it's own na l1les of mon ths -we know more than three hu ndrednames.3 The regions of lonic, or Doric populations eac h have

nam es of months in common , a fact that a JJows us to trace themigrntions d u r i l dark ages.4The pre- Roman C ree k months were lunar mont hs Jasting alternate Jy twenly-nin e and thirty da ys. In o rder 10 prevent these Il lon ths

from fa JJng be hind the soJar year, Jeap yea rs we re n s i s of a cycle of eight twelve Il lonlhseach , into which months werc fitt ed. Nilsson has shownthat usng the "great year" spread from De lphi all overC reCopu lations each havece rtai n nam es of months in common. a ro.ct that to trace themigrntiolls during the dark ages.4The pre -Homan G ree k o n t h lunar months lasting alternate ly twe nty-n ine and thirty days. In order 10 prevent these month sfrom fallng behind the solar year, Jeap years were ev lUut6 consisted of a cycJe of eight ycars of t \ \ Il lonths into which d i t i o n a l months were ltted. has shO\vnthat "great ycar" spread from Delphi alJ ove r

CreC


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6 Festivals of ofthe processions shall see , were a part ofmanyThe fra gments o f the Hermione krate r are wit hout in scriptions, butthe famous Pompe on the Attc oinochoe in the Metropolitan Mu seumYork of the same period is r i b e d 5.2). LOAnothe r representation of the Attic months is well known. They or men in a frieze re used above the main entrance10 the Li tt le t r o p o l a Middle BY-L.antine chu rch in Athens (pls1-3 ). IIlustrated with a Oeubn er, LL it te lls a lotabout Athenian festivals. It needs a stylistic analys is its dateis not yet established , but the re is no give to one here. I donot think that it was c a r v e or t h i r d n t u r A. D. asCerhard Rodenwaldt maintained .L With Hans Cundel and others 1prefe r a late He llen istic date , pe rhaps in the middle of the frst cen L3 In its e ncyc!opedic spirit this cnJendar-fri e7.e seems related10 the re liefs on the Tower of the Winds in Athens, which belong tothat pe riod. TIle re is no trace of the cult of the Rom an e mpe rors,which would be inevitabJe if the frieze dated from the Empire. Andlast but not leas t, what are represe nted are the Athenia l1 months andnot the Roman ones f r i e z e n s i s t s of two blocks which were too long for the sma118 yzantine church. One s h o r t e n e d on the left, resu lt themonth Anlhesterion off. The other was shortened 01\ the of the month C a m e l i o n cut off. It is a pity that each ofthem was not shorte ned on its other end , whe re there is an unfnishedfgure less zone. In the 1eft half th ree Byzantine crosses were inserted;

n t r a l of these crosses ob literates the ship of the Panathenaicprocession. How originally used we do I\ ot kn ow. Butcan state that the representation did 110t begin with the frst Atticmonth , l-Iekatombaiol\ , which uppears in the area ofthe e s a i tml cross. Hekatombaion is a youn g man c1 ad in a hilllatio l1 and ac by POlllpe, the personifcntion of th e at thePanathenaia.The q u e n th e months in their new Byzantine contex t lI lakes

10. e t z g e 18, 60, with b i b l mer ,-Monallbilde,- 121 , fg. 12 :Schelp. " 48. pl. 4.2:Simonlll inncr pl . 23511. Oeubner 248-54, p\s. 34- 40 : i l d e r 112- 15, fgs. 6- 10; Picbr dDFA .51; H. Cunde t, '.v. ' 7 . o d i a k o s ^ l972) 62312. 111 Oeubner 24813. F. Cundel {supra n. 11)

14 . Oeubner foHowlng C. Robert cal led her f i c a l i o ofbehokling. 1hav '! previously I C C this b l l d c r but Pompe now seems 10 me thl'! better explmation: for Pomll"'" see IIII>ra nn. 8. 10

