Siglo de oro (Spain)
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Transcript of Siglo de oro (Spain)
Created by Swagata Kumar Basu, Asstt. Prof, Doon University
For SLS 105 Intro to Spanish History and Culture
Spain’s Siglo de Oro
What is Siglo de Oro?Political situation in Spain during the 16th
centuryRenaissance- General DescriptionRenaissance in Spain: Art, Architecture and
LiteraturePolitical Situation in Spain during the 17th
centuryBaroque- General DescriptionBaroque in Spain: Art, Architecture and
Literature
Content
Habsburg Dynasty’s Rule beginsCarlos V (1517 to 1556)Felipe II (1556 to 1598)Inquisition continues Spain fights several wars against France,
Muslims and ProtestantismInflation increases because of the riches
coming from the New World
Political Situation in the 16th century
It is the name given to the 16th and 17th century in Spain’s history as that was the most fecund and rich period in terms of artistic, cultural, arquitectural and literary production
This period is unmatched to any other period of Spanish history
The greatest Spanish painters, writers, dramatists all emerged and created their masterpieces during this period
All the classics: Cervantes, Velázquez, Greco, Lope de Vega, Calderon de la Barca are just a few of the long list we will see in this presentation
What is Siglo de Oro
The two major parts of Siglo de Oro
RenaissanceApprox. 16th centuryRise of Spanish
EmpireCelebrates Harmony,
Simplicity Optimistic, HopefulOpen and TransparentThe beginning of
change
BaroqueApprox. 17th centuryDecadence of Spanish
EmpireProjects ComplexityPessimistic,
DisappointedHidden and DarkA further refinement of
cultural change
Literature of the Golden Age
Renassaince in Spanish LiteratureDominated by appreciation of harmony and simplicity. Quite realistic in many cases. Religion plays an important role. Reflects the spirit of man capable of creating his own destiny.
General CharacteristicsFactors that influenced
the rise of literatureThe emergence of a
wealthy trading class , the burguesía, which was interested in leisure activities and were ready to spend money on entertainment such as reading, theatre, operas etc.
The newly developed technology that facilitated printing books
Themes: Love, Woman’s Beauty, Nature
Also Carpe Diem (Sieze the day), Eternity
Also in Spain- religious themes
Rise of novels
According to the classical Greek rules
Celestina , Fernando de Rojas, 1499, transition work between Middle Age and Renassaince
Introduced Italian poetic forms such as the Sonnet to Spain. He was a very heroic warrior and poet typical of his time, but
unthinkable in Middle Ages Observe below the typical structure of a Sonnet His poetry dealt with themes of Love, Beauty, Nature and Carpe Diem
Garcilaso de la Vega
While the Reform movement of Catholicism was one of the major factors behind Renaissance in Europe Spain was dominated by Counter-reform against it
However religious poetry in Spain did not reinforce the dogmatic orthodoxy of the catholic church
It brought God closer to his followers through the movement of Mysticism which believes God can be experienced in one’s own self if one is really a believer
It is similar to Bhakti movement of India or Sufi of IslamSanta Teresa de Jesus, San Juan de la CruzThere were other non Mystic but religious poets for eg.
Fray Luis de Leon who taught theology at the University of Salamanca and was even tried by the Inquisition
Mysticism and Religious Poetry
Santa Teresa de Jesus
San Juan de la Cruz
Novels (not in the modern sense though) were quite popular during this time like Pastoral Novels, Knight Errant Tales, Novela Morisca, Picaresque novels
Out of these the Picaresque novel emerged in Spain with the anonymous work La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes, about a poor little boy who is forced to serve several masters to earn his living through which he learns the tricks necessary to survive in a cruel world
It is a very realistic depiction of society of Spain in 16th century
Even in the 17th century major Spanish writers such as Quevedo and Mateo Aleman continued to write this type of novels
Novelas Renacentistas
Lazarillo by Goya (19th century painter)
Baroque LiteratureReflects Disappointment, Pessimism, Deception. Language uses Exaggeration, Complex Metaphors. Questions what is reality?
Spain lost its hegemony at the end of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
Felipe III (1598-1621)Felipe IV (1621- 1665)Carlos II (1665-1700)The last two kings practically left the running of
the country in the hands of their favouritesSpain remained a feudal society The hidalgos considered themselves to be too
superior to workThis feudal mentality and the Inquisition did not
promote scientific and technological improvements
Political Situation in 17th century
Reaction to this among the intellectuals produced a lot of negative feelings such as disappointment, disillusion and pessimism
In culture it got translated into either escapism or criticism, satire, irony etc.
The themes “Nothing is real, everything is an illusion” and “Life is too short” become important
From simplicity and harmony artists move towards complexity and darkness
Reaction
QuevedoComplex at
conceptual level therefore his style is called Conceptismo
A bit difficult to understand because of the depth of his concepts
He was also a prose writer
Master of using the language in a complex but beautiful way, so his style is called Culteranismo
More difficult to understand
He was only a poet
Baroque poetry and prose Complexity
Góngora
Gongora, el hombre a una nariz pegada according to Quevedo
Lope de VegaThe most popular dramatist
of his time and probably ever in Spain
Created the New Rules of Comedy
Themes of Honour, Courage, Heroism, el Pueblo (common people)
Different languages spoken by characters according to their class
Major popular form of entertainment for the masses
Fuenteovejuna
Was a court dramatistHad more resources to
improve stage technique, better settings
Dealt with the same themes but in a more refined way
More philosophical Meant for the elites, not
popular form of entertainment
La vida es sueño
Baroque DramaCalderón de la Barca
Lope de VegaCalderon de la Barca
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra(Alcalá de Henares, 1547-Madrid, 1616)
Simply the greatest Spanish writer of all time
His masterpiece is Don Quijote de la Mancha
We look at him last because he was part of both Renassaince and Baroque
Also he wrote every form of literature : prose, poetry and drama.
