Shwe-oo-daung Life Time Memory.unlocked

7/31/2019 Shwe-oo-daung Life Time Memory.unlocked

1/344

a&TOa'gif;


2/344

a&TOa'gif;

1953 ckESpfwGif uREkfyf\ &wemykH0wKudk ausmif;okH;pmtkyf tjzpfESifh jyXmef;pOf tcgu

ausmif;okH;pmtkyfjyXmef;a&;aumfrwD\ rSwfcsufwGif ]]pma&;q&m taMumif;udkvnf; avhvm&rnf}} [laom tcsufwck azmfjyyg&Sd\/ &wemykH 0wK a&;q&mjzpfaom uREkfyftaMumif;udkausmif;om;rsm; avhvm&rnfqdkvQif tcsKdU pma&;q&mrsm;uJUodkU ]yDrdk;eif;\ yDrdk;eif;}?]r[maqG\ r[maqG} tp&Sdonfh udk,fwdkif a&;om;aom twKywd pmtkyfrsKd; a&;xkwfzl;jcif;

r&Sdao;onfh twGufaMumifh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; tcuftcJ BuKH&zG,f &Sdonf[koabm&onfESifh uREkfyfonf ]OD;azodef;\ a&TOa'gif;} [laom trnfjzifh uREkfyf\twKywdudk tMurf;zsif;taejzifh a&;om; &dkufESdyfcJU bl;ygonf/ xkdtrnfudk rSnfh&muREkfyf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm q&myDrdk;eif;ESifh r[maqGwkdU rSnfhxm;Muonfh pmtkyftrnfrsm;ESifhtqifuJGap&ef jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGif a&TOa'gif;onf OD;azodef;yifjzpfonf[k rodMuoltcsKdUu ]a&TOa'gif;} twKywdudk OD;azodef;qkdaom vlwa,mufu a&;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf[krSwfxifcJUMuavonf/

]OD;azodef;\ a&TOa'gif;} pmtkyfwGif &wemykH0wK oif&onfh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf oufouf &nf&G,fonfhtwdkif; uREkfyf\ rsKd;&dk;ZmwdESifh arG;zGm;onfh ckESpfou&mZftjyif tvkyftudkif trsKd;rsKd;rQavmufudkom xnfhoGif; azmfjycJUonfjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf

taMumif;udk odvkdolrsm;tzkdU rpkHvif&kHomru ,if;odkUaom twKywdrsKd;udk zwf&Ijcif;tm;jzifhtusKd;aus;Zl; rsm;vSrnfvnf; r[kwfyg/ taMumif;udk uREkfyfem;vnfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD\ rSwfcsuft& ausmif;olausmif;om; rsm;tzkdUvdkvm;csuf jynfhpkH&kHuav;twGufqdk xdkrQESifhyif auseyfcJUygonf/

txufygpmtkyf xGufvmNyD;onfhaemuf vlxkarmifESHwkdUu (txl;ojzifh rtrmu)]]OD;av;odef; twKywdudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkHwtkyf a&;xkwfprf;ygtkH;}} [k wkdufwGef;Mu\/ xkdtcg

uREkfyfu rdrd\twKywdudk a&;om;jcif;[lonfrSm wdkif;jynfwGif wenf;enf;ESifh BuD;us,fNyD;]vlwvkH; olwvkH;} jzpfvmMuol rsm;om a&;avh&SdaMumif;? rdrdrSm bmwvkH;rQ jzpfrvm

ao;ojzifh rdrdtaMumif;udk tjcm;vlrsm;u a&;xdkufonf xifMuvQif a&;Muap? rdrdudk,fwkdifa&;ygu udk,fh[mudk,f txifBuD;ol wa,muf[l tjcm;vlrsm; uJU&JUpGyfpGJp&m jzpfvdrhfrnfhtaMumif; jyefajymygonf/ xdktcg rtrmu udk,fhtaMumif;udk udk,fa&;jcif;[lonfrSm]vlwvkH; olwvkH;} jzpfvmrS a&;xdkufonf r[kwf aMumif;? tu,f {&mrvlBuD;wa,muf

jzpfvmapumrlvnf; ]igvdkvl &Sdao;vm;} qkdonfhoabmrsKd;ESifh [dwfxkwf a&;om;jcif;rsKd;jzpfcJU&if pmzwfol tzkdU tusKd;rsm;oifhoavmuf rrsm;yJjzpfEdkifaMumif;? BuD;us,fvSaomyk*dKvfwOD;yif r[kwfapumrl pma&;wwfaom pma&;q&mwa,muf jzpfygu zwfcsifhpzG,f