1 1 1 h t i o n 7sense , because the year starts on th e left with spring and ends on theright w i t h Christian obse rve rs certainl y dd not unde rstand the pagan understood the s gns of the zodiac,which are likew ise represented here.15 Th ey start with Aries on theleft (pls. 1. 1, 2. l). Taurus is destroyed by a cross. Gemini ure twoyoung men embracing. Ahove the sacri6cial ox dedicated to Ze us POlieus -we shall soon re tunl to Cancer (pls. 1. 1, 2.2). Tothe right of th e next cross Leo springs into the air. Virgo appears nearBoedromion , and to Ihe 1eft of the third cross Libra is rendered in theshape of the Scorpio (p1s. 1. 1, which is h O W T theright half or the fri e7.e withollt them (p1s. 1. 2, 3. 1). Sagittarius isthe familiar centaur-arche r and Capriconl is the fore part of a goat witha fshtail (pls. 1. 2, 3.3). Aquarius and Pisces were cut off at either endwhen the re used . These signs s llrely he1ped to dete rmineth e prope r sequence or the blocks and the ord er in which they ha vebee n prese rvoo

15. see Cundel (sullra n as for Virgo and Libra. 1do nol follow Cundel. butprefer Oeubner : : - - 5 4

6 of of the w h i c shaUsee , were a part ofman)' festivals

Hermione krale r are inscriptions, butthe famous Pompe on the Attic oinochoe in the MetropolilanYork of the sa rne p e r i inscribed {pl. " represenlation of the Attic months is well k n o w n 1 1 e y

p p e a r or men in a frie1.e reused above the rnain entranceI the Li ttle Metropolis, a Middle 8ymntine Chllrch in Athens (p1s1-3 ). JIIustral'ed with a d m m in Oeubner,l I it leUs a 1 1about Athenian festvals. lt needs a stylistic anal ys s because its dateis not yet established , but the re is no give to one here. I donot think that it was carved in thc second or third centllry ,. .., . asCerhard n w a l d t maintained .11 Wilh t-Ians Cundel and others Iprefe r a late He llenistic dale, pe rhaps in the middle of the f1 rst cen.

C. 13 In its encyclopedic spirit this caJendar.frieze seems re lated reliefs on th e Tow er of the Winds in Athens, which bclong toIhat period. There is no trace of the cult of Ihe Roman emperors ,which wouJd be inevitable if the friew dated from the Empire. And

las ! but Il ot leasl , what are represe nted are the Athenan rnonths andnot the Roman onesf r i e z e i s t s of h vo blocks which were for the sma11

) " n t i n e church. One was shortened 011 the l e f t reslllt themonth A n t h e n o n w The other e n e d 011 the right,and part of the monlh G a m e l i o n cut 08'. It is a pity that each ofthem was 110t shortened 011 ts other end, where Ihere is an u n f n if1gureless zone , In the left half th ree By .antine crosses were insertedthe central of these crosses oblitemtes the ship of th e Panathenaic

F How o r i g i n a l l y lIsed we do not kn O \Y. Butwe ca n state that the n t n t i did not begin with the f1 rsl Atticmonth. Hekatomooion , which appears area of the a f o r tml cross. Hekatombaio l1 is a yo ung man clad in a himution and ac n i e d by Pompe. the p e r s o t i o n of th e s s i o n al thePa l1alhenaia.111e s e q l l e n the months in their new 8 }'7.antine co nlext makes

10. No. e t 2 g e r 18, 60, with b i b l i o g ro n a l l b l d e r fig. 12; pl. 4.2;SImonlll irrncr

11 . 8 - 5 4 I \s ' o n a l l b 6- 10: Pkb nl-Cambridge DF4. .51: H. Cundel. S.Y. -l.odiakD5: RE 10 A 1972)12. In Dcuhner 24813. F. CU nlOOI in C u n d e l ' 1 l '1 . 11)14 . Ocubner . - 5 foUowlng C. l\obert called 1M! 8 t i o n olbeho1dlng. I . " ~ p l t . - d intcrprctation l l l ~ b l l dbut Pompe 10 rne tJlCbeller ' . J : . . a fot P o m r 10

