Silicon makes up 25.7% of the Earth's crust. Most of it is in the form of silicon dioxide,
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Silicon makes up 25.7% of the Earth's crust.Most of it is in the form of silicon dioxide,
also known as silica: Sand, amethyst, agate,quartz, rock crystal, chalcedony, flint, jasper,
and opal
Diamond cubic crystal structure.
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Czochralski single-crystal growth process
Bridgman-Stockbarger technique
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less than10-4 Torr
~ 10-11 Torr
3. W.T. Tsang, “From Chemical Vapor Epitaxy to Chemical Beam Epitaxy”. J. Cryst. Growth. 95, 121 (1989)
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Silicon band gap energy at 300 K = 1.12 eV = 1107nm
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Phonon (lattice)scattering.
Angle between <100> and <111> planes is 54.7 degree
<111> plane
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Silicon band gap energy at 300 K = 1.12 eV = 1107nm
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Russell Ohl in 1939, discovered the PN barrier and is generally recognized for patenting the modernsolar cell (US Patent 2402662, "Light sensitive device").
p side is higher doped.
Donors: group V Phosphorus (P) Arsenic (As)
Acceptors: group III Boron (B)Aluminium (Al)
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Dose and energy requirements of major ion implantation applications (species shown roughly in order of decreasing usage).
D=D0*exp(-EA/kT)
Element D [cm2/s] (RT) D [cm2/s] (1.3kK)
B 1.08197E-61 1.17661E-13