SigmaPlotUser'sGuide

iSigmaPlot 9.0 Users Guide

ii

For more information about Systat Software, Inc. software products, please visit our WWWsite at http://www.systat.com or contact:

Systat Software, Inc.501 Canal Blvd, Suite CPoint Richmond, CA 94804-2028USA

Systat and SigmaPlot are registered trademarks and the other product names are thetrademarks of Systat Software, Inc. for its proprietary computer software. No materialdescribing such software may be produced or distributed without the written permission ofthe owners of the trademark and license rights in the software and the copyrights in thepublished materials.

The SOFTWARE and documentation are provided with RESTRICTED RIGHTS. Use,duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth insubdivision (c)(1)(ii) of The Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at52.227-7013. Contractor/manufacturer is Systat Software, Inc., 501 Canal Blvd., Suite C,Point Richmond, CA 94804-2028.

General notice: Other product names mentioned herein are used for identification purposesonly and may be trademarks of their respective companies.

Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

SigmaPlot 9.0 Users GuideCopyright 2004 by Systat Software, Inc.All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 03 02 01 00 99 98

ISBN 1-56827-251-0

iii

Introduction 1

SigmaPlot at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

New Features in SigmaPlot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Installing SigmaPlot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

SigmaPlot Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Viewing Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Positioning Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Undoing Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Anatomy of SigmaPlot Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

SigmaPlot Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

SigmaPlot FAQs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Notebook Manager Basics 31

Notebook Manager Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Opening and Closing Notebooks in the Notebook Manager . . . . . . . 34

Protecting Notebooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Setting a Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Working with Sections in the Notebook Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Creating New Items in the Notebook Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Opening Files in the Notebook Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Worksheet Basics 43

Using the Worksheet Shortcut Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Setting Worksheet Display Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Moving Around the Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Entering Data into a SigmaPlot Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

iv

Importing Files from Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Exporting Worksheet Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Descriptive Statistics for Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Displaying Worksheet Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Formatting Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Cutting, Copying, Pasting, Moving, and Deleting Data . . . . . . . . . . 81

Entering and Promoting Column and Row Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Removing Outliers and Other Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Using Excel Workbooks in SigmaPlot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Additional Features With Excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Excel Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Using Transforms on Data in Excel Workbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Printing Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Configuring Printer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Creating and Modifying Graphs 103

Setting Graph Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

SigmaPlot Graph Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

SigmaPlot Graph Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Arranging Data for Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Arranging Data for Polar Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Arranging Data for a Ternary Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Arranging Data for Bubble Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Arranging Data for 3D Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Creating Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Creating a Graphs Using the Graph Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Creating Graphs Using Templates, Layouts, and the Graph Style Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Modifying Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Creating and Modifying Embedded SigmaPlot Graphs . . . . . . . . . 166

vChanging Symbol Type and Other Symbol Options . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Changing Line Type and Other Line Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Changing Patterns and Fill Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Changing Bar and Box Widths and Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Adding and Modifying Drop Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Plotting and Solving Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Graph Page Basics 209

About Graph Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Setting Page Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Exporting Graphs and Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Printing Graph Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Working with Page Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Adding Another Graph to a Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Zooming In and Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Using Graph Pages as Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Creating a New Page with Attributes from a Template . . . . . . . . . 220

Copying a Graph Page to Use as a Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Overwriting an Existing Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Templates and Notebooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Cutting, Copying and Pasting Graphs and other Page Objects . . . . . 226

Using OLE to Paste, Link, and Embed Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Dragging and Dropping Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Hiding and Deleting Objects from the Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Drawing Objects on the Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Modifying Object Colors and Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Moving and Sizing Graphs and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Aligning Page Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Editing Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Working with Automatic Legends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

vi

Changing Graph Page Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Using Custom Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Working with 2D Plots 281

2D Plot Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Creating 2D Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Plotting Category and Grouped Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Creating 2D Scatter Plots with Error Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Creating 2D Plots with Asymmetric Error Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Modifying Error Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Grouped Bar Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Creating Box Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Creating Area Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Creating Multiple Area and Multiple Vertical Area Plots . . . . . . . . 322

Shading Between Two Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Bubble Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

About Axes and Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Working with 3D and Contour Graphs 341

3D Scatter and Line Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

3D Bar Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Creating 3D Scatter Plots and 3D Bar Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

Creating Trajectory Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Creating Waterfall Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Creating Mesh Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Changing Graph Perspective, Rotation, and Shading . . . . . . . . . . 351

3D Graph Axis Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Creating Contour Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

vii

Modifying Contour Plots 361 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Working with Pie, Polar, and Ternary Plots 373

Pie Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Polar Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Ternary Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Modifying Axes, Tick Marks, and Grids 385

Changing Axis Scales and Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Changing Scale Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Hiding, Displaying, and Deleting Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Setting Axis Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

Working with Axis Titles and Tick Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Changing Tick Mark Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Changing Tick Mark Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Changing Tick Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Displaying Grid Lines and Backplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Modifying Polar Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Modifying Ternary Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Modifying Ternary Axis Title Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Statistics 455

Running Paired and Independent t-Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Creating Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Plotting and Modifying Regression Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

viii

Using the Report Editor 473

Creating Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Setting Report Page Size and Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Exporting Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Printing Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Setting Report Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Setting Significant Digits for Regression Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Using the Report Editor Ruler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Formatting Text and Paragraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Inserting the Current Date and Time into a Report . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Publishing Graphs 483

Publishing Graphs on the World Wide Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Submitting Graphs for Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Automating Routine Tasks 493

Before you Record a Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Recording Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Running Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Editing Macros 496

Using the Add Procedure Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

About User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Using the Debug Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

SigmaPlot Macro Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Running SigmaPlot Macros from the Command Prompt . . . . . . . . 507

ix

SigmaPlot Automation Reference 509

Objects and Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Group Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

SigmaPlot Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Top Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

SigmaPlot Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

Creating and Using SigmaPlot Transforms 551

Transform Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Normalizing Ternary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

Creating User-Defined Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Transform Syntax and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Transform Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Entering Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Commenting on Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

Sequence of Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Transform Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Scalars and Ranges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

Array References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Transform Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

xTransform Examples 581

Data Transform Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

Graphing Transform Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

Transform Function Reference 629

Function Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

Using the Regression Wizard 691

About the Regression Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

About SigmaPlots Curve Fitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

Curve-fitting Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

References for the Marquardt-Levenberg Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . 693

Opening .FIT Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

Adding .FIT Files to a Library or Notebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694

Using the Regression Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

Running a Regression From a Notebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

Creating New Regression Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

Viewing and Editing Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

Saving Regression Equation Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

Variable Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

Equation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

Fit with Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

Watching The Fit Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

Cancelling a Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Interpreting Initial Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

xi

Completion Status Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Saving Regression Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714

Graphing Regression Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

Data Plotted for Regression Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

Interpreting Regression Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

R and R Squared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720

PRESS Statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

Durbin-Watson Statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

Constant Variance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

Regression Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

Influence Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

Regression Equation Libraries and Notebooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

Opening an Equation Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

Using a Different Library for the Regression Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . 731

Curve Fitting Date And Time Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

Converting Dates to Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

Converting Numbers Back to Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

Regression Results Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Completion Status Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Error Status Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

Editing Code 741

About Regression Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741

Entering Regression Equation Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744

Saving Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

Weight Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755

xii

Initial Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757

Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759

Other Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760

Regression Equation Library 763

Standard Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

Ligand Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

Advanced Regression Examples 783

Example 1: Curve Fitting Pitfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Example 2: Weighted Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

Example 3: Piecewise Continuous Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794

Example 4: Using Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796

Example 5: Solving Nonlinear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

Example 6: Multiple Function Nonlinear Regression . . . . . . . . . . 802

Example 7: Advanced Nonlinear Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

1Introduction

1Introduction

SigmaPlot makes it easier for you to present your findings accurately using precise, publication-quality graphs, data analysis and presentation tools. SigmaPlot offers numerous scientific options such as automatic error bars, regression lines, confidence intervals, axis breaks, technical axis scales, non-linear curve fitting and a data worksheet for powerful data handling.