- 2 -


3/344

wpfoufwmrSwfwrf;rsm;ESifhtawG;tac:rsm;

jzpfEdkifonfhjyif pmzwfolrsm;tzkdU oifcef;pm,lEdkifavmufonfh pmtkyfrsKd; jzpfvmEdkifaMumif;rsm;ESifh taMumif;jy ajymqdkavonf/

uREkfyfonf rtrm\ taMumif;jycsufESifhywfouf tcsdefMum&SnfpGm pOf;pm;cJUygonf/ ol\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;onf cdkifvkHonf[k uREkfyfqkH;jzwfvdkuf onfhtjyifuREkfyfudk,fwdkif xyfrHawGU&Sd&aom taMumif;rsm;udkvnf; wifjyvdk ygao;onf/ uREkfyfrSmtaemufwkdif; 0wKrsm;teufrS (Classics) pHerlem wifavmufonf[k ynm&Sdrsm;owfrSwfxm;onfh 0wKtajrmuftjrm;udk zwf&IcJUzl;&mwGif 4if;wkdUudk tb,fhaMumifhxdkuJUodkU a&G;cs,f owfrSwfMuygoenf;[k uREkfyfpl;prf;&SmazGMunfhygonf/ uREkfyfawGU&Sd&aomtaMumif;w&yfrSm xdkpmtkyfrsm;onf vlUobm0udk rSefuefpGmESifh opm&SdpGmay:vGifxif&Sm;ap&ef tjzpftysuf rsm;udk pdwful;jzifh pDpOfzefwD;NyD; ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;jzifh0wK jzpfatmif a&;om;wifjyjcif; onf taMumif;BuD;w&yf jzpfonf[k awGU&Sd&ygonf/uREkfyf\twKywdudk &dk;om;pGm wifjy onfqdkvQif tjzpftysuf tppftrSefudkwifjyjcif;jzpfonfh twGufaMumifh (0wKrsm;uJUokdU) obm0usrusudk pOf;pm;p&mrvdk?a&;om;oludk,fEIdufu &dk;om;zdkUomvdkonf[k pOf;pm;rd ygonf/ wGif t[kwfwu,f&dk;om;Edkifygrnfavm? rdrd\ *kPfoa&udk xdcdkufrnf pdk;onfESifh wpdwfudkwtdwfvkyfjcif;?trnf;udktjzLvkyfjcif;? taumif;udk csJUxGifNyD; tqdk;udk jrKyfxm;jcif; tp&Sdonfh r&dk;om;aomuavmiform;\ tjyKtrlrsKd;rS a&SmifMuOfEdkifygrnf avm[k rdrdudk,fudk ppfaq;Munfh&mwGif

uREkfyf onf pmtkyfaumif;wtkyf ay:xGufa&;twGuf yk*dKvftaejzifh rdrdtzdkUtxifBuD;cHvdkjcif;wnf; [laomrme (Vanity) udk pGefUvTwfygawmh rnf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufygonf/

vlUobm0udk xif&Sm;atmif wifjyjcif;qdk&m vlom;tm;vkH;ESifh oufqdkifaomobm0tjyif yk*dKvftoD;oD;ESifh oufqdkifaomobm0 (Individual Nature) [l&Sdygao;onf/ rdrd\ twKywdudk a&;om;azmfjyrnfjzpfaom uREkyftzdkUrSm vlom;tm;vkH;ESifh

oufqdkifaom obm0ESifh pnf;vGwf'kH;vGwf rjzpfapyJ uREkfyf txl;wvnfwoD;wjcm;wnf&Sdonfh obm0udkvnf; azmfjy&ef wm0ef&Sdonf jzpf&m (4if;wm0efonfao;i,fvG,fulaom wm0ef wck r[kwfaomfvnf;) uREkfyf\ r&SufraMumufoabmxm;Edkifjcif;? &dk;om;jcif;? ajzmifhpif;jcif;? Opm w&m;udk jrwfEdk;jcif;rsm; tm;vkH;jzifhtqdkygwm0efudk ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifEdkifaumif;yg\[k arQmfvifhrdygonf/ uREkfyf\t&nftcsif;ESifh ywfoufrl (rSefrnfrSm;rnfrajymwwf) vltoD;oD;\ tZswoEmefuwfuwfowfowf wnf&Sd wwfonfh tvGefodrfarGUvSaom obm0uav; tcsKdUudkazmfxkwfwifjy wwfonfh yg&rDcH yg&Sdonf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ onfrSm uREkfyf\tm;udk;BuD;wck jzpfygonf/

- 3 -


4/344

a&TOa'gif;

uREkfyfonf y#doaE "mwfcHtm;jzifh vl,kwfrm wa,mufvnf;r[kwf? olawmfaumif;wa,mufvnf;r[kwf? tv,ftvwf twef;tpm; wa,muf jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfay&mywf0ef;usiftajctae\ jyKjyifrItwGufaMumifh aumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;ESifh raumif;aom

tcsif;t&mrsm;onf b,fykH b,fenf; 0ifvmMuykH? rdbrsm;xHrS qufcH&ykH? b0tpOftqufrSygvmykH&onfh tcsif;t&mrsm;vnf; &SdykH? 4if;wkdUtm;vkH;udk aygif;pyfNyD;cgrS ,ckvuf&Sda&TOa'gif;qdkonfh tbdk;BuD;wa,muf jzpfvm&ykHtaMumif;udk ca&aphwGif;us azmfjyvdkonfh&nf&G,fcsufvnf;&Sdygonf/ uREkfyf\woufwmrSwfwrf;udk aphaphpyfpyf zwf&Iolrsm;teufvuf&Sd a&TOa'gif;udk odMuoljzpfygu ]]aMomf..Mo.. 'DvlBuD;[m 'gaMumifh *GpmBuD; jzpfaewmyJudk;}} [l qkH;jzwfcsuf csMuygvQifvnf; uREkfyftzdkU epfemonf[k xifvdrfhrnfr[kwfonfhjyif pma&;q&m wa,muftaejzifh vufpGrf;xufvSNyD [lyif *kPf,lvdrfhrnfxifygonf/

uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;rSm tjypftemtqmESifh cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk 0efcHazmfjyonfh(Confessions) ajzmifhcsufrsm; oufoufvnf;r[kwf? rdrdukd,fudk txifBuD; apvdk

taumif;awGcsnf;a&G;NyD; csJUxGifwifjyjcif;rsKd;vnf;r[kwf? uREkfyfwoufwm pdwfudkxdcdkufjcif;aMumifh trSwfxifvsuf&Sdonfh tjzpftysuf taMumif; t&mrsm;udk uREkfyfowd&oavmufa&;om;azmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\ pdwf xdckdufjcif;[lonfrSm auseyfaomaMumifhxdcdkufjcif;rsm;vnf; &Sd rauseyfaomaMumifh xdckdufjcif;rsm;vnf; &SdMuayonf/ &Hzef&Hcg

rdrdudk,fudk aumif;aom tuGufxm; aumif;aom t&nftcsif;uav;rsm;udk azmfjyrdonfhtcg (enf;awmhenf;ygonf) udk,f&nfaoG;csifwwfonf[k xifrSwfrdMuygu uREkfyf\raumif;jcif;? nHUzsif;jcif;? pdwf"mwfaysmhjcif; taMumif;rsm; udkvnf; ruG,fr0Suf rzkH;rzdazmfjyjcif;rsm;udkvnf; owdjyKMujcif;tm;jzifh cGifhvTwfEdkifMuvdrhfrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/

uREkfyf\ aysmhnHUrIrsm;ESifh cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;rSm rSwfwrf;wavQmufvkH; wGif tzefwvJvJawGU&Sd&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh pmzwfoltcsKdUu uREkfyf\ &dk;om;jcif;udk oabmuszG,f&m

&Sdaomfvnf; &mcdkifEIef; trsm;url ]]vufpowfawmh 'DvlBuD;[m vla&SmfBuD;wa,mufygwum;}} [k qkH;jzwfMurnfudkvnf; uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/ wGif uREkfyfonf urmausmftwKywda&;q&mBuD; abmhpf0Jvf taMumif;udk owd&rdygonf/ abmhpf0Jvfonf urmausmfpma&;q&mBuD; wOD;jzpfaom a'gufwm*Refqif\ twKywdudka&;om;cJU&m ol\ twKywdpmtkyf (Biography) onf urmay:wGif taumif;qkH;aom twKywdpmtkyf jzpf&kHomru'kwd,vkdufaom twKywdpmtkyfonf abmhpf0Jvf\ pmtkyfaemufrS rdkifaygif;rsm;pGm jywfusef&pfonf[k pma&;q&mBuD; avmh'fraumav;u csD;usL;a&;om;zl;avonf/ abmhpf0Jvf\pmtkyfwGif a'gufwm*RefqifESifh awGUwdkif; tjyeftvSef pum;Edkifvk ajymMuonfrsm;wGifa'gufwm*Refqifucsnf;EdkifNyD; abmhpf0Jvfu jywfjywfowfowf ]acG;us0ufus} &IH;cJU&ykHrsm;udk

- 4 -


5/344


t&SufriJUyJ &J&Jwif;wif; uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jynfhjynfhpkHpkHtao;pdwf a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf/ 4if;pmtkyfwGif a'gufwm*Refqif awmfoavmuf abmhpf0Jvf nHU&ma&mufae\/a'gufwm*Refqif\ awmfjcif;onf abmhpf0Jvf\nHUjcif;aMumifh (vuG,faeUnwGif jrif&aom

aomMumMu,fuJUodkU) tpGrf;ukef awmufajymifNyD; taumif;qkH;pmtkyfBuD; jzpfvm&avonf/wurmvkH;onf abmhpf0Jvf\ pmtkyfBuD;udk csD;usL;rqkH;&SdaepOf abmhpf0Jvf uG,fvGefaomtcg ol\om;u rnfokdUajymonfxifMuoenf;/ zcif\pmtkyf ausmfapmrIaMumifhom;jzpfolu *kPf,lonfxifMuoavm/ olUom;u rdrdwwfEdkifcJUvQif zcifa&;cJUonfhtwKywdpmtkyfrsm;udk urmay:wGif &Sd&SdorQtm;vkH;0,fNyD; rD;&IdUypfcsifonf[k ajymzl;onfqkd\/ taMumif;rlum; xkdpmtkyfBuD;wGif olUzcifonf (pma&;aumif;aomfvnf;) yk*dKvftaejzifh vlnHUwa,muf jzpf&aomaMumifh[k qdkavonf/ uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;rSmvnf; uREkfyf\tquftEG,f aemifvmaemifom;rsm;u abmhpf0Jvf\om;enf;wl rD;&IdUypfcsifMuacsrnfavm[k pOf;pm;rdzl;ygonf/ aemufqkH;rl rD;&IdUawmhrS&IdUap? vlUobm0udk &dk;om;pGmwifjyjcif;tm;jzifh pGefUpm;vkdufygOD;rnf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkufygawmhonf/

uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;rSm twKywdoufoufr[kwf? tawG;tac:rsm;vnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyyg&Sd\/ uREkfyf\ tawG;tac:rsm;rSmvnf; edAmefqdkonfrSm b,fodkUenf;? r*fpdwyg'f[lonfrSm b,fvdkrsm;aeavoenf; ponfjzifh tajcmufwdkuf Avmoufouf a&mf&rf;rSef;qonfh tawG;tac: trsKd;tpm;r[kwf? udk,fwdkifBuKHawGUonfh tjzpftysuf tcsif;t&m

rsm;tay:wGif tajcwnfum vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:wifjyxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfygaomaMumifhuREkfyf,lqonfhtwkdif; ]wcsufvGwf} vufcHEdkifvufrcHEdkif tyxm; [kwfavmufoifhr[kwfavmufoifhudk pOf;pm;qifjcifp&m tcsif;t&mrsKd; ajrmufjrm;pGmyg&Sdonf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ vGefcJUNyD;aom acwfrsm;url rd&dk;zvm t,ltqESifh uGJvJGcJUvQif y&dowfodkUwifjy&efyif cJ,Of;cJUonfjzpf&m? acwfwGifrlum; udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh EIdif;csdefqkH;jzwf&Jonfhpmzwfy&dowf wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmonf[k ,kHMunfonfhtavsmuf pGefUpm;wifjyvdkufaomtawG;tac:rsm;vnf; yg&Sdygonf/

woufwmrSwfwrf;udk a&;om;&m uREkfyf\ ta&;tBuD;qkH;jzpfaom &nf&G,fcsufrSmi,f&G,f Eke,fpOftcgu aysmfaysmfaecsifwwf ]vlpkH} wa,mufjzpfcsifonfh ]vla&Smf}wa,mufonfyif tcsdefwefaomtcg owdw&m;& a*gwrAk' a[mjyawmrlcJUonfhusifhpOfrsm;t& rdrd\ pdwfudk apmifhMunfhum xdef;odrf;ay;onfh tavhtusifh (MindCulture) jyKvkyfygu usrf;wwfq&mrsm; OD;acgif;ukwfMu&onfh avmukw&ma&;qdkif&m

usrf;wapmifwzGJU jyKpkEdkif cJUjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmjynfAk'bmomavmu trSwfxif&pfatmifpGrf;aqmifEdkifayonf wum;[k tm;us&pfapzkdU arQmfvifh,kHMunfcsufyif jzpfygownf;/

- 5 -


6/344

a&TOa'gif;

a&TOa'gif;

21.10.61

_____

- 6 -


7/344


woufwmrSwfwrf; yxrESdyfjcif;udk zwf&IMuaom pmzwfy&dowftcsKdUu uREkfyfonf

4if;pmtkyf(4)wGJwGif azmfjycJUonf tcsif;t&mrsm;teuf 4if;wdkUoabmrusEdkifonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk pmjzifha&;om;ay;ydkUMuonf/ xdkolwkdUonf twKywdqdkygu pmzwfolwkdUtwkcdk; enf;,lxdkufonfh tjzpftysuf taMumif;t&mrsm;udkom xnfhoGif; azmfjyxdkufonf[k ,lqMu[ef vuPm&Sdonf/

woufwmrSwfwrf; pmtkyf(4)wGJudk a&;om;azmfjycJU&m uREkfyf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm ]a&TOa'gif;}wnf; [laom yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf csD;usL;zG,faumif;aom vlwa,mufjzpfonf [lpmzwfolrsm; ,lqMu&ef &nf&G,fcsufr&Sd/ vlcsD;rGrf;cHvdk rSwfwrf;udk a&;xkwfjcif;vnf;r[kwf/ ]a&TOa'gif;} onf rnfodkUaom vlwa,mufjzpfonfudk opm&SdpGm o&kyfazmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh [kwfwdkif;rSef&m rdrdtjzpftysufrsm;ESifhwuG rdrdtawG;tac:rsm;udk pmzwfy&dowfodkUwifjy&ef &nf&G,fcsufrQom &Sdygonf/ tcsKdUae&mrsm; uREkfyfonf &SufzG,f&maumif;aomrdrd\ nHUzsif;rIrsm;udkyif pmzwfolwkdUtm; ruG,fr0Suf? rzkH;rzdyJ &dk;om;pGm wifjycJUygonf/uJU&JUcsifvQifvnf; uJU&JUMuap? ajymifavSmifcsifvQifvnf; ajymifavSmifMuap[k oabmxm;um [kwfrSeforQtwdkif;om wifjycJUygonf/

