Similarities and differences of word formation compound words, blends and phrasal words .
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Transcript of Similarities and differences of word formation compound words, blends and phrasal words .
Compound words, blends and phrasal words are formed through combining two free forms. What are the differences and similarities between them?
COMPOUND WORDS
COMPOUND WORDS
formed by putting two or more words together it results an invention of a new meaning can function as different part of speech example : “carry over”• This surplus will carry over to next season.
• The extra supplies were part of the carryover from the budget.
verb, open compound word
noun, closed compound word
3 types of compound words :
closed compound words open compound words hyphenated compound words
CLOSED COMPOUND WORDS
formed when two unique words are joined together do not have a space between them
examples:• I love the fireworks on the fourth of July.• Make sure you hold hands when you come to the crosswalk.• The ocean was bathed in moonlight.
others examples: football ; anybody ; everything ; inside ; upside ; railroad etc.
OPEN COMPOUND WORDS
have a space between the words a new meaning is formed when they are read together
examples :• Ice cream is my favorite dessert.• There must be a full moon out tonight.• The line at the post office snaked all the way out the door and around the corner.
others examples : middle class ; cave in ; real estate ; half sister etc.
HYPHENATED COMPOUND WORDS
connected by a hyphen
examples :• My mother-in-law is coming for a visit.• Some over-the-counter drugs can have serious side effects.
others examples : one-half ; merry-go-round ; well-being etc.
PHRASAL WORDS
PHRASAL WORDS
mainly used in spoken English and informal texts consists of a verb plus a particle ( preposition or adverb ) the particle can change the meaning of the verb completely
examples :• look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary )• look for – seek ( look for her ring )• look forward – anticipate with pleasure ( look forward to meeting someone )
Examples :
• ask around• break down• break into • call on • catch up• check in• blow up • come apart
• cut down• drop back• figure out• get on• get together• give away• go ahead • hang out
POSITION OF PARTICLE
the particle is placed either after the verbs or after the object
examples :• write down the word.• write the word down.
if the object is pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object)
example : write it down.
pronoun
BLENDS
BLENDS
parts of two or more words combine to create a new word meaning is often a combination of the original words also known as portmanteau word
3 Types of Blends :
Blends with overlapping
Blends with clipping
Blends with overlapping and clipping
BLENDS WITH OVERLAPPING
shortening of the words
• slang + language slanguage• cartoon + tune cartune “ musical cartoon ”• insinuation + sin in-'sin-uation “ insinuation of sin ”
BLENDS WITH CLIPPING
no overlapping one part or more is omitted
• fan + magazine fanzine• Europe + Asia Eurasia• breakfast + lunch brunch• agitation + propaganda agitprop
BLENDS WITH OVERLAPPING AND CLIPPING
created by using both overlapping and clipping
• motor + hotel motel• Hungarian + American Hungarican
SIMILARITIES
SIMILARITIES
composed of two free forms
a new meaning is formed
DIFFERENCES
DIFFERENCES
1. Structural
Compound Words Blends Phrasal Words
May be single words, hyphenated or separate words
Usually combined as one word (rare occasions with a: • space eg : docu drama• hyphen eg : egg-cellent )
Often separated word with space. No hyphen.
2. Ways of forming Compound Words Blends Phrasal Words
Combination of two/more lexical categories.
Action abridging and combination of various lexemes.
Combination of a verb with a particle ( Preposition or Adverb)
Only draws upon complete words.Cannot combine with a bound form.
Not only words, can also come from non words.1 Draw upon affixes Eg. Demote2 Blend splinters with neo-classical combining forms Eg. Aquarobics
Only draws upon complete words.
2. Ways of forming
Compound Words Blends Phrasal Words
Compound verbs:VV, NV, AV, PVCompound adjectives:NA, AA, PACompound nouns:VN, NN, AN, PN
Most of the blending words are noun, such as:Breakfast+ lunch=brunch (n+n=n)Slang+ language=slanguage (n+n=n)
Verb + Preposition Verb + Adverb
3. Meaning
Compound Words Blends Phrasal Words
• Little need of definition.
• Explaining themselves in much greater detail.
• Endocentric compounds which the meaning is predictable
• Exocentric compounds which the meaning is unpredictable.
• The meaning is predictable from the component.
• Usually words which used in various terminologies.
• eg : prostate+ robot probot
• The particle change the meaning of the verb completely.
• It is flexible as the changes of the meaning are depended on the particles, which are preposition or adverb.
References:
1. Fromkin, V., Rodman, R. and Hyams, N. (2011). An introduction to language (Int 9th ed.). Canada: Wadsworth Cengage Learning
2. Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An introduction to English morphology: Words and their structure. Edinburgh University Press.