SigmaPlot 9.0 is a state-of-the-art technical graphing program designed for the Windows platform. It is certified for Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Microsoft Office 98, 2000, and Windows XP. SigmaPlot 9.0 is specifically designed to aid in documenting and publishing research, specializing in the graphical presentation of results.

Creating and editing graphs is easy. Just click a Graph toolbar button, pick your data with the Graph Wizard, and you can create a graph in seconds. You can also use templates to apply favorite graphs again and again.

SigmaPlot also includes a powerful nonlinear curve fitter, a huge scientific data worksheet that accommodates large data sets, summary statistics, a mathematical transform language and much more.

OLE2 technology is fully supported. You can annotate graphs with the Microsoft Word Equation Editor, edit your graphs directly inside Word or PowerPoint, or plot your data with an Excel spreadsheet right inside SigmaPlot.

SigmaPlot at a Glance

Graph Types and Styles

SigmaPlots selectable Graph Type determines the structure of your graph. SigmaPlot provides many different types of two- and three-dimensional Cartesian (XY and XYZ) graphs, as well as pie charts and polar plots.

Graph Style determines how data is plotted on a graph. Available styles depend on the selected Graph Type. SigmaPlots Graph Wizard conveniently displays all available graph styles associated with each graph type.

2Chapter 1

Templates

The SigmaPlot template notebook contains a variety of page layouts. Apply these predetermined template attributes to previously saved pages and graphs, or create a user-defined template. Store your templates in a SigmaPlot Notebook Template file (.JNT). You may want to create your own template notebook.

Graph Defaults

Preset graph attribute default settings, such as size and position, font, and symbol, line and bar settings.

Axis Scales

Create multiple axes for 2D graphs. SigmaPlot, by default, automatically calculates axis ranges and enables each plot to contain separate X and Y axes.

Tick Marks. Use both major and minor axis tick marks and grid lines. Tick intervals, length, direction, thickness, and color are all adjustable; grid line types are also adjustable. Tick labels can be numeric, time series, or customized, using labels in a worksheet column.

Axis Breaks. You can specify an axis break with a different post-break tick interval.

Automatic Legends

Generate legends automatically, or ungroup legends and individually customize text labels.

Smooth 2D and 3D Data

Smooth sharp variations in dependent values within 2D and 3D data sets using SigmaPlot smoothing algorithms.

3Introduction

SigmaPlot Worksheet

The SigmaPlot worksheet is capable of containing data up to 32,000,000 rows by 32,000 columns. Enter data in columns or rows, and perform calculations either row-wise or column-wise.

Worksheet cells within columns are adjustable, and capable of holding up to 14 significant digits. Place labels, customized fill colors and patterns, and error bar direction codes into these cells in order to specify changes to graphs.

Microsoft Excel

SigmaPlot uses automation communication standards to create and open Excel workbooks within SigmaPlot. This functionality enables you to run transforms, perform statistical tests, and graph data stored in Excel worksheets.

Statistics

Descriptive statistics are available for all your worksheet columns. The Statistics Worksheet lists basic statistics for all worksheet columns.

Display linear regression lines with confidence and prediction intervals, chart error bars for graphs of column means, and run paired and unpaired t-tests between worksheet columns. Use the Histogram feature to compute and plot distributions for datasets.

Regression Wizard

The regression Wizard steps through curve fitting, plotting, and generating a report.

Transforms

Modify and compute data using SigmaPlots comprehensive transform language.

Drawing Tools

Change the font, size, and style of any text, and change the color, line type, thickness, and fill pattern of graphs and drawn objects with drawing tools.

4Chapter 1

Reports

The SigmaPlot Report Editor displays regression results and features complete text editing functionality.

New Features in SigmaPlot

New features in SigmaPlot include: Full integration with SigmaStat (see page 4). A new Notebook Manager (see page 5). Category data support (see page 5). The ability to import ODBC databases (see page 6). Improvements to the worksheet (see page 6). Improved symbols (see page 7). Equations on a graph page using the Regression Wizard (see page 7). Password protection of notebooks (see page 7). Improved histograms (see page 8). Column titles in Quick Transforms (see page 8). Multiple users can use SigmaPlot (see page 9).

Full Integration with SigmaStat

If you have installed SigmaStat 3.1, all of its statistical tests are available to you on SigmaPlots Statistics menu. Included with SigmaStat are: The SigmaStat Advisor Wizard. Use this wizard to select the appropriate test for your

data. Automatic assumption checking. This ensures that you dont violate the rules of the

test.

Plain English reports. Interprets the results.

5Introduction

Automatic result graph options. Use the graph options to generate the appropriate analytical display.

New Notebook Manager

Use the new browser-style Notebook Manager to quickly navigate between worksheets, graphs and reports in multiple notebooks. Using the Notebook Manager, you can: Organize multiple notebooks and notebook objects using one "explorer-like"

control. Avoid the hunt and peck of calling up multiple windows to find the graph or

worksheet you want to view. Drag and drop the notebook to any position on the screen to optimize your viewing

space. For more information, see Sizing and Docking the Notebook Manager in Chapter 2.

One click can hide and show all notebooks to optimize your viewing space. For more information, see Notebook Manager Overview in Chapter 2.

Category Data Support

Use new category data formats in the Graph Wizard to compare groups in graphs. With these new formats, now you can: Use the new By Category data format option in the Graph Wizard for 2D scatter

and line plots. Use category data (also known as "indexed" or "grouped" data) for groups. You can

choose X, Y, and category variables. The category variable groups are distinguished from each other by color, symbol, line type, and so on, just like data columns are currently.

Compare groups without reformatting your data into column based groups. For more information, see Plotting Category and Grouped Data in Chapter 6.

6Chapter 1

ODBC Import

You can import your ODBC compliant database into SigmaPlot. You can: Import data from any ODBC compliant database, then specify tables and variables

to import or use SQL statements to import your data. Use with category data formats.

Worksheet Improvements

The improved data worksheet offers you more control. With the new worksheet, you can:

Apply column defaults to format empty cells to avoid repetitive formatting steps. For more information, see Formatting Worksheets in Chapter 3.

Duplicate titles in columns and rows. For more information, see Setting Worksheet Display Options in Chapter 3.

Preview worksheets before printing. For more information, see Previewing Worksheets in Chapter 3.