Published in two parts in 1605 and 1616Considered to be one of the greatest works of
universal literature and the first modern novel
Deals with the conflict between Reality and Imagination or Realism vs Idealism
A satire of Novelas de Caballería’ Knight Errant Tales
Plot Summary follows
Don Quijote de la Mancha
Alonso Quijano, a poor and old hidalgo who lives in la Mancha is an obsessive reador of Knight Errant tales. One day he goes crazy…
And begins to believe himself to be a knight. He names himself Don Quijote de la Mancha and his horse Rocinante and sets out to travel and find adventures
He finds a squire, his friend and companion, Sancho Panza. A typical pot bellied short manchego. Don Quijote and Sancho Panza are each other’s opposite. Don Quijote is only concerned with the ideal world, the golden age of honour, bravery and justice. while Sancho represents the mundane reality of the common man.
The two set out to find adventures and several episodes take place. The most commonly cited is the episode of the windmills. Don Quijote spots several windmills and think them to be monsters with four hands.
Naturally as a brave knight he decides to fight with the monster ignoring Sancho´s warning that they are nothing but windmill
Naturally as a brave knight he decides to fight with the monster ignoring Sancho´s warning that they are nothing but windmill
He gets brutally hurt but even then he continues to believe that it was a magical trick of his enemy which converted the monster into a windmill at the last moment
Renaissance Architecture in SpainInspired by Roman Architecture, Beauty in Symmetry, Importance of Places of Learning
Monastery of El Escorial, Near Madrid, built under Felipe II
University of Alcala de Hernares, near Madrid
University of Salamanca, Salamanca
Baroque ArchitectureOver decoration, intricate designs, new and unique strutures to create mysterious light and shadow effects
Plaza Mayor de Salamanca
About El Transparente from Wikipedia One of the most outstanding features of the Cathedral is
the Baroque altarpiece called El Transparente. Its name refers to the unique illumination provided by a large skylight cut very high up into the thick wall across the ambulatory behind the high altar, and another hole cut into the back of the altarpiece itself to allow shafts of sunlight to strike the tabernacle. This lower hole also allows persons in the ambulatory to see through the altarpiece to the tabernacle, so that they are seeing though its transparency, so to speak. The work was commissioned by Diego de Astorga y Céspedes, Archbishop of Toledo, who wished to mark the presence of the Holy Sacrament with a glorious monument. El Transparente is several storeys high and is extraordinarily well-executed with fantastic figures done in stucco,painting, bronze castings, and multiple colors of marble; it is a masterpiece of Baroque mixed media by Narciso Tomé and his four sons (two architects, one painter and one sculptor). The illumination is enhanced when the Mass is being said in the mornings and the sun shines from the east, shafts of sunlight from the appropriately oriented skylight striking the tabernacle through the hole in the back of the retable, giving the impression that the whole altar is rising to heaven.
Façade of the Santiago de Compstela Cathedral, this intricate overdecoration is known as the Churriguera style, named after the Churriguera family
Altarpiece designed by Jose de Churriguera (the main architect of the Churriguera family) for the Convent of San Esteban in Salamanca
Spanish Painters of the Golden AgeDifficult for us to distinguish between Renaissance and Baroque. Many styles emerged during this period. Religious themes dominate. Also common are portraits of royals and nobles. There are also some examples of day to day life being depicted in paintings by Velazquez and Murillo. The following are the most important ones, there were many others.
Renaissance PainterWorked for Felipe IIDid in most of his paintings what was
expected of painters at that time---Represent religious themes and messages
without any ambiguity to evoke devotion in people
Juan Fernández de Navarrete (1526- 1579)
St. Peter and St. Paul
Specialist of Martyrdom paintings
José de Ribera (1591 -1652)
Martyrdom of St. Bartolome
El Greco (1541-1614), painter of Mysticism
A self-portrait by El Greco
This is “Disrobing of Christ”
He faced problems with the Church and Court for his artistic expression which did not fit into the rule book of Spanish Inquisition.
Burial of Count of Orgaz, Greco’s Masterpiece
Toledo
Murillo (1618-1682)
Young beggar by Murillo, He painted several such paintings with profane themes
Francisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664)
Still Life
Paintings in the Monastery of Santa Maria deGuadalupe
Flagellation of St. Jerome by the angels
Diego de Velazquez (1599-1660), The Greatest of them all
An old woman frying eggs
Protraits of Felipe IV, young and old, He was his main patron, Velazquez was a court painter
Las Meninas, Velazquez’s Masterpiece
www.wikipaintings.org/en/artists-by-nation/spanish
www.spainisculture.com/
For History Refer: www.spainthenandnow.com/
Explore more on
Thank you for watching and Good Luck with the Exams