ItltroducliO1 7sense. Ihe ycar starts on thc spring and ends on Iheright with Chris tian observers certainl y dd not u l1derstand the pagan but the s igns of the zodiac,whjch are Iikewise represcnted here .15 111ey sturt Aries on the10ft (pls. 1.1 , destroyed by a cross. Cemni are twoyo ung men embracing. Abo ve the sacrificial ox dedicated to Zeus POIieus -we shall re tunl to Cancer (pls. 1.I . 2.2).the right of the nex t cross Leo springs into the air. Virgo appears nearBoedromioll , and to the left of th e c r o s s Libra is rendered in the the claws of (P15. 1.1, 2.3), which is showll in thehalf of the fri eze without them (pls. 1. 2, 3. 1). SagiUarius isthe a m i l i and Caprcorn forepart of a witha h t a i l l. 2, 3.3). Aqllarius and Pisces were cut 08' at eithe r endwhen the frieze \vu.s reused . signs surel)' helped tO de te rmineth e proper sequence of the blocks and Ihe o rclcr in which they

preserved15. see Cunde.1 supra n. 11 ); a.s mr I I l l d Ubra . I do fHJ t follow Cundcl , butI l r ~ f e r l) cubllcr 253-.54


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1FESTIVALS OF ZEUS the epithe t He rke ios v e n e r a t e d together with Apollo

P a t r by e ach Athe nian ct izen, as we know from Aristotle (AP 55 )private cult does not conce m us here; we can on1ythe most importan t public culu of Zeus, and we begin wi th the oldestand strangest of aUAthenian fes tivals, the Dipolieia

DIPOL lEIAThe main sou rces for our knowledge about the Dipolieia are Pau.

" ' and the late antique authOT Porph yrios (de abst . 2. 10and 29-31), who uses Th ey are discussed by bothDeubner and P a r l I but both d i s r e g a r d a r c h a materialwhich been discussed by Ceo rgios Bakalakis. 2 Even morcimportant for our t a n c l i of the festival study by theethn ologist Karl Meu li3 and Burke rt 's H omo Th e Dipo lie ia in the Jasl month of t he Attic year,on 14 Skirnphorion , in honor of Zeus Polie lls, the father and counle r.part of the city.goddess Athena o l i a s fes tival was a1so ca l1 edBouphon ia afle r the main rite , the slaying of an ox. It is representedin the ca1e ndar. frieze beneath the sign of Cance r (p l. 2.2). ~ s i d e Skiraphorion , who young alhlete crowning himself, stands abea rded man with boots and a c10th around his waist. He ho1ds adouble ax above a tin y ox , the victim of the Bouphonia. The p p l i tion of this name may seem surprising, because the slayng of animals

1. Oeubner A. B. Cok b r l d 1 ) 5 7 0 N i l s s . C C RParke 162- 67; IIN E. Shnon. Z e 1 l RE Supp l. 15(1978) 1413-14; e l k l a h l l F 1 e m b e2. "Das ZeU$rest der Dipolieia aur einer in Salonlkl ."AnlK 12 l l o w (supra n. 1) '"3. b l s c h e e b e " in ' J U o Preserves the be tte r tradition is shown by sev.e ral1ate black. fgure Athenian vases studied by Bakalakis. !I On vases a series of oxen-Pausanas speaks of r o u n d an

4. Prohwrie5. Judeieh 2.57-56 ; G. PStevens. TM S t t l f r . e n P a r t ~ ' " " ' . II n prese rves the better tradition is shown b )' sev.e rall ate black-lgure Athe nian vases studied by Bakalakis.s On thesevases a se ries of oxe n - Pausanias speaks of only one ox-su rround an

4. Ma.ass. l l e d r5. u d e l C. PSlevens, TM S e t t f J i f t ~ Partlu:non.Suppl. 3 (Alhens. 79- 87; 1havlos g. 91 No. 1186. ~ D a s I 1 P 1 Archanes und das h e l i k e n l l f e r r i lr i a d a " " " ibld .. MITlnll los andM. Hinner. Kn 'a , Tm l'"tl f f l v i M : Helu (Mun ich. 19'73) pl.'xx.XI ; C. R

/ u . SJMA41 (1974)7. lI e WlU nOl lden U.1 prie51menlioned IU pnl n. 4, bul wa.s a cu ltfn:ln the clan of 1 M : a u l o n l d a t e T o e p A C 149 - 60.8. see supra n. 2; 5evera


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10 Festivals of

1 a-d. Minoan.Mycenaeall gems . nd wilh b u l l - c : d r a w i n 9. Afler Prh l$l . 7.e/t,chrift 45 (1970)

altar-like structure , and one of them 5tands 00 it, sometimes showneating (p l. white ox b e n e a be a rc licf on the altaras 8akalakis thinks, perhaps may be the stuffed ox-hide ofthe previous

