Significant Historical Events Continued

8/10/2019 Significant Historical Events Continued

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11-11-14

Politics in the Middle East;Significant historical eventscontinued


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Aims

To explore the political significance of major historical

events on the Middle East


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Outcome of the session Students will be able to identify significant historical events

external as well as internal to the Middle East

Students will be able to explore the political importance of theseevents on the development of the Middle east


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Recap

!hat are the three earliest political events that weidentified last session"


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The political significance of these

identified historical events

#ctivity 1$

%ocusing on the earliest three eventsconsider its impact on the Middle East


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%irst !orld !ar 1&14-1&1'

%irst !orld !ar began on (' )uly 1&14 and lasted until 11 *ovember 1&1'+

The war drew in all the world,s great powers which were assembled in two opposing sides$

The #llies$ the nited .ingdom %rance and the /ussian Empire+ The 0entral owers$

2ermany and #ustria-3ungary+ n *ovember 1&14 the 5ttoman Empire joined the 0entral owers opening fronts in the

0aucasus Mesopotamia and the Sinai+

6y the end of the war four major imperial powers$ 2erman /ussian #ustro-3ungarian and

5ttoman Empires ceased to exist+ The former two lost substantial territory while the latter

two were dismantled+

7uring the aris eace 0onference The 6ig %our imposed their terms in a series of

treaties8 in total+ The conference opened on 1' )anuary 1&1& The 6ig %our$ /epresentatives of the nited State 2reat 6ritain %rance and taly+ They met

together informally 148 times and made all the major decisions which in turn were ratified by

the others more than 9( countries+

The conference came to an end on (1 )anuary 1&(: with the formation of The ;eague of

*ations with the aim of preventing any repetition of such an appalling conflict+


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1916 S!"es#Picot agreement

t was between %rench 2eorges-icot and 6ritish Sir Mar< Sy


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Mandate

The territories formerly controlled by the 5ttoman Empire that were deemed to

have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent

nations can be provisionally recogni>ed+

This will be provided with administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory

until such time as they are able to stand alone+

3owever the wishes of the communities must be a principal consideration in the

selection of the Mandatory+?

Syria and ;ebanon$ @%ranceA from (& September 1&(9 = 1 )anuary 1&44+

%ollowing the termination of the %rench mandate two separate independent

republics Syria and ;ebanon were formed+ Mesopotamia$ @6ritainA+ The mandate was not enacted and was replaced by the

#nglo-raBi Treaty

alestine$ @6ritainA+ t was a special mandate which ended on 1&4' on the eve of

the ?occupationC war+


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Palestine mandate

aris 0onference reaffirmed the acceptance by the #llied owers and the S of the

6elfour declaration

The primary purpose of the alestine Mandate was to promote the establishment of

the )ewish *ational 3ome The Dionist 5rganisation submitted their draft resolutions for consideration by the

eace 0onference on 9 %ebruary 1&1&+

The 0onference statement included$

/ecognition of the )ewish people,s historic title to alestine and their right to

reconstitute their *ational 3ome there+

The 2overnment of alestine entrusted to 2reat 6ritain as Mandatory of the ;eague+ The Mandatory was to also supervise the control of the 3oly laces+

3owever #rticle of the resulting mandate was confined to merely giving the right of

obtaining alestinian citi>enship by )ews who ta


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*ovember 1&1$ 6elfourdeclarationFromise !hat did the declaration contain"


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The declaration stated that

3is Majesty,s government view with favour

the establishment in alestine of a nationalhome for the )ewish people+


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The $eclaration continued

3is Majesty,s government will use their best

endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this

object+

t is clearly understood that nothing shall be done

which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of

existing non-)ewish communities in alestine or the

rights and political status enjoyed by )ews in anyother country+


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%hat can !ou read into this

$eclaration&

- Supporting and accepting the plan prepared and propagated by

)ewish campaigners before the end of the 1& thcentury+

t focused mainly on the protection of the interests of the )ewishpeople in alestine and elsewhere in the Middle East+

t made no specific reference to the #rabs or Muslims though

they were the largest community

Some #rabs see the declaration as a promise from those who do

not own to those who do not deserve


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The 'rea"(up of the Ottoman

Empire

6efore the war the Empire was suffering from growing decline and

discontent described as the sic< man of Europe+

n 1&14Enver ashaGs alliance with 2ermany led the 5ttoman Empireinto a fatal step+

The 6ritish saw the 5ttomans as the wea< lin< in the enemy alliance

and concentrated on


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18

)rea" up continued 1

The 6ritish found an ally in Sharif 3ussein the ruler

of Mecca+

3e led an #rab revolt against 5ttoman rule having

received a promise from 6ritain of #rab

independence in exchange+

The Empire suffered huge losses particularly in

terms of casualties which hasten its defeat+

Many of the war battles were fought on the lands of

the Empire+


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)rea" up continued *

The 5ttomanGs defeat led to many of its #rab territories to revolt

against the SultanF0aliphate+

Hictorious 6ritain too< over some of the EmpireGs territories such asEgypt

The fall of the 5ttomans and the partitioning of #natolia by the #llies

led to resistance by the Tur


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)rea" up continued +

#tatIr< embar


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Activit! *

0an you please identify the political

significance of further three events


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$iscover! of oil

The Middle East has been of great importance to %oreign owers namely the

!est for a number of reasons$

ts strategic geographic location as connecting the four main continents of the

world+

t has controlled the traditional trade land route between the East and the !est

t was the cradle of the three main monotheist religions of the world+

t was the land of many historical human civilisations

#bove all it posses oil and other natural resources+

!hen oil was discovered in the Middle East this represented another importantturning point of the region+