Use multiple undo. For more information, see Setting Worksheet Display Options in Chapter 3.

Use freeze panes, like spreadsheets, to reference row or columns. For more information, see Freezing Panes in Chapter 3.

Use the new Find and Replace dialog box to quickly locate or edit a particular value.

Use the new arrow keys which now function like the arrow keys in MS Excel 2000. For more information, see Moving Around the Worksheet in Chapter 3.

Wrap text automatically to fit the column width using multiple line text cell formats. For more information, see Formatting Worksheets in Chapter 3.

Use better date and time recognition with more and editable date and time formats. For more information, see Changing Date and Time Display in Chapter 3.

7Introduction

Improved Symbols

Use more symbols and lines to create stunning charts and slides. Improvements include: Over 30 additional symbols, including new half-filled symbol options to better

differentiate multiple groups in grayscale or two-color journal papers. New symbols, available in the Graph Properties dialog box, and on the Page

toolbar.

The new symbols are scalable vector types including half-filled. They work in 3D as well as 2D.

Note: These symbols are 2D only, and not 3D.

PDF and HTML Export for Reports Export graphs and reports in PDF format, so you can email colleagues, or print in

high resolution. Export reports in HTLM, then post on the Web.

Equations on a Graph Page

Automatically place on the graph page the equation used for a curve fit when using the Regression wizard. For more information, see Using the Regression Wizard in Chapter 18.

Security: Password Protection of Notebooks

To ensure security of notebook contents, you can lock notebooks using a password. Also, because the Windows logon ID is stored in the notebook, you can track who made the last changes to it. For more information, see Protecting Notebooks in Chapter 2.

8Chapter 1

Improved Histograms Quickly create histograms that characterize your distribution. Visualize your distribution, with automatic binning and axis labels that accurately

reflect the data range. Quickly confirm normality assumptions.

More Statistical Options in the Regression Wizard

Now with more statistical options available in the Regression Wizard, you can: Set assumption checking using residuals. Select the Assumption Checking tab

from the options dialog to view the Normality, Constant Variance, and Durbin-Watson options. These options test your data for its suitability for regression analysis by checking three assumptions that a nonlinear regression makes about the data.

Display predicted values for the dependent variable and save them to the worksheet.

Specify the residuals to display and save them to the worksheet. Display confidence intervals and save them to the worksheet. Display the PRESS prediction error. Display standardized regression coefficients. Specify tests to identify outlying or influential data points. Specify tests to identify potential difficulties with the regression parameter

estimates (multicollinearity). Display the power. These options are similar to SigmaStats nonlinear regression

options.

Column Titles in Quick Transforms

Now you can use transforms that you create in the Quick Transforms dialog box as column titles. For more information, see Performing Quick Transforms in Chapter 15.

9Introduction

Changes to the Transform Language

The functions x25, x50, and x75 now use linear interpolation for finding the independent variable value. These functions are sometimes used to obtain starting parameter values for fit models in the Regression Wizard.

Multiple SigmaPlot Users

After a SigmaPlot administrator installs Sigmaplot, all users on that machine can use SigmaPlot regardless of user privileges. Each user can have his or her own user files and SigmaPlot settings. This is useful in a lab where many people use one machine. For more information, see Where Files Go page 11.

10

Chapter 1

Installing SigmaPlot

Install SigmaPlot on your computer from the CD. The installation program automatically starts up when the CD is placed in the CD-ROM drive. The dialog boxes that guide you through the installation process are simple and self-explanatory.

Note: In order to accomplish your installation, you will need to have your product registration number available.

System Requirements

SigmaPlot .0 runs under the following systems: Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows NT 4.0 Windows XP

Excel Workbooks:

Excel for Office 2000, 97, and 95 takes full advantage of SigmaPlots functionality. Import excel workbooks into SigmaPlot.

Hardware:

Minimum requirements are 486 with 32 MB of RAM.

Serial Numbers

This unique serial number is located on the CD cover. Have this number available when you call for product support, payment, or system upgrade. Copy this number to the registration card and send it in to Systat Software, Inc..

Registration entitles you to: Unlimited technical support. System upgrades.

11

Introduction

Where Files Go

SigmaPlot is installed for all users that have user accounts on a machine. It installs its program files into a Program Folder - these are necessary for the program to run - and then creates files in User Folders for each user on a machine.

This means that two or more separate users can share SigmaPlot using his or her own set of SigmaPlot files and settings. When someone uses SigmaPlot for the first time, it creates a User Folder just for that person. In this way, many people can use the same version of SigmaPlot without risking damage to others files.

When SigmaPlot starts, it checks to see if a user folder exists for the current user. The User Folder is either in: C:\Documents and Settings\user\My Documents\SigmaPlot\SPW9 for

SigmaPlot, or C:\Documents and Settings\user\My Documents\SigmaStat\Stat3 for

SigmaStat.

If the User Folder does not exist, SigmaPlot creates the folder and copies user files from the Program Files folder (see below) to the User Folder. The user files for SigmaPlot include: Gallery.jgg. This is the Graph Gallery file including any user-defined graph styles. GraphWizard.ini. This file stores all Graph Wizard settings. HistogramWizard.ini. This file stores Histogram Wizard settings. SPW.ini. This file stores all SigmaPlot users settings. Layout.jnt. This notebook file is the the layout file used when formatting or

arranging graphs. SigmaPlot Macro Library.jnt. This notebook file contains the Standard Macro

Library and user-defined macros. Standard.jfl. This is Standard Equations Library includes all user-defined

equations. Template.jnt. This notebook file is where all the page templates are stored.

12

Chapter 1

Similarly, when SigmaStat starts for a new user, it copies user files to the Stat3 user folder: Stat32.ini Stat32.opt GraphWzd.ini Samples.snb

During installation, SigmaPlot by default installs the following directories and files into C:\Program Files\SigmaPlot\SPW9.

The installed files include spw.exe, all the Help files, .dll files, .pdf manuals, and the following sub-folders: FAQs directory. This directory contains all the .html and graphics files used in the

SigmaPlot FAQs. For more information, see SigmaPlot FAQs page 27. Macro Transforms directory. This directory contains the .xfm files used for the

macros Frequency Plot, Power Spectral Density, Rank and Percentile, and Vector Plot.

Samples directory. This directory includes sample graphs and data. Transforms directory. This directory contains sample transforms.

SigmaPlot Basics

SigmaPlot runs under the Windows operating system and functions within the standard Windows interface. For information on how Windows works, refer to your Windows documentation.

