Silicon: a new tool for promoting turf health? · Composition of the earth’s crust All others 1.5...
Transcript of Silicon: a new tool for promoting turf health? · Composition of the earth’s crust All others 1.5...
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Silicon: a new tool for promoting turf health?
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Silicon and plant health
• 1920s: silicon shown to induce resistance/tolerance to diseases and increased yields in rice
• Calcium silicate now typically applied to rice, sugarcane and other crops for increased yields and pest tolerance
• Benefits for turfgrass are now being investigated at Univ. of Florida, elsewhere
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Composition of the earth’s crust
1.5All others2.1Magnesium2.6Potassium2.8Sodium3.6Calcium5.0Iron8.1Aluminum
27.7Silicon46.6Oxygen
Approximate% by weight Element
Most silicon in the earth’s crust is complexedwith other minerals and is unavailable for plant uptake
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Al 2 SiO 4 (F, OH) 3, Aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide
TOPAZ
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Silica is a three dimensional network of silicon dioxide, most commonly encountered as ?
Zeolite: hydrated aluminosilicate
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Not to be confused with Silicones:synthetic polymers containing silicon
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Silicon is not considered an essential element except for plants related to horsetails (Equisetum)
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How does silicon prevent disease in plants?
Physical resistance:Deposits in cuticle or epidermal cells may inhibit fungal penetration
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Biochemical resistance: good evidence in rice that silicon triggers formation of compounds that are toxic to fungi
(coumaric, ferulic, salicylic, cinammicor caffeic acids; chitinase, peroxidase, phytoalexins)
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Powdery mildew and wheat: physical and biochemical resistance
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What do we know about silicon and turf health?
• 1999: Better wear tolerance on bent, zoysia
• 2000: Brown patch tolerance in zoysia• 2002: gray leaf spot
suppression/control on St. Augustinegrass when used pre-plant
• Contradictory results from other labs on brown patch, GLS
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Suppression of gray leaf spot on St. Augstinegrass.South Florida, 2000
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No treatment Silicon Chlorothalonil Silicon +chlorothalonil
% le
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(20 lb elemental Si/1000)
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Silicon and turf health
• Effects mirror those seen in rice: disease suppression rather than disease control
• Turf results vary from lab to lab• If soil levels are higher than 40 ppm
(Melich III), addition of silicon to the soil may have no effect
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Silicon concentrations in golf course soils (Melich III)
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greens tees fairways All samples
Silic
on (p
pm)
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3 18
? ??
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Analysis of silica
• Acetic acid extraction is preferred: 19 ppm in soil is desired concentration
• Melich III extraction may not be as accurate, and will produce higher values (at least 2X)
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Silicon concentrations in golf course soils
• Levels seem to exceed those required for enhanced disease control, but:– We used the Melich III method, which is
not widely used by silicon researchers– We have tested fewer than 20 samples– We will conduct a survey of golf course
soils and compare Melich III to acetic acid extraction values (in collaboration with Dr. Lawrence Datnoff’s lab at the University of Florida)
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Silicon and turf health
• Effects mirror those seen in rice: disease suppression rather than disease control
• Turf results vary from lab to lab• If soil levels are higher than 40 ppm,
addition of silicon to the soil will have no effect
• If products are applied at low rates, addition of silicon will have no effect
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Silicon sourcesCalcium silicate slag• A dry powder of pellet derived from
limestone slag, a by-product of the steel industry
• Contains 22% available soluble silicon• Products include Recmix (Reclime, Sarver,
PA) but are not commonly available in CA• At the recommended rate of 50 lb/1000 sq
ft, slag provides 11 lb silicon/1000 sq ft• Rice, wheat, sugarcane studies conducted
using pre-plant applications, incorporated into soils
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Silicon Complex 7% (Grigg Bros: Logan, UT)
Silicon (SiO2) ….................................... 7.0%
Complexed with organic and amino acids
Analysis
• Univ. of Florida proposed target rate for disease, plant health is 11 lb soluble silica/1000 sq ft
• At 1-3 oz/1000 sq ft, this product provides 0.07 – 0.21 oz silica/1000 sq ft (0.12%, or 1/833 the recommended rate)
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Roots Stand-Up (Roots/NovozymeBiologicals: Salem, VA)
Guaranteed Analysis:Available Phosphate (P205> ..............2%Soluble Potash (K2O) ......................12%Silica (Si) .....................................7%Derived from: Potassium Silicate, Tri-PotassiumPhosphate and Potassium Hydroxide.Non Plant Food Ingredients: Humic Acid.
• Proposed target rate for disease, plant health is 11 lb soluble silica/1000 sq ft
• At 3 oz/1000 sq ft, this product provides 0.21 oz silica/1000 sq ft (0.12% recommended rate)
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Sili-Kal-B (Grigg Brothers: Logan, UT)
Total Nitrogen (N).................................. 8.0%7.0% Nitrate Nitrogen1.0% Urea Nitrogen
Available Phosphoric Acid (P2O5)......... 0.0%Potassium (K)........................................ 4.0%Boron (B)................................................ 0.5%Calcium (Ca).......................................... 10.0%Silicon (Si).................................. 0.01%
Analysis
• Proposed target rate for disease, plant health is 11 lb soluble silica/1000 sq ft
• At 3 -6 oz/1000 sq ft, this product provides 0.0003 -0.0006 oz silica/1000 sq ft
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Future work• Soil survey to determine whether golf
courses would benefit from silicon applications
• Comparison of Melich III to acetic acid extractions to identify the best method for measuring silicon
• Identifying products, rates and application methods that are practical for golf courses and testing these in the field