SilSiSoil Scie ence for Master Gardeners · Soil StrSoil Str • Soil particles are grou • Agggg...
Transcript of SilSiSoil Scie ence for Master Gardeners · Soil StrSoil Str • Soil particles are grou • Agggg...
S il S iS il S iSoil ScieSoil ScieMaster GaMaster Ga
Presented by:Presented by:Agent, Agriculture &
The University of ArizonaThe University of Arizona
Adapted from: Dr James WaAdapted from: Dr. James WaExtension So
ffence for ence for ardenersardeners
: Jeff Schalau: Jeff Schalau& Natural Resourcesa Cooperative Extensiona Cooperative Extension
alworth Arizona Cooperativealworth, Arizona Cooperative oil Specialist
Soil InformatSoil Informattion Sourcestion Sources
Soil ComSoil ComSoil ComSoil Com
• Mineral Particles– sand
ilt– silt– clay
• Open Spaces (pores)• Open Spaces (pores)– air– water
• Organic Materials– carbon-based
mponentsmponentsmponentsmponents
Composition ofComposition ofComposition of Composition of
AirOrgani
2Air25%
2
Pores can be ffilled with either air or water
Water25%
water
Soil by VolumeSoil by VolumeSoil by VolumeSoil by Volume
c Matter2%
Mineral Particles
2%
Particles48%
Parent MParent M
• Residual– rock weathered in placep– organic deposits at soil s
• TransportedTransported– gravity: colluvial– water: alluvial, marine, la, ,– wind: eolian (loess)– ice: glacialg
MaterialsMaterials
surface
acustrine
Factors of SoFactors of So
• Parent materials (geolog• Climate (especially rainfal• Climate (especially rainfal• Biota (living organisms - ve
i l h banimals, human b• Topography (configuratio• Time parent materials are
processes
oil Formationoil Formation
ical or organic soil precursors)l and temperature)l and temperature)egetation, microbes, soil
b i )beings)n of soil surface)subjected to soil formation
WeathWeath
• Physical weathering (d• Physical weathering (d– heating/cooling
water ice wind abrasio– water, ice, wind abrasio– plants and animals
• Chemical weathering (• Chemical weathering (– hydrolysis (splitting by
hydration (combining w– hydration (combining w– acid weathering– oxidation– oxidation
heringheringgg
disintegration)disintegration)
onon
(chemical alteration)(chemical alteration)water)
with water)with water)
Soil FormatSoil FormatEnvironEnviron
Water transportsclay particlesclay particles,organic matter,salts
ion in Moist ion in Moist nmentsnments
W tWater
W tWater,Salts
Soil FormatSoil FormatEnvironEnviron
Water transportsWater transports salts
tion in Arid tion in Arid nmentsnments
Water
Water,Salts
Soil HoSoil Ho
Soils develop horizontalhorizontal layers, or horizons ashorizons, as materials move through thethrough the soil profile
orizonsorizons
Soil HoSoil Ho• A horizon
dark layer high in orga– dark layer, high in orga• E horizon
– layer of leachinglayer of leaching– depletion of organic m
oxides• B horizon
– zone of accumulationi h t f i– enrichment of organic
oxides• C horizonC horizon
– parent material
orizonsorizons
anic matteranic matter
matter, clays, iron & aluminum
tt l i & l imatter, clays, iron & aluminum
Soil HoSoil HoA
E
BB
C
orizonsorizons
Arid SoilArid SoilArid Soil Arid Soil
Sodichlor
Calcicarbo(Calic
HorizonsHorizonsHorizonsHorizons
ium ride
ium onate che)
Soil PhysicaSoil Physica
• Color• Texture• Structure• Drainage• Depth• Depth• Surface features
al Propertiesal Properties
Soil CSoil CSoil CSoil C• Organic matter:• Organic matter:
– dark brown HighD i diti• Drainage conditions a(weathering):– red-brown Goo– yellow Mod– gray Poo
ColorColorColorColor
h organic matter contentd d f id tind degree of oxidation
od drainagederate drainager drainage
Soil CSoil CColorColor
Soil CSoil C
Organic soil Youn
ColorColor
ng soil Highly weatheredsoil
Mineral PMineral PMineral PMineral P
• Mineral ParticlesMineral Particles– sand– silt– clay
• Pore Spaces 2
• Organic Matter
ParticlesParticlesParticlesParticles
MineralAir25%
Organic Matter2%
Mineral Particles
48%
%
Water25%
Soil TeSoil TeSoil TeSoil Te
• Soil texture is determinsand, silt, and clay– excludes
• organic matterl ti l (l• large particles (large
• Size of mineral particled 2 t 0 05– sand 2 to 0.05 mm
– silt 0.05 to 0.002 mm– clay less than 0 002 m– clay less than 0.002 m
extureextureextureexture
ned by the amount of
th 2 )r than 2 mm)es
mmmmm
Relative Size oRelative Size oRelative Size oRelative Size o
Silt 0.05 to 0.