13

Introduction

Figure 1-1The SigmaPlot Desktop

Using Toolbars

Toolbars contain buttons for the most commonly used commands.Figure 1-2Standard Toolbar

Zoom

Figure 01Standard Toolbar

New Notebook

Save New Worksheet

HelpPasteCut ViewPage

Graph Properties

New Graph Page

Redo New Excel WorksheetCopy

Custom Zoom Open Print

ViewData

ViewStatistics

GraphWizard

Stop refresh

RefreshUndo

14

Chapter 1

Figure 1-3Formatting Toolbar

Figure 1-42D Toolbar

Figure 1-53D Graph Toolbar

ColorStyle Underline Line Spacing

Greek Characters

Align Center

SubscriptBold

Italics SuperscriptFont Size RotationNormal Align Left Align Right

Increase Space

Decrease Space

Legend Symbol

Scatter Plot Line/Scatter Plot

Pie ChartHorizontal Bar Chart

Box Plot

Line Plot

Polar Plot Vertical Bar Chart

Ternary PlotArea Plot

Contour Plot 3D Line Plot 3D Bar Chart

3D Scatter Plot

3D Mesh Plot

15

Introduction

Figure 1-6The Page Toolbar parallels Graph Properties functionality.

Viewing Toolbars

E On the View menu, click Toolbars. The Toolbars dialog box appears.

E Select a toolbar to view.

E Click OK.

Hiding Toolbars

There are two ways to hide toolbars: Using a shortcut menu. Using the Toolbars dialog box.

To hide toolbars using the shortcut menu:

E Right-click the toolbar.

Select Object

Draw ArrowDraw Ellipse

Draw Line

Draw Box

Text

Line Properties

Bring To Front

Group

Send To Back

Ungroup

Symbol

Fill Properties

Line Thickness

Fill Color

Show/Hide Grids

Fill Pattern Axis Scale

Line Ending

Align

16

Chapter 1

E On the shortcut menu, click Hide.

To hide toolbars using the Toolbars dialog box:

E On the View menu, click Toolbars. The Toolbars dialog box appears.

E Clear the Toolbar you want to hide.

E Click OK.

Changing Toolbar Button Appearance

The Large Buttons check box increases the size of Standard, Drawing, Properties, and Arranging toolbar buttons. The Color Buttons check box displays color toolbar buttons on your screen, rather than monochrome. The Show Tool Tips check box hides the toolbar help tags that appear as you drag the mouse over the toolbar.

Positioning Toolbars

You can move a toolbar from its default position to anywhere in the screen, and you can change its from horizontal to vertical. To position a toolbar:

E Drag the move bar on a docked handle or drag the title bar on a floating tolbar to move it to another location.

Setting Program Options

Use SigmaPlots program options to control application settings, as well as how worksheets and new pages and graphs will appear. To change program options:

E On the Tools menu, click Options. The Options dialog box appears.

E Choose the appropriate tab and make changes.

17

Introduction

Worksheet. Worksheet options include settings for numbers, statistics, date and time, worksheet display, default column width, number of decimal places, and use of engineering notation.

Page. Page options control graph page properties.

General. The General tab controls application settings.

Report. Set report options, such as measurement units or to display rulers, on the Reports tab.

Graph. Graph defaults control attributes that are applied to all new graphs, including:

Macro. Select macro options, such as code colors and which macro library to use on the Macro tab.

E Click OK to apply the changes and close the dialog box.

Undoing Mistakes

E On the Standard Toolbar, click the Undo button.

If you later decide that you didnt want to perform an undo, click the Redo button.

These commands also appear on the Edit menu, or you can click Ctrl+Z to undo, or Ctrl+Y to redo.

You can perform multiple instances of Undo or Redo.

Anatomy of SigmaPlot Graphs

A SigmaPlot graph consists of one or more plots of data, and one or more sets of axes. It uses a specific coordinate system (e.g., 2D Cartesian, 3D Cartesian, pie, or polar) and has a specific size and location on the page.

18

Chapter 1

Plots are graphical representations of worksheet data. For example, view data as a vertical bar chart or change the plot to a horizontal bar chart, even after creating the graph. You can even display more than one plot on most graphs.

Axes are the scales that determine position of the graphs data points. Each axis contains tick marks that indicate the type of scale used. Scales range from linear to nonlinear within a Cartesian coordinate system. Customize tick mark labels with worksheet cells or use numeric or time series labels.

The X, Y, and for 3D graphs, Z coordinates, are indicated on each axis by tick marks. An axis can use a linear numeric scale, nonlinear scales such as log, natural log, and probability, or a date/time scale. 2D graphs can have multiple sets of X and Y axes. The axes tick marks and tick labels, can be numeric, time series, or customized with worksheet column labels.

2D Cartesian Graph The following figures show a examples of 2D Cartesian graphs available in SigmaPlot...

Diet

SP1 DL5 HX12 IND7

Life

span

(wee

ks)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Box Widths = Final Population

Shaded graph backplanewith Y axisgrid lines

Tick mark directionpointing out

X axis tick labels using acategory axis scale.

5th and 95thpercentiles displayed

as symbols

Tukey box plotwith meanvalue lines

Variable box widths canbe used to express

another variabledimension

19

Introduction

Population Growth with and without Inhibitor

Time (hours)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Popu

latio

n (c

olon

ies)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

K1

K2

Without InhibitorWith Inhibitor

Y axis with a linearaxis scale

Left Y axis title

Left Y axis withmajor tick marks

Numeric majortick labels

Top X axis with tickmarks turned off

Reference line

Spline line plot of datagenerated with the

nonlinear curve fitter

Bottom X axis title

Right Y axis withtick marks turned

off

Scatter plot ofcolumn averaged

data points, with Yerror bars

computed from thestandard deviations

X axis with alinear axis scale

Graph Title

Automaticallygenerated legend

1996

January April July October January

Cou

nts

per A

rea

100

101

102

103

Counts1st Order Regression95% Confidence Interval95% Prediction Interval

Common log scaleY axis with major

and minor tickmarks

Base andexponent log

axis tick labels

Scatter plot ofcolor gradientfilled symbols

using a point plotstyle

99% confidence andpredicted intervallinear regression

lines

True Date and Timeaxis scale,

displaying monthsand weeks

20

Chapter 1

1 months 3 months 5 months 7 months 9 months 11 months

Num

ber o

f Ind

ivid

uals

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

400

800

1200

with competition

monospecies

Y axis break at75% along the

axis length

Bar fill colors use apattern from a

worksheet column

Error bars usingworksheet column data

Post break tick intervalset to a new value

Legend symbolsand text labels

Grouped bar chartwith specified barand group widths

Image art cut from a paint program and pastedonto the page using the Windows Clipboard

X axis tick labels usingtext from a worksheet

column

21

Introduction

Polar Plot Example

Use Polar plots to display modular data such as average monthly temperatures, or satellite positioning in the sky over a period of time. Average Monthly Temperatures

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

January

February

MarchApril

May

June

July

August

SeptemberOctober

November

Tropics Forest Plains Desert

Major grid lines forthe radial axis, andminor grid lines forthe angular axis are

shown

Up to four radial axes canbe displayed and the angles

and lengths modified

Monthly series labeling

The outer and inner angularaxis can be made larger or

smaller in diameter

22

Chapter 1

Contour Plot Example

Use 2D Contour Plots to graph three dimensional data in two dimensions. The following example includes: Major and minor contour lines Contour labels

A contour plotdisplaying major

and minor

Majorcontour

labels

Minor contour lines drawn in adifferent color

23

Introduction

3D Cartesian Graph Examples

3D Cartesian Graphs include scatter, 3D trajectory and waterfall plots, mesh plots, and bar charts.