%irst in ersia in 1&:' and later in Saudi #rabia in 1&9' the other ersian 2ulf

states ;ibya and #lgeria+


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$iscover! of oil continued 1

The Middle East possesses the world,s largest easily accessible reserves of

crude oil+

5il has been the most important commodity in the (:th century industrial world+

!estern oil companies pumped and exported nearly all of the oil to fuel the

rapidly expanding automobile industry and other western industrial

developments+


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$iscover! of oil continued *

3owever indigenous movements towards nationalising oil

assets oil sharing and the advent of 5E0 ensured a shift in

the balance of power towards the #rab oil producing nations+ 5il wealth also had the effect of suppressing whatever

movement towards economic political or social reform which

could have emerged in the #rab world under the influence of

the .emalist revolution in Turation of armies and the increasing use of airpower

generated an unprecedented demand for petroleum fuels+


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%orld %ar *

Second !orld !ar was a global war that lasted from 1&9& to 1&48+

t involved the vast majority of the worldGs nations forming two opposing camps$ the #llies

and the #xis+

t was the most widespread war in history and directly involved more than 1:: millionpeople from over 9: countries+

t resulted in an estimated 8: to '8 million fatalities+

!orld !ar altered the political alignment and social structure of the world+

The nited *ations @*A was established to foster international co-operation and prevent

future conflicts+

The victorious great powers the nited States the Soviet nion 0hina the nited

.ingdom and %rance became the permanent members of the nited nations Security

0ouncil+

The Soviet nion and the nited States emerged as rival superpowers setting the stage

for the 0old !ar which lasted for the next 4J years+


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%orld ,ar * and the Middle East

The influence of European great powers started to wane while the decolonisation of #sia

and #frica began+

#rab nationalism fostered after the first !orld !ar has also paved the way for liberation

Many countries in the Middle East gained their independence though have not completelysha


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%orld %ar * and the Middle East

continued

5il has always been the +S+,s first priority in the Middle East+

resident %ran ibn Saud just before the close of !orld !ar + #nother cornerstone of +S+ policy in the region has been

!ashington,s support for srael+

The nited States was among the first nations to recogni>e srael in

1&4' even as the nited *ations voted to partition alestine into

)ewish and #rab states+

!ashington,s intervention in ran

# +S+ and 6ritish-bac


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-nited .ations

7eclared aim$ was to foster international co-operation and to prevent future conflicts+

0ritics see it as$ # form or a means in the hands of the great powers to shape as well as

influence world order+ 3as it succeeded"

t has made great success through many of specialised agencies in cooperation with the /ed

0ross particularly in helping or catering for refugees of wars and conflicts around the world

relief operation including the Middle East

t has not succeeded in preventing many conflicts particularly in the Middle East such as srael

and the #rabs ran raB war the !estern Sahara conflict between the olisario and Morocco+

#merica and its allies invaded raB without the full approval of the * This was under the pretext that raB has not implemented * resolution regarding weapon of

mass destruction+

srael has no implemented and of the * resolutions particularly 4(4

#merica is the biggest contributor to its budget and use this to influence decisions *ES05 is

a case in point


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Ara' /eague

7eclared aim$ to foster cooperation unity and prevent conflict+

t was seen as a regional * and as representative of and providing a voice for the #rabs

3as it succeeded" ts hey days were during the #rab nationalism wave experienced during the fifties and early

sixties where Egypt played a dominant role+

Some see the ;eague as merely a tal


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Arrival of .asser into po,er 190*


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The Sue 2risis 1906


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Si3(da! %ar 1946


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Octo'er %ar 194+


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Sadat5s visit to srael 1944


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Peace treat! 'et,een Eg!pt and

srael 1949


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ran ra7 %ar 198*


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Occupation of u,ait 1991


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Oslo Agreement 199+


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Terrorist Attac" on America *::1


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nvasion of ra7 *::+


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The emergence of the term ne,

Middle East< *::6


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Ara' Spring *::11


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n 1'&J Theodor 3er>l a )ewish journalist living in #ustria-3ungary

published Der Judenstaat@LThe )ews, StateL or LThe State of the )ewsLA

in which he asserted that the only solution to the L)ewish uestionL in

Europe including growing anti-Semitism was through the establishmentof a state for the )ews+ olitical Dionism had just been born+N4O# year later

3er>l founded the Dionist 5rgani>ation @D5A which at its first congress

Lcalled for the establishment of a home for the )ewish people in alestine

secured under public lawL+ Serviceable means to attain that goal included

the promotion of )ewish settlement there the organisation of )ews in the

diaspora the strengthening of )ewish feeling and consciousness andpreparatory steps to attain those necessary governmental grants+N8O3er>l

passed away in 1&:4 without the political standing that was reBuired to

carry out his agenda of a )ewish home in alestine+

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