Sand 2.0 to 0.05 mm
(1 inch = 25 4 mm(1 inch = 25.4 mm
of Soil Particlesof Soil Particlesof Soil Particlesof Soil Particles
Clay less than 0.002 mm
.002 mm
))
Structure of CStructure of CClay ParticlesClay Particlesyy
Structure of CStructure of CStructure of CStructure of C
Montmorillonite
water and charged molecu
Clay ParticlesClay ParticlesClay ParticlesClay Particles
Kaolinite
MiMicaules
Specific SuSpecific Su
Area per weight (squ
• 1 gram sand~ 0.1 sq• 1 gram silt ~ 1 squ1 gram silt 1 squ• 1 gram clay ~ 10 to
urface Areaurface Area
are meters per gram)
quare meterare meterare meter1,000 square meters
Particle SurfaceParticle SurfaceParticle SurfaceParticle Surface
• Coated with water• Electrically chargedy g• Sites for microbial gro• Sites of chemical reacSites of chemical reac
– weathering– adsorption of chemicaadsorption of chemica– retention of nutrients– soil aggregate formatioso agg ega e o a o
es are Importantes are Importantes are Importantes are Important
owthctionsctions
alsals
ono
Clay Particles haveClay Particles haveClay Particles haveClay Particles have
• Most clay particles are n• Ions (charged moleculesIons (charged molecules
– cations are positively cha– anions are negatively chaanions are negatively cha
• Cations are attracted to these cations are loosely– these cations are loosely
– this process is called cati
e Electrical Chargee Electrical Chargee Electrical Chargee Electrical Charge
negatively chargeds)s)arged ionsarged ionsarged ionsnegatively charged claysheld or exchangeableheld or exchangeableon exchange
Cation ExCation ExCation ExCation Ex
Cation
xchangexchangexchangexchange
Clayparticle
C ti EC ti ECation ExCation Ex
• Exchangeable soil cation– calcium magnesium potcalcium, magnesium, pot– hydrogen, aluminum in ac
• Exchangeable cations caExchangeable cations ca• Exchangeable cations a
microbes etcmicrobes, etc.• The amount of exchange
Cation Exchange CapCation Exchange Cap
hhxchangexchange
ns includetassium ammonium sodiumtassium, ammonium, sodiumcid soilsan replace one anotheran replace one anotherre available to plants,
e in a soil is called the pacity (CEC)pacity (CEC)
ClayClay
Sandy Sandy clayclay
Clay loClay lo
LoamLoam
SandySandyclay loamclay loam
Sandy Sandy loamloam
SandSandLoamy Loamy
sandsand
PercentPercent
yy
SiltySiltyclayclaySilty claySilty clayoamoam
mmSilt loamSilt loam
Silty clay Silty clay loamloam
Silt loamSilt loam
SiltSilt
t sandt sand
Soil StrSoil StrSoil StrSoil Str
• Soil particles are grou• Aggregatesgg g
– vary in size, shape, an– are promoted by p y
• organic matter• calcium and other ‘floc
– can be destroyed by til– allow movement of air,
ructureructureructureructure
ped in aggregates
d strength
cculating’ cationsllage and traffic water, roots
Soil AggSoil Agg
Single Grain
Indi
gregatesgregates
vidual grains not held togetherg g- common in sands
Soil AggSoil Agg
Granular
P l h ld t tPorous granules held toget- common in A horizo
gregatesgregates
th b i tt d lther by organic matter and clayons
Soil AggSoil Agg
Platy
Flat aggregatesFlat aggregates - found in compac
gregatesgregates
cted layers and E horizons
Soil AggSoil Agg
Blocky
RoughlyRoughly - fo
gregatesgregates
equidimensional aggregatesequidimensional aggregatesound in clayey B horizons
Soil AggSoil AggSoil AggSoil Agg
Columnarandand
Prismatic
VerticaVertica-
gregatesgregatesgregatesgregates