The following figures contain examples of these plots, as well as some additional 3D features.

Waterfall Plot Example

3D waterfall plots are stacked line plots along the Y axis of a 3D line plot. Because hidden lines are eliminated, waterfall plots are useful for showing trends of line plots. The following example includes: Incremented line fill color Eliminated "hidden" lines

3D grid lines

Incrementedbar fill colors

Shaded back planes

24

Chapter 1

Scatter plot withdrop lines 3D graphs can be

displayed withvarying perspectives

(depth)

Z axis drawn at left side

Grid lines at majortick intervals

Y axis drawn atfront bottom

X axis drawn atfront bottom

Mesh plot withcolored fills and

lines

Front viewframe lines

Overlapping andtransparent

meshes

Light sourceshading

Axes automaticallymove to the front

view at any rotation

3D graph view canbe displayed at any

horizontal andvertical rotation

25

Introduction

0

1

2

3

4

5

020

4060

80100

12

3

4

5

Z D

ata

X Data

Y Data

Stacked line plotsare along the Y axis

Hidden lines areeliminated

Line fill color isincremented

26

Chapter 1

Area Plot Example

Area plots are 2D line plots with regions below or between curves filled with a color or pattern. Most commonly, an area plot is a line plot with shading that descends to the axis. You can add shade below a curve and shade in different directions. You can also identify intersecting sections.

This example consists of two plots, and includes: A simple bar chart using hairline bars. A multiple area plot using the X many Y data format.

Average Daily Temperature Rangeand Precipitation,

Oakland CABegin : 10/ 1/1970 - End : 7/31/2000

Months

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

Tem

pera

ture

F

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

Precipitation (in.)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

A SimpleBar Chart

A Multiple Area Plot

27

Introduction

SigmaPlot Help

SigmaPlots online help uses new HTML online Help. View the HTML Help using Microsoft Internet Explorer version 4.0 or higher.

SigmaPlot FAQs

Some of SigmaPlots most frequently asked questions (and answers) are available on the Help menu. The SigmaPlot FAQ includes helpful tips and work-arounds.

To view the SigmaPlot FAQs:

E On the Help menu, click SigmaPlot FAQs.

Customer Service

If you have any questions concerning your shipment or account, contact your local office. For more information, see Contacting Systat Software, Inc. below. Please have your serial number ready for identification when calling.

Training Seminars

Systat Software, Inc. provides both public and onsite training seminars for Systat Software, Inc. products. All seminars feature hands-on workshops. Systat seminars will be offered in major U.S. and European cities on a regular basis. For more information, see Contacting Systat Software, Inc. below.

Tell Us Your Thoughts

Your comments are important. Please send us a letter and let us know about new and interesting applications using Systat products. Write to Systat Software, Inc. Marketing Department, 501 Canal Blvd, Suite C, Richmond, CA 94804.

28

Chapter 1

Getting Technical Support

The services of Systat Technical Support are available to registered customers. Customers may call Technical Support for assistance in using Systat products or for installation help for one of the supported hardware environments. To reach Technical Support, see the Systat home page on the World Wide Web at http://www.systat.com, or contact us:

In the U.S.:

Telephone: (510)-231-4780 (8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Pacific Time) Fax: (510) 412-2909 E-mail: [email protected]

Mail: 501 Canal Blvd., Suite C Richmond, CA 94804

In Europe:

Telephone: 49 2104 / 95480

Fax: 49 2104 / 95410

Email: [email protected]

Contacting Systat Software, Inc.

If you would like to be on our mailing list, contact one of our offices or distributors below. We will send you a copy of our newsletter and let you know about Systat Software, Inc. activities in your area.

In the U.S.:

Systat Software, Inc.

510 Canal Blvd. Suite C

Richmond, CA 94804

Tel: 866.797.8288

29

Introduction

Fax: 510.231.4789

http://www.systat.com

Outside the U.S.:

Systat Software, Inc. GmbH

Schimmelbuschstrasse 25 40699

Erkrath, Germany

Tel: +49.2104.9540

Fax: 49.2104.95410

Or contact the distributor nearest you:

http://www.systat.com

References

We have found the following references very useful for graph design and layout.

M. Brent Charland, Ph.D. 1995. SigmaPlot for Scientists. Wm. C. Brown Communications, Inc., 2460 Kerper Boulevard, Dubuque, Iowa, 52001.

Cleveland, William S. 1985. The Elements of Graphing Data. Monterey, Calif.: Wadsworth, Inc. (408) 373-0728. Kosslyn, Stephen M. 1994. Elements of Graph Design. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.

Tufte, Edward R. 1983. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press. Available from Science News Books, 1719 N. St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036.

Scientific Illustration Committee of the Council of Biology Editors. 1988. Illustrating Science: Standards for Publication. Bethesda, Maryland: Council of Biology Editors, Inc.

30

Chapter 1

31

Notebook Manager Basics

2Notebook Manager Basics

SigmaPlot notebook files contains all of your SigmaPlot data and graphs, and are organized within the SigmaPlot Notebook Manager. This chapter covers: Notebook Manager organization (see page 31). Saving your work (see page 36). Creating notebooks and adding notebook items (see page 38). Opening notebooks and notebook items (see page 40). Copying, pasting, and deleting notebook items (see page 42).

Notebook Manager Overview

When you first start SigmaPlot, and empty worksheet appears along with the Notebook Manager. The Notebook Manager is a dockable or floating window that displays all open notebooks.

The first time you see the Notebook Manager, it appears with one open notebook, which contains one section. That section contains one empty worksheet. Contents of the Notebook Manager appear as a tree structure, similar to Windows Explorer.

32

Chapter 2

Figure 2-1The Notebook Manager Window

Each open notebook appears as the top level, with one or more sections at the second level, and one or more items at the third level. Within each section you can create one worksheet and an unlimited number of graph pages, reports, equations, and macros. The most recently opened notebook file appears at the top of the Notebook Manager.

33


Figure 2-2The Notebook Manager in a Docked Position

Modified Notebook Names

An asterisk next to an item in the Notebook Manager indicates that the item has been modified since the last time you saved the notebook.

Notebook Item Names

The default startup notebook is named Notebook1. It contains one notebook section, Section 1, and one worksheet, Data 1. When you save your notebook file, the name of the file appears at the top of the Notebook Manager window. Notebook files use a (.jnb) extension. The default names given to notebook sections and items are, Section (number), Data (number) or Excel (number), and Report (number). Regression equations are named when they are created. New items are numbered sequentially.

34

Chapter 2

Opening and Closing Notebooks in the Notebook Manager

You can open as many notebooks as you like. All opened notebooks appear in the Notebook Manager. You can navigate through the different open notebooks by selecting them in the Notebook Manager. You can hide them by clicking the Close button on the upper right-hand corner of the Notebook window; however, this does not close the item. It only hides it from view. To close notebook, use the File menu.

To open a notebook:

E From the File menu, click Open. The Open dialog box appears.