OT it may have been WQvcn into a cloth the tabJea1tar. 10 any case, the 0)( standing on the a1 tar will be "punished" fOTeating the hol)' things, and afterwards the double ax will be punished"murdering" the 0:


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14 Festivals of Attcawith the fer til ty of He t i m e s r n e s a m u c o p l a andhe had a festiva1 in Athens, the Pompaia, the purpose of which O e u b n has proved, the magica1 protection of the newly 50Wngrain.23 The does n of this ,ti-val. but it shows p!owing and sowing, the maill eve.nts ?fm n: tn which the pompM MK a ramwhich had been to Me ilichos and the staff withthe twisted snakes, r r i e d in the s s i o from which thefestival ils namepompaIa thus aBd us m undemtandang the DSMia LBke mm yother Athenan fes tivals,

-e re of u r a l o r i g i n and 1 use the of 01Athens-to e mphasize u l t u .. .1 In fact thein which the Attic fanners lived took part in the Athenianwe leam from the Erchia inscription .U 11ley sent a ram to Athens, tothe shrine of Mei lichios on the banks of the river i s s o s sheepskin which was car ri ed round at the Pompaia may have bee n takenfrom the ram the previous spring at the Diasia . e t w oAthenian fes ti vals of Me il tC:hios, in the heginnin g of spring and .in \ ~ i nbe c10sely 11lis is precisely the case with otheragricu ltural fes livals: we shal.1 ?bserve the same phenomeno n in the

~ l t s of Demeter, Apollo. and DionysosThe ram of the de me Erchia was offered in an interesting mixtureof chthonic and Olympian rites. Th e e ntrails were burned withoutusing wine, a ~ ~ v h i p o ~ d s to chth.onic cults; butthe ;;'eat was a t e n as in Olylllpian offerings. The tradilion in Xenophon LAnabasu78 4 . where he speaks ofwhle burnt pBp for Mmiichios, may or may not refer to the W only < n o \ a i n t y

a b o u t ~ - ~ g u l t u r a l guts mentioned Thu cydides and therite of the rn m offering. Such a Il l ixed uoique in Creekreligionz" and can be explai ned by n a t u r of the god who was achthonic being and , at the same time. ZeusAs we know from t o p h Cloud. the Di asia werefamous for their meals; r d i n g to the same so urce there were aJso

E \ . 1 $ in Parke a familyoIrering D e 157-M ; Bmer , 1958. No. P a r k - ; Sch . (5Up ..... 2 0 )24. S.Ipra n. 18. For the eece P Slenge l. Rf.:5:1 : " 212-1325. see F zumhomerischen l : ' I I e r o e r k u l t r - . J3 (1948) K. v. See , e l d e n d (1978) 105-14; U. K r o n HypogJum von

Festivals of Zeus 15

relier with chikl in rronl of a big snake . Ze U$Meilich lO$. 8e rln e a s t A f t e C. BIOmel 27 to chapter 1) pl. 77gifts for children (864), T11is fts, as Deubn er writes , into the cheerfulside of the popular fes ti va l, but I think the deeper.Chthonic deities Iike De meter, the Nymph s, or Meilichios , who wasalso ve nera ted in the newly v e r e d sanctuary of the Nymphs nearthe Acropolis,2II!I had a special affection for children ; they were tute larygods for o l i v e f f e r i n g that include chi ld ren thereforeoften tu m up whe re chtho nic gods were worshipped. I shall mentiononl y one examp le here; a voti ve relief of the ea rl y f o u r t h u r y in 10 be from (fg Jt shows a big rightly

M eilichios, 10 whom a man and a child are prayingOlXMPIEIA

We learn from LuCan (Jcarom. 24) that the Diasia we re abanclonedin the s e c o after Chri st. This may have bee n caused by thecompletion of the nearby Olympie ion unde r the emperor HadrianThe god of this giant te lllple , Zeus Olympios, see ms to have over the chth onic cult of Zeus Meilichios in that region. Ze us OlymplOS Homeric king of gods and w h o s e t i v a the

26 . Schw14bl (supra 1010; Wycherley h o n i cclren: pr ice 128 ancl p.lS$im27. C. 8l iime l, Ka talQg ' h f l n S k u f du 5. und 4. Jh,. v .(Be rlin , 81iimel (s upn n. 74, fg. 1I1