al aggregatesal aggregates- found in some B horizons
Soil PSoil P
• Mineral Particles• Pore Spaces
– water– air
• Organic Matter
PoresPores
AiOrganic Matter
Mineral Particles
48%
Air25%
2%
48%
Water25%
Soil WSoil W
Water is attracted to particle sWater is attracted to particle s
Dry soil
Oven-dry Air-dry F
WaterWater
surfacessurfaces
Wet soil
Field capacity Draining
A il blA il blAvailable Available
Water is held too tightly for
Availablfor pla
plants
Wilting pointDried Wilting point (plants die)
Dried soil
S il W tS il W tSoil WaterSoil Water
WaterWater drains from
soil
le Waterant use soil
Field SaturatedField capacity
Saturatedsoil
Soil WSoil WSoil WSoil Ww
ater
Soil
w
Sand Sandy Loam Sloam lo
WaterWaterWaterWater
Field capacitycapacity
Wiltingpoint
Silt Clay Clayoam loam
OrganicOrganicgg
Mi l P i l• Mineral Particles• Pore Spaces• Organic MatterOrganic Matter
– biological remains – less than1% to over 20%
• most AZ soils have < 2%– energy-rich material– broken down by organism
• humus (improves structure • soluble nutrients• soluble nutrients
c Matterc Matter
Organic Matter
Mineral Particles
Air25%
Organic Matter2%
Particles48%
WaterWater25%
s to formand water-holding capacity)
Organic MOrganic MOrganic MOrganic M
• Soil structure– aggregate formation prom– OM increases water infiltr
• OM increases cation exc• OM can increase microb• Nutrients
– OM provides a nutrient so– OM helps keep some nutr
• OM can retain pesticides
atter (OM)atter (OM)atter (OM)atter (OM)
moted by OMration & water holding capacitychange capacityial activity
ourcerients availables
Organic MatOrganic Mat
slow plant growth
Loworganic
rapid decompositioorganicmatter
soilsrapid decom
well drainso s well-drain
rapid decompositi
tter Contenttter Content
h in arid climate
Highorganic
on in warm soilsorganicmatter
soilsposition ined soilsed soils
ion in tilled soils
Aerobic RAerobic RAerobic RAerobic RSoil micro
Oxygen (gas)
Soil micro
Oxygen (gas)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 →
Organic material
espirationespirationespirationespirationobes
Carbon dioxide (gas)
obes
Carbon dioxide (gas)
6 H2O + 6 CO2
Water
Organic MateOrganic Mate
• Organic materials are microbes– carbon (C) in organics
energyit i l i– nitrogen is also require• about 1/10 as much N as• C:N ratio of 10:1C:N ratio of 10:1
• Organics with C:N rati10:1 require additiona10:1 require additiona
erials in Soilerials in Soil
decomposed by soil
used for substrate and
deds C is needed
os greater than about l Nl N
C:N of Some OrC:N of Some OrC:N of Some OrC:N of Some Or
MaterialVegetable wastesG li iGrass clippingsCow manureHorse manureHorse manureLeavesStrawBarkPaperW d hi & d tWood chips & sawdust
rganic Materialsrganic Materialsrganic Materialsrganic Materials
C:N ratio12:1 to 20:112 1 2 112:1 to 25:1
20:125:125:1
30:1 to 80:1 40:1 to 100:1
100:1 to 130:1150:1 to 200:1100 1 t 500 1100:1 to 500:1
Managing OrganManaging OrganManaging OrganManaging Organ
• High C:N ratio organicHigh C:N ratio organic– add adequate N during– compostcompost
• to reduce C:N ratio• to eliminate weed seeds
• Low C:N ratio organics– add directly to soil– watch for “burning” by
• High O2 consumption– anaerobic conditions in
nic Amendmentsnic Amendmentsnic Amendmentsnic Amendments
cscsg soil application
s
s
high N organics
n poorly aerated soils
Plant NuPlant Nu
What’s in a plant?