E Select a notebook (.jnb) file from the list, and click Open. The notebook appears in the Notebook Manager.

To close a notebook:

E Select the notebook to close in the Notebook Manager.

E Right-click, and from the shortcut menu, click Close Notebook.

You can also choose Close Notebook from the File menu.

Sizing and Docking the Notebook Manager

The Notebook Manager can appear in six states: Docked with summary information in view. Docked with summary information hidden. Floating with summary information in view. Floating with summary information hidden. Docked and collapsed. Hidden.

E To undock the Notebook Manager, double-click the title bar and drag it to the desired location.

35


E To dock the Notebook Manager and move it back to its original position, double-click the title bar again.

E To view summary information, click Show summary information. To hide it, click Hide summary information.Figure 2-3The Notebook Manager Displaying Summary Information

E To collapse the Notebook Manager, click the arrow button on the top right-hand corner of the Notebook Manager when docked. To view again, click the graph icon.

E To drag and drop the Notebook manager, click the title bar and drag the Notebook Manager anywhere on the SigmaPlot desktop.

36

Chapter 2

Saving Your Work

Be sure to save your work at regular intervals.

To save a notebook file for the first time:

E Click the Save button. The Save As dialog box appears.

E Navigate to the directory where you want to save your notebook.

E Type a name for the notebook in the File Name text box.

E Click Save to save the notebook file and close the Save As dialog box.

To save changes with the same name and path:

E Click the Save button on the Standard toolbar. Your file is saved.

To save to a new name and path:

E On the File menu, click Save As. The Save As dialog box appears.

E Navigate to the directory where you want to save your notebook.

E Type a name for the notebook in the File Name text box.

E Click Save to save the notebook file and close the Save As dialog box.

Printing Selected Notebook Items

You can print active worksheets, graph pages, reports, and selected notebook items by clicking the Print button on the Standard toolbar. You can print individual or multiple items from the notebook, including entire sections.

37


To print one or more items or sections from the notebook:

E Select one or more items or sections from the notebook.

E Click the Print button on the Standard toolbar to print the worksheet using all the default settings.

To set printing options before printing a report, graph page, or worksheet:

E Open each item.

E Press Ctrl+P. The Print dialog box appears.

E Click Properties.

Protecting Notebooks

To ensure security of notebook contents, you can lock notebooks using a password. This is particularly useful if two or more users are using the same version of SigmaPlot. You can also use a password to send confidential data to other SigmaPlot users.

Setting a Password

To set a password:

E Select the notebook in the Notebook Manager.

E On the Tools menu, click Password. The Set Password dialog box appears.

E In the New Password box, type a password.

E In the Reconfirm box, type the password again.

E Click OK.

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Changing or Removing a Password

To change or remove a password:

E Select the notebook in the Notebook Manager.

E On the Tools menu, click Password. The Set Password dialog box appears.

E In the Old Password box, type the old password.

E In the New Password box, type a new password.

If you want to remove this password, leave this box, and the Reconfirm box, empty.

E In the Reconfirm box, type the password again.

E Click OK.

Working with Sections in the Notebook Manager

Notebook sections are place-holders in the notebook. They contain notebook items, but no data. However, you can name, open, and close notebook sections.

You can create as many new sections as you want in a notebook. You may also create reports within each section to document the items in each section.

To expand or collapse a section, double-click the section icon or click the (+) or (-) symbol.

Creating New Items in the Notebook Manager

Using the right-click shortcut menu, you can create new sections and items in the Notebook Manager, such as: Worksheets Excel Worksheets Graph pages Reports

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Equations Sections Macros

To create a new section or item:

E Right-click anywhere in the Notebook Manager that you want the new section or item to appear.

E On the shortcut menu click New, and then select the item to create. The new section or item appears in the Notebook Manager.

Copying and Pasting to Create New Sections

Another method to create a new notebook section is to copy and paste a section in the notebook window. Whenever you copy and paste a section, its contents appear at the bottom of the notebook window. SigmaPlot names and numbers the section automatically. For example, if you copy notebook Section 3, the new section is named Copy of Section 3.

Copied sections create copies of all items within that section as well.

Renaming Notebook Files and Items

You can change summary information for all notebook files and items.

To change summary information:

E If the summary information is hidden on the Notebook Manager, click View summary information.

E Select the notebook item and edit as appropriate.

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In-place Editing Section and Item Names

You can change the name of a notebook section or item in the notebook itself without opening the Summary Information dialog box.

To in-place edit:

E In the Notebook Manager, click the section or item you want to rename.

E Click it a second time.

E Type the new name.

E Press Enter. The new section or item name appears.

Note: To change the name of the notebook, use the Save As dialog box.For more information, see Saving Your Work above.

Copying a Page to a Section with No Worksheet

If you copy a graph page into an empty section or a section that has no worksheet, you create an independent page. The independent page retains all its plotted data without the worksheet. You can store the pages from several different sections that have different data together this way. However, if you ever create or paste a worksheet into a section, all independent pages will revert to plotting the data from the new worksheet.

Use independent pages as templates, or to draw or store objects. You cannot create graphs for an independent page until it is associated with a worksheet (and no longer independent).

Opening Files in the Notebook Manager

You can open SigmaPlot files and other types of files as SigmaPlot notebooks. To open a notebook file that is stored on a disk:

E Click the Open button on the Standard toolbar. The Open dialog box appears.

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Figure 2-4Open Dialog Box

E Choose the appropriate drive and directory of the notebook file to open.

E Double-click the desired notebook file.

E If you want to open another type of file, choose the type of file from the Files of type list.

E Click Open. The opened notebook appears in the Notebook Manager.

Opening Worksheets, Reports, and Pages

You can open a worksheet, report, or page by double-clicking its icon in the Notebook Manager. You can also right-click the item, and on the shortcut menu, click Open. Open worksheets, pages and report appear in their own window, and in the notebook as a colored icons.

Double-clicking an item that is already open brings the items window to the front.

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Opening Multiple Items

You can open as many items as your systems memory allows. You can open multiple items from multiple notebooks. The selected item appears highlighted in the Notebook Manager.

Copying and Pasting Items in the Notebook Manager

You can copy and paste items from one open notebook file to another in the Notebook Manager; however, you cannot copy a worksheet into a notebook section that already contains a worksheet.

Copying and pasting pages and worksheets between sections results in using graph pages as templates. For more information, see Using Graph Pages as Templates in Chapter 5.

To copy and paste a notebook item:

E Right-click the item in the Notebook Manager that you want to copy, and on the shortcut menu, click Copy.

E Right-click the section where you want to paste the item, and on the shortcut menu, click Paste. The selected item is pasted to the current notebook and section.

Deleting Items in the Notebook Manager

To delete an item from the Notebook Manager:

E Select the item and press Delete. The item is deleted.

Items removed from a notebook file using the Delete button are removed permanently.

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3Worksheet Basics

Worksheets are the containers for the data you analyze and graph. They are spreadsheet-like in appearance but are limited in function, and are column rather than cell oriented.

Type in, paste, or import data from other sources. You can also automatically generate and place data in worksheet columns by data transforms and statistical procedures.