14 Festivals of Atticawith the fertility of the soil. He m e t i m e s m he had a fes tival in Athens, the P o m p a i a purpose of which O e u h n has proved, the m a g i protection ofthe newly sowngrd.in .23 The ; e z e does oot show th e p r o c of this fes-tival. but it p)owing and sowing, the main eve.n ts ?fr i o ~ which P o m ~ i a took place (P!. 3.2): The sJ.:in of !which had been s a c r i to Meilichios and the staffwth twisted snakes , w e r e r r i e d in the from which thefes tiva1 its namepompaIa thus md us tn und er3tand tng the DiMULike ms nyalher e l l a n e s t i v both celebrutions in llO llor of Zeus were of ru ra1 origin , and I usc the ti t1c:l ~ e s t i v a of 01Athens-to e mphasize this agricultural background . ln fuct the dcmcsin which the Attic farmers lived took part Athenian leam from the Erchia r i p t i o n a ram to Athe ns, tothe shrine of Meilichios on the banks river s s o s sheepskin which r r i o o round at th e Pompaia may have been takenthe ram offered the previous spring at the Thu s.theAthenian fe stivals of Meil:.hios. in the beginlling of spring and .in

be n n e c t e d is precise ly the case agricultural fes tivals: we shal.l observe the same pheno menon in thecults of Dem eter, ^ l 1 and Dionysos ram of the dem e Erchia in an inte resting mixtureof chthonic and Olympian e ntrails we re burned withoutusing wine, a practice e s p o n d s to other chthonic cults; butthe meat was a t e n Olympian offerings . The trndition Xeno.phon (Anabasis 7 8 4), where he speaks ofwhole burnt pip For Mm

K : h ; may or ma y oot the We only i n t ya b o u t ~ - ~ i r i c u l t u r a l gifts mentioned Th ucydides the ~ i x e ?rite of the rnm offering. Such a mixed not unique in Creek

r e l i g i o n be ~ p l a j n by the nature of the god w h o s 3chthon ic being and , at Ihe same time , ZeusA5 we kno\y from Ari stopbanes ' Clouds th e Diasia werefamous for their mea1s; r d i l l g to the same source there were

In he volive relief Parke A . 48. showing a falUyoireri...g a pig D e b . . . - M a r k e Sch . 5 U p T U n. 18. For Ihe eece Sef: 49: P 5lengel. t : 1 V RE5:1 h a r d " !lm... 212-13 . S t u d i e n zum e r i S c l Epos: n k u l Wr--Jbb3 1 . . 7 K v. i s c h e e l d e n d . t u n g WDF 500 (1978) 1"; U. K r o g i u m . . . . 1 9 7 1 ~

Festiva /s ofZeus 15

. ' 0 1 1 r e l l e r K l cbikl In fronl o f. blg J l ' Zeu5Meilichlos: . 8erlin 15. AA er C. 810mel " chaper 1) pl. T1g fts for chilclren as Deubn e r nto th e c hee rfulsde of th e popular fes ti va l, but I think the n . n was deepe r.Cht honic deities l.ke De meter, the Nymphs , or M w h o

in the newl y v e r e d sanctual")' of the Nymphs nearth e AcropoHs, IS had a special affection for h i l d r were luteJarygods for them. Von ve --offe ring scenes Ihat include children the reforeoften tUnl up where chthonic gods were worshJ>ped. I shall mentiononl y one example here: a votive relief of the early f o u r t h in e r l i to be from o t a (fig Jt \ ' $ a big M ei lichios , to whom a man and a chld are praying

Ol.J 'MPIEIAWe learn from Lu cian (J ccu'om. 24) thal the I) iasa we re abandoneclin the C h r i This may have u s e d by the t i o n of the nearby 01ympie ioll unde r the Hadri anThe god of this gianl te mple , Zeus Olympios, see ms to h3\'e over.lapped the chthonic cult ofZeus Meilichios in that region. Ze us 0lym-

v a . s th e Homeric king of " men, whose fes tival, the26. ($upra 11 . 20) 1070: Wyche rlcy Chlhonicgods ) r o t e c dr l' n: " " ~ 27. C. 81me l. l 1 l r l < < SJru fplunfR du 5. und 4 , }/" . o. Chr.(8erlin. 1928) 92. p . T1 _ 81iimel (supna n. No.