tcsKdUaom twKywdpmtkyfrsm; pma&;q&monf aumif;ayhqdkaom t&nftcsif;rsm;Esifhawmufajymifaom tjyKtrlrsm;udkom azmfjyavh&Sd&m rdrd\ tjzpftysufudk rdrdudk,fwdkifa&;om;azmfjyonfh woufwmrSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGif xdkuJUodkUjyKrlygu twKywda&;om;enf;tpOftvmudk em;vnfaomy&dowf\ uJU&JUon*FKd[f tjypfqkdjcif;udk cH&zG,f&m&Sdayvdrfhrnf/uREkfyfonf vufcH&&Sdxm;onfh txufyg jypfwifpmrsKd;udk onf;cH&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;nHUzsif;rIrsm;udk jrKyfxm;&ef vlcsD;rGrf;p&m toufwmrsKd;udkomvQif a&;om;azmfjyrdyguyg;&nfeyf&nf&Sdaom y&dowf\ jypfwifuJU&JUjcif;udk aMumufvSygonf/

twKywd pmtkyfrsm;teufwGif ausmfapmxif&Sm;qkH;jzpfaom ]abmhpf0Jvf} \ ]a'gufwm*Refqif} pmtkyfwGif pma&;q&m abmhpf0Jvfonf rdrd\ nHUzsif;aom tcsufrsm;udk azmfjya'gufwm*Refqif\ awmufajymifaom ajymykHqdkykH pum;vkH;rsm;udkum; wavQmufvkH; azmfjycJUonfhtwGuf pma&;ol abmhpf0JvfrSm vlnHUwa,muf[l xifrSwfzG,f&mjzpfoGm;\/odkU&mwGif ol\ twKywdpmtkyfrSm urmay:wGif a&;cJUMuorQaom twKywdrsm;teuft*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;onfh 4if;pmtkyfonf tjcm;tjcm;aom twKywdpmtkyfrsm;xuftjywftouf omvGefaumif;rGefygayonf[k urmausmfpma&;q&mBuD; raumav;u

- 7 -


8/344

a&TOa'gif;

azmfxkwfcsD;usL;cJUavonf/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; ]nHUvQifnHYyap? pmtkyfaumif;vQifawmfNyD} [koabmxm;rdygaMumif;/

a&TOa'gif;

_____

- 8 -


9/344


vlwa,mufonf pkHaxmufrif;BuD;xH tvkyfavQmufxm;onfhtcg rif;BuD;onf xdkvl\Oy"d&kyfudk oabmusonfESifh 4if;\t&nftcsif;udk prf;oyf oifhawmfvQif &mxl;cefUxm;

vdkaom tBuHjzpf\/ okdUjzpf rif;BuD;onf rdrdoddvdkaom yk*dKvfwOD;\trnf? ae&yfESifhtvkyftudkifwkdUudk ajymjyNyD;vQif xdkyk*dKvftm; rsufpdatmufrS taysmufrcHyJ aeUa&mnygt&dyfozG,f wG,fuyfvkdufygvsuf 4if;ajymorQ vkyforQ tvkH;pkHudk rdrdxHodkU tpD&ifcHpmwifydkU&rnfhtaMumif; ajymjyav\/ tvkyfavQmufxm;aomvlonf rif;BuD;odvdkaom yk*dKvfESifh rdwfaqGvnf;r[kwf? &efolvnf;r[kwfav&um; xdkyk*dKvfajymorQ vkyforQwkdUudk rdrdjrif&onfhtwdkif;? Mum;&onfhtwdkif; wdusrSefuefpGm a&;om;tpD&ifcH&ayvdrfhrnf/ raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk zkH;zdjcif;vnf;r&Sd? aumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk csHUxGifjcif;vnf;

rjyK? csD;ajrSmufjcif;vnf;rjyK? acsmufwGef;jcif;vnf;r&Sd? rdrd\ tjriftMum;twdkif; &dk;om;pGmtpD&ifcHayvdrfhrnf/

xdkenf;wlpGm uREkffyfrSmvnf; rdrdtaMumif;udk a&;om;&mwGif txufyg pkHaxmufavmif;uJUodkUoabmxm; tom;vnf;r,l? &Sufvnf;r&Suf? [kwfrSeforQudk ]t&if;wdkif;} a&;om;azmfjy&ef BuH&G,fygonf/ pkHaxmufavmif;onf xdkyk*dKvf\ pdwftBuHrsm;udk odEdkifcGifh &Sdrnfr[kwfay&m? uREkfyfrSmrl rdrdtBuHtpnfESifh pdwful;rsm;udkyg od&onfjzpf pkHaxmuf\

tpD&ifcHpmxuf jynfhpkHEdkifcGifh &Sdygonf/ rnfolrqdk EIdufEIdufcRwfcRwf ppfaq;vkdufonfhtcgtaumif;csnf;vnf; rjzpfEdkif/ tqdk;csnf;vnf; rjzpfEkdif/ taumif;ESifhtqdk; (tenf;ESifhtrsm;) a&m>yrf;vsuf&Sdjcif;udkom awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfudk,fvnf; enf;twltaumif;ESifhtqdk; a&maESmvsuf &Sd&rnfomjzpf&m aumif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udkazmfjyonfhtvSnfhwGif ]*kPf,lonf} odkUr[kwf ]