• Carbon (C) 45% • Nit
What s in a plant?
• Hydrogen (H) 6%• Oxygen (O) 43%
• Ph• Po• Ca• Ma• Su
Th ll d MThese are called Macronuneed relatively large amo
utrientsutrients
trogen (N) 1 to 6%hosphorus (P) 0.1 to 1%otassium (K) 1 to 6%alcium (Ca) 0.1 to 4%agnesium (Mg) 0.1 to 2%ulfur (S) 0.1 to 1.5%
t i t b l tutrients because plants unts of them
Plant NuPlant Nu
Micronutrients (measured in
• Iron (Fe)
Micronutrients (measured in
• Manganese (Mn) • Molybdenum (Mo) • Chlorine (Cl)• Copper (Cu)• Boron (B)• Zinc (Zn)( )• Nickel (Ni)
utrientsutrients
parts per million or ppm)
10 to 1000
parts per million or ppm)
10 to 10000.1 to 10100 to 30,000
2 to 50 2 to 75
10 to 1000.1 to 1
Sources of PSources of P
HH O
N SN
CMgMn K
CaP BZn Mo
lant Nutrientslant Nutrients
NOC
SFe
CuNi Cl
Primary NPrimary N
• The three nutrients thagrowthgrowth– nitrogen (N)
phosphorus (P)– phosphorus (P)– potassium (K)
NutrientsNutrients
at most often limit plant
NitrogenNitrogengg
• Nitrogen deficiencyNitrogen deficiency symptoms
– yelloleaf– leaf sta
stun– stun
ow or reddish leavesf tips & margins yellow and dief tips & margins yellow and die arting with oldest leavesnted plantsnted plants
PhospPhosp
• Phosphorus deficiency sPhosphorus deficiency s– purplish foliage - oldest le– slow growth, stunted planslow growth, stunted plan– dark green coloration– delayed maturityy y
phorusphorus
symptomssymptomseaves firstntsnts
PotassiumPotassium
• Potassium deficiencyPotassium deficiency symptoms
l f t– leaf tleaveplant– plant
– small– slow
ti d i ‘b ’ ld ttips and margins ‘burn’ - oldest es firstts have weak stalksts have weak stalksl fruit or shriveled seeds
thgrowth
AcidAcidAcidAcid
OH
OH
ditydityditydity
H+ (Acid)H+ (Acid)
OH- (Base)OH (Base)
The pHThe pHEach pH unit is 10 times
than the
Range of Acidity
Neut
0 2 4 6
Plant G
H scaleH scales more acid or alkaline next unit
Range of Alkalinity
tral
8 10 12 14
Growth
SoilSoilSoilSoil
Optimum for mo
0 2 4 60 2 4 6
Most A
l pHl pHl pHl pH
ost plants
8 10 12 148 10 12 14
rizona soils
SoilSoil
• Alters nutrient avai• Affects microbial ac
Can affect disease– Can affect disease
l pHl pH
labilityyctivitysusceptibilitysusceptibility
Alkalinity inAlkalinity inAlkalinity inAlkalinity in
calci mcalcium magnesium sodium
carbonbicarbo
Ca++
sodium
Mg++
Ca
HCO
CO3
Na+
H O
HCO
H2OH2O
n Arid Soilsn Arid Soilsn Arid Soilsn Arid Soils
natesonates
move up with water and accumulateaccumulate
H OH2O
O3
=
H2OO3-
H2O H2O
Alkalinity inAlkalinity inyy
HCO
Ca++
HCO3-
Ca
HCO3- + H2O
Calcium bicarbonate
n Arid Soilsn Arid Soils
CO22
H2OCO2
OH-Ca++ OH
( d t l OH-(moderatelystrong base)
OH
High pH (High pH (##8.3)8.3)
Alkalinity inAlkalinity inyy
Na+
HCO3- + H2O
Sodium bicarbonateSodium bicarbonate
n Sodic Soilsn Sodic Soils
COCO2H2O
OH-Na+OH
(very strong base)
Very high pH (>8.5)Very high pH (>8.5)
Effects of pH on NEffects of pH on NThe thicker the bar, the m9 09.0
8 08.58.0
7.07.5
pH
6.06.5
pH
5.05.5
4 54.04.5
utrient Availabilityutrient Availabilitymore available the nutrient
9 09.0
8 08.58.0
7.07.5
pH
6.06.5
pH
5.05.5
4 54.04.5
Iron ChIron ChIron deficiency appears on yogrowing in alkaline soils
hlorosishlorosisoungest leaves of plants
Treating SoTreating SoTreating SoTreating So
• Acidify the soil• Acidify the soil1) sulfuric acid 2)
H2SO4
3) aluminum sulfate:Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O ⌫ 22 4 3 2
• NOTE: gypsum (CaSO• NOTE: gypsum (CaSOcompound and will no
oil Alkalinityoil Alkalinityoil Alkalinityoil Alkalinity
) sulfur (biological reaction)2S + 3O2 + 2H2O ⌫ 2H2SO4
2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO43 2 4
O ) is NOT an acidifyingO4) is NOT an acidifying ot lower pH of most soils!