This chapter covers: Setting worksheet display options (see page 44). Moving around the worksheet (see page 46). Entering data (see page 47). Importing files from other applications (see page 49). Exporting worksheets (see page 61). Viewing worksheet statistics (see page 62). Displaying worksheet data (see page 67). Formatting worksheets (see page 78). Cutting, copying, pasting, moving, and deleting data (see page 81). Entering and promoting column and row titles (see page 85). Removing outliers and other data (see page 90). Using Excel Workbooks in SigmaPlot (see page 93). Printing worksheets (see page 99).

Using the Worksheet Shortcut Menu

In addition to the menu commands and toolbar buttons, right-clicking the worksheet displays a shortcut menu. The commands on the right-click shortcut menu are the same as the Edit menu, including the Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete, Transpose Paste, Insert

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Cells, and Delete Cells commands. The Edit menu also includes the Go To and Find and Replace Commands.Figure 3-1Right-click Edit Worksheet Menu

Setting Worksheet Display Options

Use the Options dialog box to set the default display settings for worksheets.

Note: You can also change individual cells or blocks of cells using the Format Cells dialog box. These custom formats remain even after editing options in the Options dialog box. For more information, see Formatting Worksheets see page 78.

To set worksheet display options:

E On the Tools menu, click Options. The Options dialog box appears.

E Click the Worksheet tab. For more information, see Displaying Worksheet Data on page 67.

Options include: General. Select to turn Worksheet undo on or off, or to set SigmaPlot to display an

error message if duplicate column titles appear when running transforms. Turn

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Worksheet undo off if you are using a large data set and have a small amount of memory.

Numeric. Select to control how many decimal places you want to appear in the worksheet, or if you want to use E notation. For more information, see Changing Numbers Display on page 71.

Date and Time. Select to set the display for the specified columns. For more information, see Changing Date and Time Display on page 73.

Statistics. Use the Show and Hide buttons to move the statistics between the Shown and Not Shown lists. These buttons are available only if a Statistics worksheet is in focus. For more information, see Statistics Options on page 65.

Appearance. Set column widths, row heights, color and thickness of the worksheet grid lines, adjust data feedback colors, and select a font style and size. For more information, see Displaying Worksheet Data on page 67.

Figure 3-2The Options Dialog Box Worksheet Tab Data and Time Options Freezing Panes

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You canfreeze panes to keep rows and columns visible as you scroll through the worksheet.

To freeze panes:

E Select a cell below and to the right of where you want the split to appear.

E On the Window menu, click Freeze Pane.

Moving Around the Worksheet

You can move around the worksheet using scroll bars or, move the highlighted worksheet cursor with the keyboard.

Function KeystrokeMove one column right/left or Move one row up/down or Move one window view up/down Page Up or Page DownMove to end of column EndMove to end of worksheet End+End or Ctrl+EndMove to top of column HomeMove to column one, row one Home+Home or Ctrl+HomeMove to last column of next data block Ctrl + Move to first column of previous data block Ctrl + Move to top row of previous data block Ctrl + Move to last row of last data block Ctrl + Put cells into Edit mode F2

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Going to a Cell

You can move the worksheet cursor to any cell in the worksheet by specifying the column and row number in the Go to Cell dialog box.

To go to a cell:

E On the Edit menu, click Go To. The Go to Cell dialog box appears.Figure 3-3Moving to a Specific in the Worksheet

E Enter the desired column and row number. To select the block of cells between the current highlight location and the new cell, click Extend Selection to Cell.

E Click OK to move to the new cell.

Entering Data into a SigmaPlot Worksheet

This section describes entering data into SigmaPlot worksheet columns, and formatting the columns for numeric, label, or date and time display.

To enter data in a SigmaPlot worksheet:

E Place the cursor in a cell.

E Type a number, label, or date and time value.

E Press Enter to move down one row, or use the arrow keys to move around the worksheet.

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If you make a mistake entering data, click Undo on the Standard toolbar. For more information, see Undoing Mistakes in Chapter 1.

Entering Dates and Times

Dates and times are entered using delimiters. The delimiters used are determined by the Windows Regional Settings. For more information, see Setting Day Zero on page 75.

Date Delimiters:

The default date delimiter for most systems is a forward slash. An entry that displays only two fields of a date value is assumed to be day and month. If the second fields value is greater than 31, months and years are assumed. Entries with two delimiters assume month/day/year. If you enter only two digits for the year, the century defined in your Regional Settings is implied.

Time Delimiters:

The default time delimiter is usually a colon (:). Entries displaying two fields of a time value are assumed to be hours and minutes. If PM is not specified, hours less than 12 are assumed to be morning hours. An entry with two colons assumes hours:minutes:seconds.

Insertion and Overwrite Modes

Press the Insert key or use the Edit menu Insertion Mode command to switch between overwrite and insert data entry modes.

If in Insertion Mode, Ins appears in the status bar. A check mark next to the Insertion Mode command on the Edit menu also indicates that the worksheet is in insertion mode.

If in Insertion Mode, new data entered in a cell does not erase the previous contents. Any existing data in the column is moved down one row. Pasting a block of cells pushes existing data down to make room for the pasted cells. If you cut or clear data, data below the deleted block moves up.

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If not in Insertion Mode, the worksheet is in overwrite mode. Data entered into a cell replaces any existing data. If you paste a block of data, the block overwrites existing data.

Importing Files from Other Applications

You can import data from other applications into an existing worksheet for graphing, worksheet display, or running regressions. When you import data, it appears at the position of the worksheet cursor.

You can import the following file types can into SigmaPlot worksheets: SPSS (.sav). For more information, see SPSS (.SAV) on page 50. SigmaPlot 1.0 and 2.0 files (.spw). For more information, see SigmaPlot,

SigmaStat, SigmaScan, and Mocha Worksheets on page 51. SigmaPlot Macintosh 4 Worksheet. SigmaPlot Macintosh 5 Worksheet. SigmaStat 1.0 files (.spw). SigmaPlot and SigmaStat DOS files (.spg, .sp5). TableCurve 2D and 3D files. Microsoft Excel files (.xls). For more information, see MicroSoft Excel, Lotus 1-

2-3, Quattro, and dBase Files on page 51. Lotus 1-2-3 files (.wks, .wk*). For more information, see MicroSoft Excel, Lotus

1-2-3, Quattro, and dBase Files on page 51. Quattro/DOS files (.wk*). For more information, see MicroSoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-

3, Quattro, and dBase Files on page 51. dBase files (.DBF). For more information, see MicroSoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3,

Quattro, and dBase Files on page 51. Plain Text files (.txt, .prn, .dat, .asc). For more information, see Importing Text

Files on page 52. Comma Delimited files (.csv) SigmaScan. For more information, see SigmaPlot, SigmaStat, SigmaScan, and

Mocha Worksheets on page 51. SigmaScanPro Worksheets. For more information, see SigmaPlot, SigmaStat,

SigmaScan, and Mocha Worksheets on page 51.