10/344

a&TOa'gif;

rSwfwrf;udk a&;om;&m uREkfyf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm aumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;twGufolwyg;wkdU\ txifBuD;jcif; cHvdkaomaMumifhr[kwf? raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udkazmfxkwf 0efcHvdkaomaMumifhvnf;r[kwf? aumif;aomtcsif;t&monf uREkfyftwGif;okdU

tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh a&mufvmonf? raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;onfvnf; uREkfyf\tZswoEmefodkU b,fykHb,fenf; a&mufvmonfqkdjcif;udk (vlUobm0 avhvmjcif;taejzifh)xif&Sm;atmif azmfjyvdkaomaMumifhrQom jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\ vufawGUt&qdkygrl vlow0gonf b0oHo&mtqufqufrS ygcJUonfh OmOfuav;rsm;? 0goemtxkHuav;rsm;um;wbuf? ywf0ef;usifu jyKjyifjcif;cH&csufrsm;um; wbuf a&maESmaygif;pyfvsuf&Sd&muREkfyftzkdU&m rnfonfum; twdwf\ zefwD;csufjzpfonf? rnfonfum; ypKyefb0\jyKjyifrIjzpfonf qkdjcif;udk (OmPfrSDoavmuf) ydkif;jcm;a0zef wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/vdk&if;tcsKyf uREkfyftaMumif;udkuREkfyf a&;om;azmfjyjcif; jzpfapumrl (trsKd;orD;pma&;q&mwOD;u a0zefzl;onfhtwkdif;) igwnf;[laom pdwfxm;rygyJ tjyifvlwa,muftaejzifha&;om;zkdUBudK;pm;rnf jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\pm igoabm (yvTm;vdkaomoabm) rnfrQavmuf uif;ruif;udkrl pmzwfolwkdU qkH;jzwfMu&ef jzpfygonf/

uREkfyf\ tjzpftysufrsm;rSm twKywd&dk;&dk;taejzifh a&;om;azmfjyrnfqdkygu cyf&Tef;&Tef;a&;wwfol r[kwfcJUvQif (a&;wwfolvnf; &Sm;onf) ajcmufuyfNiD;aiGUzG,faumif;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm; yg&SdwwfonfjzpfaomaMumifh tjzpftysufoufoufrQru tawG;tac:

rsm;vnf; oufqkdif&mae&mrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygonf/ uREkfyf\ tawG;tac:rsm;rSmvnf; (rSefuefjcif;? rrSefuefjcif;udk tyxm;) tpOftvmynm&Sdrsm;\ t,ltqrsm;ESifhuJGvJGrIrsm; &Sdvdrfhrnfjzpf&m rnfonfu obm0usrusudk pmzwfolwkdU pOf;pm;p&m&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/

tjcm;wae&m uREkfyfonf vljzpfvmonfrSp a&S;OD;pGmrSwfrdaom tcsif;t&mrSm ar;aphuGJwoufywfvkH; xif&Sm;aom trSwftom;wck jzpf&avmufatmif trm&Gwfxifjcif;taMumif;udk a&;om;cJUbl;&m xdkUaemufwGif xyfrH aphaphawG;jyefaomtcg 4if;xuftvsifusaom tjzpftysufwckudk owd&rdygonf/ uREkfyfrSm om;OD;jzpf 'kwd,arG;zGm;onfhuREkfyf\ESronf uREkfyfxufokH;ESpfcefUi,f&m taemufwdkif;jynfrsm; 7v? 10vrQomrdcifEdkUudk wkdufauR;Muonf qdkaomfvnf; uREkfyfrSm ESpfESpfausmfrQ EdkUpdkUcGifh&ygvsufESifhyifrdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; ]EdkUrsufom;} uav;[kqdkum txl;*&kpdkuf taumif;qkH;qdkaom

- 10 -


11/344


pm;p&mrsm;udk auR;arG;Muonf/ (xdkpOfu EdkUAl;wdkufaom tavhtx &SdMuao;[ef rwlay/)ykpGefwkyfaMumf? 0ufom;uif? MuufaygifaMumf paom pm;p&mrsm;onf uREkfyftwGufjzpfrdbrsm;rlum; Muuf&dk;ESifh 0ufqD0ufacgufavmufom pm;Muonf/ zcif\ESrrsm;? rdcif\

nDrrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU wa,mufwvSnfhvma&muf uREkfyftm; xdef;&eftwGuftwlwuG aexdkifMu&m tdrfwGif uREkfyf\ t&D;wa,mufa,mufjzpfap? ta':wa,mufa,mufjzpfap b,ftcgrQ jywfawmhonfr&Sdacs/ wcgw&H ESpfa,mufjyL; okH;a,mufjyL;yif&SdwwfMu\/ 4if;wkdUonf uREfkyftm; txufyg pm;p&mtaumif;rsm;udk 0g;cGHMu&\/ESruav;arG;NyD; uREfkyfokH;ESpfom; t&G,fausmfausmf&SdonfwGif uREkfyfonf pm;p&mrsm;0g;cGHaom t&D;rsm;ta':rsm;udk oabmrusawmhyJ rdcifcGHU&rnf[k wpmpm ylqmjcif;udkrSwfrdonf/