Fertilizing AFertilizing AFertilizing AFertilizing A
• Apply nutrients to high• Metal nutrients are insMetal nutrients are ins
– iron, manganese, zinc• Use chelated forms• Use chelated forms
– more soluble than uncht i l ti l– stay in solution longer
– more available to plant
lkaline Soilslkaline Soilslkaline Soilslkaline Soils
h pH soilssoluble in alkaline soilssoluble in alkaline soils
helated forms
ts
ChelChelChelChel
CO
CO CO
COCH2
NO CH
CO CH2
FeNO CH2
CH2
CO CH2
CHOCO
CH2
atesatesatesates
Chelated IronFe -EDTA
Treating Plants iTreating Plants iTreating Plants iTreating Plants i
• Apply nutrients directly• Apply nutrients directly– Iron, Copper, Zinc
• use sulfate salts• use sulfate salts– iron sulfate– copper sulfatepp– zinc sulfate
• use chelated forms– EDTA– DTPA
others– others
in Alkaline Soilsin Alkaline Soilsin Alkaline Soilsin Alkaline Soils
y to plant foliagey to plant foliage
Salts anSalts anSalts anSalts annd Soilnd Soilnd Soilnd Soil
SaltSalt--AffecAffecSaltSalt AffecAffec
• Salt-affected soils– Occur naturally in aridOccur naturally in arid – Can be formed by add
cted Soilscted Soilscted Soilscted Soils
climatesclimatesition of salts in irrigation water
Water TransWater TransWater TransWater Transsports Saltssports Saltssports Saltssports Salts
SaltSalt--AffecAffecSaltSalt--AffecAffec
Saline - excess saltsgood structuremoderate pH
Salineexcessexces
good sthigh
cted Soilscted Soilscted Soilscted Soils
Sodic - excess Napoor structurehigh pH (>8.5)
e-sodics saltsss Natructureh pH
Salts Affect SSalts Affect SA little sodium makes par
- - ---- -- -Na+
A lot of sodiumNa+
- - --- Na+ Na+ -Na+
A lot of sodium
- -- - - - --- -- -Na+Na+
Na+Na+
make particles attr
Soil StructureSoil Structurerticles repel one another.
Na+- - ---- -- -- -
or a little calcium
Ca++Ca++
or a little calcium
- - ---- -- -- - ---- -- -
ract one another.