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16 Festivals of Olym pie ia , of Peisistratos had probably f o u n d any the pe tsBStmuds had laklthe foundatsonsof the temple The celeb ratcd towards the end of p r i l 19 O l - and were ded icated more 10 sports than 10 rites. Them a t t r a c t seem 10 have been horse m > 0 < 1 @ and ' 1 > 1 3 1 1 horses. d r i a >

t o n i s games, in addition to mplcting the te ,le aftersevenmEtun es h t lmmtemst m th e cult d Zeus MmlEChtos mayhave f a c l e d h t h o n i cult s in general faded in imperial times , theheyclay of 3sIml religionTHEOGAMIA

The lasl fes tival ofZcus 10 be considered here was a fes tival of He rabecause it was their lEQt; the sacred wedding. 29 Thecult of Hem wM OOt stmngly motedmAtttca As m Homencmtmn Clllt the g o d d e s s 'the great mi stress of Argos. The weddingof Zeus ancl l'lera b r a t towards the end of the 11100th Camelion. w h i c h n a m e d after this festival. The Iiterary sources dis-ESed lby o eubner are sparse and half of tlmwmklmg Eene was cut~ ~ ~ d a frieze (pl. 3.3 ). We see only the bride; the bride ' B O t prese rved Deubn er thinks thts veBled Egure representsrmMal bnde it howeve r, that she s Hern herself,becallse the re are , as we shall see , other in the frieze , for n (pl. 2.1). If the bride is Hera , b r i ~ musthave ken Zeus The most beautiful reHecuon of tius festwalBS to befound in n o t h in the group of Zeus and He ra in the eastfri eze of the Parthenon

u b n e 177; Parke 144 . Trav o5402-11 ; Wychcrley T. Leslie Shear, Jr., - r)'Tl'nb IImJ u lld lngs [n Arclllllc A t h e n 5

o s i u 1029 . . h n e r Parke 104 . Zeus and lI era in the Parthenon fri eze: rommerI'F pl. 174

2FESTIVALS OF DEMETERCults of Demeter were widespread in C reece, and many of themwere m y s t The oldest of them were th e Th esmophoria. themos t celebrated of Creek found all over Creece , 1The mostimportant . v 3 S at Eleusi s, where the Great Myste res took place; these were of a e a n origin and became an

Athenian state fes tival in the i x t h 8.C. The My steries werecelebrated by both men bllt most of the other festivals ofDemeter were exc1 usively for women; thus, before s c u s the fes.tivals of Demeter in detail , we 6rst mu st ask wh y soThe female worshippers of Demeter with the Romanmatrolls who celebrated-a1so with secret rite s - the festival of Bona

C o m m o n t u r e s n c\l lts of ancient and oftenbe explained by thei r great a n t i q u i t ) this applies here. A longti me ago Jane i n c i n g showed that the Thesmophoriaand other w o m e t i v a l could be explained by the customs of aneolithic in wh ich for the c ropS.3 Her method ofnterpreting cer tai n ri tes in social te rms is followed in our time byma ny scholars. for s t a n In criticizing Harrison, Farne ll and Nilsson have argued t h a t n o a n Crete and in Mycenaean p l o w i n g and sowing had already become mal e occupationsThis is tnl e, but the rites of the festivals in question here had theirorigin not in the 8ronze Age but in mu ch earlier prehi storic timesThey were rooted in the Neolith ic , when grain-growing and hog-rais-ing, new inventions then, were done by women. Therefore women,crops, and pigle ts r e m a i n e d n n e c t e d in the p h o r i Aswe have seen in the Dipolieia, the neolithic prnctice ofkilling animal s1. Nilnon, CF 313- 26: CC R 461- 662. K , LaUe, m i#cha f!ligiOlUg !Khlchlf!. Handbuch der A J t e r t u m h a f t5.4: (Munich, 1960)3. J. E. Ih


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Simon E. Festivals of Attica. an Archaeological Commentary_Univ. of Wisconsin_Press (1983)

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Transcript of Simon E. Festivals of Attica. an Archaeological Commentary_Univ. of Wisconsin_Press (1983)