Sigam o Carbono -1
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Sigam o Carbono -1
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FOLLOW THE LIFE
• Solvent • Biogenic elements• Source of Free Energy
searches for life within our solar system commonly retreat from a search for life to a search for “life as we know it,” meaning life based on liquid water, a suite of so-called “biogenic” elements (most famously carbon), and a usable source of free energy.
(Chyba & Hand, 2005, p. 34)
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FOLLOW THE LIFE
• Follow the water• Follow the carbon• Follow the nitrogen• Follow the energy• Follow the entropy• Follow the information
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Universo Orgânico!
• 0.5 % da matéria bariônica “visível” está na forma molecular. (Fraser, McCoustra & Willians, 2002, A&G, 43, 2.11).
• ~170 Moléculas detectadas no espaço ~170 Moléculas detectadas no espaço (~50% orgânicas: CHON).(~50% orgânicas: CHON).
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Como as biomoléculas são encontradas?
Radiotelescopes Radiotelescopes (rotational (rotational lines)lines)
IR-Telescopes IR-Telescopes (vibrational lines)(vibrational lines)
Itapetinga, SPItapetinga, SP
VLAVLA
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Hale-BoppHale-Bopp MurchinsonMurchinson
Gaseous Pillars – Eagle NebulaGaseous Pillars – Eagle Nebula Key hole NebulaKey hole Nebula
TitanTitan
Onde são encontradas as biomoléculas?
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Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
H2
CO
C6H6
NH3
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Carbon in human bodyElement Percent by mass
Oxygen 65
Carbon 18
Hydrogen 10
Nitrogen 3
Calcium 1.5
Phosphorus 1.2
Potassium 0.2
Sulfur 0.2
Chlorine 0.2
Sodium 0.1
Magnesium 0.05
Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Iodine <0.05 each
Selenium, Fluorine <0.01 each
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Element Parts per million
Hydrogen 739,000
Helium 240,000
Oxygen 10,700
Carbon 4,600
Neon 1,340
Iron 1,090
Nitrogen 950
Silicon 650
Magnesium 580
Sulfur 440
All Others 650
Carbon in the Universe
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Why Carbon?
• Carbon atom can form up to 4 chemical bonds with many other atoms – can form long and complex molecules
• Carbon can form compounds that readily dissolve in water.
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Typically only electrons from the outer shell (valence electrons) engage in chemical bonds
Hydrogen
Helium
Carbon
Outer shell/orbits
There is “optimal” number of electrons per shell. S-shell = 2 electronsP-shell = 8 electrons
P-shell S-shell
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Chemical bonds
• Covalent
• Ionic
• Hydrogen
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Carbon has 4 valence electrons – can form
up to 4 bonds
Methane Ethane
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ethanol
diamond
ethene
benzene
fullerene
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Polymerization
• A polymer is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. Well known examples of polymers include plastics and DNA.
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Silicon life?• Si is abundant and also can form four bonds at
once (like C). But!
• Si bonds are much weaker – complex molecules based on Si will be fragile
• Si does not form double bonds – less variety
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Organic and Inorganic Carbon
C can be in reduced or oxidized forms.
Organic carbon Inorganic carbon (reduced) (oxidized)
‘CH2O’ CO2 carbon dioxideH2CO3 carbonic acid
Example: HCO3 bicarbonate ion
Glucose -- C6H12O6 CO32 carbonate ion
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Organic carbon(has C-H and C-C bonds)
Inorganic carbon(C-O bonds only)
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http://www.nationalfuelgas.com
http://www.upl.cs.wisc.edu/~stroker/jungle.jpg
JENNY HAGER/ THE IMAGE WORKS
Organiccarbon
Coal
Oil
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http://www.summerclouds.com/Vero/Sea%20Shells.jpg http://educate.si.edu/lessons/currkits/ocean/
http://www.cmas-md.org/Images/Sanjay/UnivTop4.jpg
Inorganiccarbon
Seashells
Coral
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Four types of organic macromolecules
in living systems. Most of the molecules in the living systems are
water (H2O) and large organic macromolecules:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates (sugars, starches)
• Representatives:Glucose, Fructose• Many hydroxyl groups (-OH)• Soluble in water• Form Polysaccharides• Good energy source• Structural support for organisms (cellulose- the main constituent of wood)
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Glucose
FructoseTable sugar
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Glucose polymerization
In starch molecule (potato) there can be 100s thousands of glucose units
H2O
Linked by dehydration reactionPolysaccharides
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Lipids (fats and oils)
• Representatives: fatty acids and cholesterol
• Poorly soluble in water
• Good (concentrated)
energy source
• Flexible
(cell membrane material)
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Proteins
• “Proteios” – primary• Long “trains” of amino acids• Different proteins have different sequence of
amino acids • 20 amino acids used in any organism • Some provide structure (fingernails, hair) • Some serve as catalysts • Enzymes – proteins with catalitic properties
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L-Alanine Glycine
Linked by dehydration reaction
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Catalysts in Chemistry
• Suppose chemical reaction:
A + B AB is a slow reaction • The same reaction can be accelerated with catalyst
(D):
A + D AD fast step
B + AD AB + D fast step
The net result is still:
A + B AB but it is much faster
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Proteins (continued)
• Even though there are ~70 amino acids any known life uses only 20
• Amino acids derived abiotically are a mix of both “left-handed” and “right-handed” ones. Biological amino acids are only left-handed.
Chirality• Was there a common ancestor for all life?
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Biology uses only left-handed Alanine
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Large carbonaceous molecules in space
Ehrenfreund & Charnley 2000
PAHs ~ 15 %
Diamond << Graphite ?Fullerenes ~ 0.5 %
C-chains ~ 0.1%
Nanotubes
C-onions> 50% ??Soot
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Qual a Origem do Carbono?
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Credit: Y.Pendleton
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Meteorites• A meteorite is a natural object originating in
outer space that survives an impact with the Earth's surface without being destroyed.
• Chondrites – 86%
(5% Carbonaceous Chondrites)
• Achondrites – 8%
• Iron meteorites – 5%
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Meteorites represent extraterrestrial material which can be studied on Earth !
Volatile fraction:
Insoluble C-fraction:60-80 % aromatic carbonhighly substituted smallaromatic moieties branchedby aliphatic chains
Murchison (1969, Australia)
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Abundances of soluble organic compounds in the Murchison meteorite (Botta & Bada 2002, Sephton 2002, 2004) Compound Class Concentration(ppm)
Amino Acids CM 17-60CI ~5
Aliphatic hydrocarbons >35Aromatic hydrocarbons 3.3Fullerenes > 1Carboxylic acids > 300Hydroxycarboxylic acids 15Dicarboxylic acids & Hydroxydicarboxylic acids 14Purines & Pyrimidines 1.3Basic N-heterocycles 7Amines 8Amides linear > 70
cyclic > 2Alcohols 11Aldehydes & Ketones 27Sulphonic acids 68Phosphonic acids 2