uREkfyfBuD;jyif;vmaomtcg waeUo rdcifu pum;pyfrdonfESifh ]]armifazodef;wkdUrsm;tpm;awmh oGm;rprf;aveJU? 0g;cGHUwJUt&G,fuwnf;u olUt&D;awG ta':awG cGHUwmudkrBudKufbl; igudkf,fwdkif 0g;cGHU&w,f? [kwfvJ[kwfrSmaygh? aumif;rav;awGuawmh 0g;NyD;tcsKd&nftcsKdUudk rsKdcsMurSmudk;? tpm;taomufrsm;awmh i,fuwnf;u 'Davmuf em;vnfwJUtaumifyJ}} [k ajymbl;&Smonf/ uREkfyfonf tcsKd&nfrsKdcsjcif;twGufaMumifh t&omnHUoGm;jcif;[l i,fpOfurodaomfvnf; rdcif0g;cGHUjcif;ESifh t&D;rsm;0g;cGHUjcif;wkdU\ jcm;em;jcif;udk i,fi,fuwnf;uodaMumif; rSwfrdao;onf/ uREfkyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; ]vQm} onf

t&momodjcif;ESifh pum;ajymjcif;wnf;[laom tvkyfESpfrsKd; vkyfwwf&mwGif uREkfyf\ ]vQm}um; yxrtvkyf uRrf;usifvGef; 'kwd,tvkyfbuf avQmhae[efwlonf/ tcsKdtcsOftieftpyf tqdrfhtcg;rSp aumif;raumif; t&omtrsKd;rsKd;wkdUudk uREkfyfonf olwyg;wkdUxuf tao;pdwfodwwf\/ taemufwdkif;jynfrsm; 0dkift&ufukrPDBuD;rsm;onf ]vQm}tpGrf;xufaom vlrsm;udk t&ufNrD;orm; (Wine Taster) tjzpfESifh vcaxmifaomif;ay;iSm;xm;Muonfqdk&m uREkfyf\ ]vQm} tpGrf;rSm wbufwvrf;wGif tokH;rcsEdkifyJ pum;rajymwwfjcif;omvQif tzwfwifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh wenf;tm;jzifh ]vljzpf&IH;onf} qkd&rnfavm

rajymwwfay/

ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIrcH&ao;rD (toufav;ig;ESpft&G,f) uREkfyf\ ]yifudk} pdwfaeoabmxm;udk rdbrsm; ajymbl;orQESifh uREkfyf jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;jzifh rSwfrdorQrSm uREfkyfonf rdbrsm;udk cspfvnf;cspf aMumufvnf;aMumufwwf\/ zcifudkrl tcspfxuftaMumufuydk rdciftm;rlum; tcspfESifhtaMumuf tnDtrQavmuf&Sdvdrhfrnf/ wa,mufwnf;&Sdao;aom ESruav;udkvnf; tjcm;aomarmifESrrsm; cspfMujcif;xufydk tvGefMuifemonf/ (MuifemykHudk wae&m azmfjyygOD;rnf/) tvGef ]aqmh} csifwwf upm;azmfoli,fcsif;udk tvGefw&m cifrifwwfonf/ t&G,fESifhrvkdufatmif vnfcsifywfcsifwwf

- 11 -


12/344

a&TOa'gif;

cspfaomoli,fcsif;rsm;aemufodkU waumufaumuf vdkufaewwfonf/ xkdpOfu pdwfrwdkwwfao;? oabmaumif;onf[k rdcifuajymbl;onf/ udk,fvkH;udk,faygufrSm (rdcifpum;twkdif;) cyfzdkifhzdkifhESifh tdtdpufpuf&Sdonf/ BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgrl ydefydef&Snf&Snf jzpfvm

jcif;udk awGU& aq;jyif;vdyfudk ckHay:wifNyD; aq;vdyfonfu vSdrfhvdkufouJUodkU udk,fvkH;avsmhNyD; t&yf&SnfxGufvm&jcif;ayavm[k pOf;pm;rdonf/

uREkfyf\ uHqdkk;jcif;wckrSm uav;b0rSp ausmif;xGufonfhwdkifatmif udk,fhxufBuD;aomoli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhcsnf; aygif;oif;& tEdkifusifhjcif; tcH&qkH;wa,mufjzpfonf/ tjcif;t&monf uREkffyf\ pdwfaeoabmxm;udk woufvkH;twGuf ajymif;vJoGm;ap&onf[k,lq\/ yxrOD;qkH; uREkfyftm; tEdkifusifhaom tdrfeD;csif; upm;azmfrSm ausmif;raerDav;ig;ESpfom; t&G,fjzpf\/ xdkoli,fonf uREkfyffxuf okH;ESpfcefU toufBuD; uREkfyfuolUtm; cspfvdkufykHrSm rdbrsm;ESifhcGJ olESifhtwl tdyfcGifh&vQif tdyfEdkif\/ (um; uREkfyf\tjypf[k qdk&rnfxifonf/) eHeufvif;vQif xdkoli,ftdrfodkU ul;oGm; pm;&kH tdyf&kHrQavmufom tdrfodkUjyefawmhonf/ waeUywfvkH; olUaemufrS waumufaumuf vdkufae