Salts Affect SSalts Affect SSalts Affect SSalts Affect S50)
40
50
Unstab(SA
R)
20
30Unstabsoil
leve
l (
10
20
dium
l
00.5 1.0
Sod
Electrical c
Soil StructureSoil StructureSoil StructureSoil Structure
bleble
St blStablesoil
0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0conductivity (dS/m)
Tests for STests for STests for STests for S
• Measuring total soil saltsEC electrical conductivityEC - electrical conductivity
• Measures of the amount SAR - sodium adsorption r
ESP - exchangeable sodiuESP exchangeable sodiu
Soil SaltsSoil SaltsSoil SaltsSoil Salts
yy
of sodiumratio
um percentageum percentage
Cl if i S ltCl if i S ltClassifying SaltClassifying Salt
Measurement Normal SaMeasurement Normal Sa
EC (dS/m) <4
ESP <15 <
SAR <13 <SAR <13 <
tt Aff t d S ilAff t d S iltt--Affected SoilsAffected Soils
aline Sodic Saline-Sodicaline Sodic Saline-Sodic
>4 <4 >4
<15 >15 >15
<13 >13 >13<13 >13 >13
Electrical ConElectrical ConElectrical ConElectrical Con
EC (dS/m) Plant respo0 to 2 mostly neg0 to 2 mostly neg2 to 4 growth of s
restrictedrestricted4 to 8 growth of m8 to 16 only toleranabove 16 only a fewabove 16 only a few,
satisfactoril
nductivity (EC)nductivity (EC)nductivity (EC)nductivity (EC)
onseligibleligibleensitive plants may be
many plants is restrictednt plants grow satisfactorilyvery tolerant plants growvery tolerant plants growly
SaltSalt--AffecAffecSaltSalt AffecAffec
• Plant age affects toler– Seedlings are most seSeedlings are most se– Mature plants are leas
• Different plant parts m• Different plant parts m– Seeds
Vegetation– Vegetation• Plant species vary in
cted Soilscted Soilscted Soilscted Soils
rance to saltsensitiveensitivest sensitivemay be variably affectedmay be variably affected
salt tolerance
Managing NonManaging Non--SSManaging NonManaging Non SSH
SO4=
HK+
K+4
Cl-H
Sodic Saline SoilsSodic Saline SoilsSodic Saline SoilsSodic Saline SoilsH2O
H OCl-Na+
H2ONa+ SO4
=
AvoidinAvoidinAvoidinAvoidinng Saltsng Saltsng Saltsng Salts
SodiumSodiumSodiumSodium--Affected SoilsAffected Soils
P t t•Poor structure•Poor drainage•May have surface
cracking when dryg y• Very high pH (>8.5)
Managing SManaging S
1. Stabilize structure byt l N + ithto replace Na+ with
2. Reduce salt level by f2. Reduce salt level by fwash out Na+ and
*may be very difficult in
Sodic SoilsSodic Soils
adding gypsum (CaSO4) h C 2+h Ca2+
flushing with water toflushing with water to excess gypsum*
n soils with poor structure!
Managing SManaging SManaging SManaging S
Ca++ SO4=
- - --- - -- -
Na+Na+Na+
Na+Na+
Na+Na+ Na+
Na+
Sodic SoilsSodic SoilsSodic SoilsSodic Soils
- - --- - -- -
Ca++ Ca++
Ca++
Ca++Ca++
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
K+
Na+
FertilFertilFertilFertil• Label must contain perceLabel must contain perce
– total nitrogen (N) available phosphate (as P– available phosphate (as P• P2O5 times 0.43 = P
soluble potash (as K O )– soluble potash (as K2O )• K2O times 0.83 = K
Oth t i t b• Other nutrients may be s
izersizersizersizersent (by weight) ofent (by weight) of
P O )P2O5 )
ifi dspecified
Types ofTypes ofTypes of Types of • CompleteComplete
– contains all three primanutrients (N P and K)nutrients (N, P and K)
• Incomplete is missing at least one o– is missing at least one oprimary nutrients
FertilizerFertilizerFertilizerFertilizer
ary 8-32-16
of theof the
0-45-0
Common incomCommon incomCommon incomCommon incom
F tiliFertilizerAmmonium nitrateA i lf tAmmonium sulfateAmmonium phosphate suMono ammoni m phosphMono-ammonium phosphSingle superphosphateTriple superphosphateTriple superphosphateUreaUrea formaldehydeUrea formaldehydeMuriate of potash
mplete fertilizersmplete fertilizersmplete fertilizersmplete fertilizers