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SigmaScan Image Mocha Worksheets. For more information, see SigmaPlot, SigmaStat,

SigmaScan, and Mocha Worksheets on page 51. Axon Text and Binary formats. For more information, see Importing Axon Files

on page 54. Paradox (.db) Symphony (.wkl, .wri, .wrk, .wks) SYSTAT (.sys, .syd) Microsoft Access (.mdb)

When you import data from another application that is left-justified, SigmaPlot assumes it is text.

To import data:

E Place the cursor to the worksheet cell where you want the imported data to start.

E On the File menu, click Import. The Import File dialog box appears.

E Select the type of file you want to import from the Files of Type drop-down list.

E Change the drive and directory as desired, select the file you want to read, then click Import, or double-click the file name. Depending on the type of file, the data is either imported immediately, or another dialog box appears.

SPSS (.SAV)

If you are importing SPSS (.sav) files, the Import Worksheet dialog box appears prompting you to select variables to import.

To select variables to import:

E In the Unselected Variables list, select a variable you want to import.

E Click the single > arrow to move that variable to the Selected Variables list.

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E Click the double >> arrow to move the entire contents of the Unselected Variables list to the Selected Variables list.

E Click Import to place the data in the SigmaPlot worksheet.

Note: SPSS data files use category data as the default data format. For more information, see Plotting Category and Grouped Data in Chapter 6.

SigmaPlot, SigmaStat, SigmaScan, and Mocha Worksheets

If you are importing a SigmaPlot, SigmaStat, SigmaScan, or Mocha file, a dialog box appears prompting you to select a range of data to import.

E Select the range of data by specifying the start and end of the range; the default is the entire range.

E Click Import to place the data in the SigmaPlot worksheet.

MicroSoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro, and dBase Files

To import a spreadsheet or dBase file:

E On the File menu, click Import, and then click File. The Import File dialog box appears.

E Select an .xls file to import, and click OK.Figure 3-4Import Spreadsheet Dialog Box

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E Select either the entire spreadsheet or a specified range of cells. Specify cells using the standard 1-2-3 notation (e.g. A1:C50 for a range from cell a1 to cell c50). For dBase files, cell letters correspond to fields.

E When you have finished specifying the range to import, click Import. The selected data is imported.

Note: The dialog box indicates whether or not the worksheet is in overwrite or insert mode, and where the imported data will begin.

E To import spreadsheet data from non-compatible programs, save the spreadsheet as either a Lotus or text file, then import that file.

You can only import top sheet of an Excel workbook. If you attempt to import another worksheet, you will receive a warning message. If you want to move data from other sheets, use Copy and Paste.

If you want to use an Excel workbook as an actual Excel workbook within SigmaPlot, you must open the workbook instead of importing it. Importing places the Excel data into a SigmaPlot worksheet, and does not open the workbook as an actual Excel workbook. For more information, see Using Excel Workbooks in SigmaPlot on page 93.

Importing Text Files

If you are importing a text file, the Import Text dialog box appears. Use this dialog box to view the text file and to specify other delimiter types, or to build a model of the data file according to custom column widths.

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Figure 3-5Import Text Dialog Box

Note: A quicker method of importing text is copying the data in your source application, then opening SigmaPlot and pasting the data.

E To specify a different column separator, select Delimiter to activate the delimiter options; then select the appropriate type. You can select commas, hyphens, or any other characters. For example, many databases use semicolons (;) as delimiters.

E To specify a model of the data, use dashes (-) to specify column widths, and bracket characters [ and ] to define the column edges. Use a vertical bar | character to indicate a single-character width column. Click Analyze to re-display the appearance of the file using the new model.

E To save text import formats, enter a name into the Format scheme box, then click Add. Delete unwanted import formats using the Remove button.

E To specify a different range, enter the rows and columns to read, then click Analyze. You can use this feature to eliminate file headers and other undesired text.

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E When you are finished specifying the file parameters, click Import. The specified data from the file is imported.

Importing Axon Files

SigmaPlot can import data files produced by Axon Instruments, Inc. laboratory equipment and data acquisition programs. SigmaPlot imports both text and binary data files; if you select one of these options, the Import Axon dialog box appears prompting you to select a range of data to import. The File selected is indicated in the dialog box title.

Select the range of data by specifying the Row and Column ranges; the default is the entire range. Click Import to place the data in the SigmaPlot worksheet. Figure 3-6Import Axon File Dialog Box

Importing ODBC Databases

You can import ODBC compliant databases into SigmaPlot. To import a database, first define an ODBC Data Source. After defining the data source, you can either then import tables or import using SQL (structured query language). Note: For more information on SQL, see the many sources and tutorials available on the Internet.

To define the ODBC data source:

E On the File menu, click Import, and then click Database. The ODBC Options dialog box appears.

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Figure 3-7Selecting the ODBC Data Source

E Click the ODBC Data Source tab. The User and System Data Sources list contains all defined the ODBC data sources.

E To add a data source that is not on the list, click Add. The ODBC Data Source Administrator dialog box appears.

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Figure 3-8Adding a Data Source

Tip: Click Help to learn more about the ODBC Data Source Administrators use.

E Click the User DSN tab.

E Select a name from the User Data Sources list.

E Click Add. The Create New Data Source dialog box appears.

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Figure 3-9Creating a New Data Source

E Select a driver for which you want to set up a data source from the Name list, and click Finish.

An ODBC Setup dialog box specific to the driver you selected for the data source appears.

E Enter a name to identify the new data source.

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Figure 3-10Identifying the Data Source

E Click Select. The Select Database dialog box appears.

E Select the database, and click OK.

E Click OK again to close the ODBC Microsoft Access Setup dialog box.

E Click OK in the ODBC Data Source Administrator.

E Click OK in the ODBC Options dialog box.

E If the data source already appears in the User and System Sources drop down-list, select it. The Import Table dialog box appears.

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Figure 3-11Importing Fields from a Table

E In the Import Table dialog box, select a table from the Select Table/Query drop-down list.

E Select fields in the table by moving fields from Unselected fields to Selected fields by double-clicking a selection in the list. You can also click > to move all the selections, or < and > to move them individually.

E Click Import to import the fields into the worksheet. Field names in the database become column headings in the worksheet. All records in the table are imported.

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Figure 3-12Data that has been Imported into a Worksheet

E To import using SQL, on the ODBC Options dialog box click the SQL Query tab.Figure 3-13Setting ODBC Options

E Under Recently Used SQL, type the name of the path where the SQL is stored, or select a recently used SQL (SigmaPlot Query) from the drop-down list.

E Click Open to open an .spq file.

E Click Import to run the query and import the data.

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If the SQL is valid, SigmaPlot imports that data into the worksheet based on the SQL statement. Field names in the database become column headings in the worksheet. Only the records defined by the SQL (rows) are imported.

If the SQL is invalid, you are prompted to correct the SQL.

Exporting Worksheet Data

Exporting worksheets does not export associated graphs. To export the worksheet and the graph, export the graph page to a SigmaPlot Graph (.spw) file.

You can only export the entire SigmaPlot Worksheet. If you

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