N P O K ON P2O5 K2O34 0 021 0 021 0 0
lfate 16 20 0ate 11 48 0ate 11 48 0
0 20 00 45 00 45 046 0 038 0 038 0 00 0 60
SlowSlow--releasreleasSlowSlow releasreleas
• Release nutrients (usuperiod of time– slowly soluble material
• urea formaldehyde– granules coated with re
• sulfur-coated ureaO t ®• Osmocote®
– materials that must dec• organic fertilizers• organic fertilizers
se fertilizersse fertilizersse fertilizersse fertilizers
ually nitrogen) over a long
ls
esins or sulfur
compose to release nutrients
Organic fOrganic f• Remains or by-produc
– cottonseed meal– blood meal
fi h l– fish meal– manures
R l ti l l t i t• Relatively low nutrient• Contain micronutrients• Slow release• Low burn potential• Condition soil by addin
fertilizersfertilizerscts of plants or animals
t t contentss
ng organic matter
Typical composTypical composfertilifertili
% Mo
Chicken 3Chicken 3Cattle 8Hog 7Hog 7Horse 6Sheep 6Sheep 6Municipal solidwaste compost 4waste compost 4Sewage sludge 8
sition of organic sition of organic izersizers
N P KN P Koisture (% of dry weight)
5 4 4 2 1 2 65 4.4 2.1 2.60 1.9 0.7 2.02 2 1 0 8 1 22 2.1 0.8 1.23 1.4 0.4 1.08 3 5 0 6 1 08 3.5 0.6 1.0
0 1.2 0.3 0.40 1.2 0.3 0.40 4.5 2.0 0.3
Fertilizer foFertilizer fo
• Fertilizers can be com– common in turf formulacommon in turf formula
• Fertilizersgranular solids– granular solids
– slow-release granulesliquids/water soluble po– liquids/water soluble po
– slow-release spikes/tab
ormulationsormulations
mbined with herbicidesationsations
owdersowdersblets
FertilizersFertilizers
Material N
Ammonium nitrateAmmonium sulfateAmmonium sulfatePotassium nitrateUrea formaldehydeyUreaSingle superphosphate 20Potassium chloride 6Potassium sulfate 5E lt 1Epsom salts 1
s are saltss are saltsNutrient
levelRelativesaltinesslevel saltiness
33% N 1.4921% N 1 6321% N 1.6314% N 2.6738% N 0.4145% N 0.800% P2O5 0.21
60% K2O 0.8750% K2O 0.4316% M 1 3816% Mg 1.38
Avoiding feAvoiding feAvoiding feAvoiding fe
• Do not over-apply ferti– particularly nitrogen fer
• Make sure adequate mapplying fertilizer
• Periodically flush solub– make sure adequate dq– irrigate 2 to 3 times as
8 weeks to flush salts f
rtilizer burnrtilizer burnrtilizer burnrtilizer burn
ilizersrtilizersmoisture is present after
ble salts from soilrainage is availableglong as normal every 6 to
from soil
Soil TeSoil TeSoil TeSoil Te
Available nutrients– Phosphorus
Soil p– Te
– Potassium– Calcium
– pH– Ca
– Magnesium– Nitrogen
– Ele– So
– Sulfur– Micronutrients
Ex(ES
estingestingestingesting
propertiesextureHation Exchange Capacity (CEC)ectrical Conductivity (EC)odium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) orxchangeable Sodium Percentage SP)
Soil SaSoil SaSoil SaSoil Sa
• Obtaining a representacritical step in soil anap– A 1 cup sample from a
1/100,000 of the field!• A good soil sample
– made up of 15 to 25 comade up of 15 to 25 co– never take less than 5
mplingmplingmplingmpling
ative sample is the alysisya 1,000 square foot field is
ores or subsamplesores or subsamplessubsamples
Soil SaSoil SaSoil SaSoil Sa
• Divide fields into uniform areas for sampling– soil typesoil type– slope– degree of erosiondegree of erosion– cropping/use
historyhistory– growth differences
mplingmplingmplingmpling
Upper end
Middle
Lower endLower end
Soil SaSoil SaSoil SaSoil Sa
• Sample to the proper dep– usually eight inchesusually eight inches
• Make sure soil cores repmix individual cores thoro– mix individual cores thoro
• Time of samplingd d l fi l– depends on analyses, fiel
• Sampling tools– soil probe or sampling tub
mplingmplingmplingmpling
pth
resent sampled areaoughly to make sampleoughly to make sample
d ti td operations, etc.
be is best