awmh\/ okdUqdkvQif xkdoli,fuvnf; uREkfyftm; uREfkyfcspfovdk cspfcifwG,fwmjcif; &Sdygoavm? r[kwfacs/ uREkfyf pm;p&mwck&SdvQif wa,mufwnf; rpm;EdkifyJ olUqDodkU ,lajy;MunfjzLpGm a0pm;Muonf/ tdrf&Sdao;vQifvnf; olu ],lacstkH;} [k ckdif;ojzifh ckd;auR;&ao;onf/ olU pm;p&m&Sdaom tcgrlum; uREfkyftm; wzJUw&GJUrQray;yJ &,fumarmumESifhaMumifawmifMunhf pm;wwfonf/ rQavmufom qdkygrlum; uREkfyf\pdwf xdcdkufjcif;r&Sdyg/ trSwfvnf;rxm;yg/ uREkfyfpm;p&m&wdkif; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ,lajy; cJGa0pm;aomufonfom jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGif 0rf;enf;zG,f taumif;qkH;aom tjyKtrlrSm xdkoli,fonf

uREkfyfESifh &,fumarmum aysmf&TifpGm upm;ae&jcif;xuf uREkfyfidk,dkaeonfudk jrif&vQif omoabmus[ef&Sd\/ olu jrif;pD;csifonfqdkvQif uREkfyfrSm rEdkifhwEdkifESifh ausmydk;&\/ESpfa,mufpvkH; aysmfMu w[D;[D;&,f\/ twefMumaomf xdkoli,fonf pdwfazmufjyefvm ]][JUjrif;-aES;w,fuG? jrefjrefajy;}} [kqdkum uREkfyf\ ajcovkH;rsm;udk ol\ajcaxmufjzifh cwfav&m uREkfyfvnf; ',D;',dkifESifh wwfEdkiforQ jrefjrefajy;&\/txJrSyif olu tm;r&ao;yJ 0g;jcrf;wacsmif;udk qif;,l ausmay:odkU jyefwufNyD;vQifuREkfyf\aygifrsm;udk w&GD;&GD;&dkufav&m uREkfyfrSm ajy;,if; [yfxdk;vJ idk&ygawmhonf/wGifrS olu tm;&yg;& [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmavawmhonf/

- 12 -


13/344


xdkoli,fonf uREkfyftm; txufygenf;ESifhwuG rsm;pGmaom tjcm;enf;rsKd;pkHwkdUjzifh tEdkifusifhavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ nOf;yef;ESdyfpufenf;ESifhwuG rdbrsm;tm; rwdkifwef;yJBudwfcHcJU\/ tu,f wdkifwef;cJUaomf olESifh rupm;&awmhyJ wm;jrpfvdrhfrnf[k uREkfyf

odaomaMumifhjzpf\/ wcgw&H uREkfyf\rdcifu idkoHMum; ac:vdkuf&m olu ]]a[haumifrsuf&nfawG okwfoGm;uG}} [k ajymonfESifh rsuf&nfrsm;udk vkHcsnfjzifhokwfum rdcifa&SUodkU[efvkyf 0ifoGm;&avonf/

waeUo xdkoli,fESifhuREkfyfonf avSum;ay:&SdpOf olonf rawmfwqjzpfav[efESifhuREkfyftm; avSum;ay:rS wGef;csvdkufojzifh ajrBuD;ESifhOD;acgif; aqmifhrdum tawmfemoGm;\/]]a[haumifridkeJUuG}} [k oluajymaomfvnf; emusifvSaom a0'emaMumifh wtm;[pf

idkvkdufrd&m uREkfyf\rdcif ajy;vm tjzpftysufudk ar;ojzifh ]]avSum;ay:rS acsmfus&ygonf}} [k ajymvkdufonf/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm zcifESifhrwl/ pdwfwif;olwa,muf jzpfuREkfyf\OD;acgif; 'Pf&m&Sdr&Sd MunhfNyD;aemuf aoG;xGufoH,dk rawGU&onfESifh ]]udk,fhzmomaqmhvdkU cdkufrdwmrsm; 'gavmufBuD; idk&ovm;}} [k ajym\/ wGif uREkfyftm; tjypfwifaom t"dym,f oufa&mufonfESifh rcHcsifaomaMumifh ]]udk,fhbmomr[kwfbl; tar&JU?[dkaumifu wGef;cswm}} [k vTwfueJ ajymrdavonf/ xdktcg rdcifonf a'gowBuD;ESifh[dkaumif\ OD;pGef;zkwfudk qGJESdrfum ausmudk okH;av;csuf xkavonf/ 4if;aemuf uREkfyfudkqJGac: tdrfodkUjyefvmMuonf/ [dkaumif\ rdcifESifhtpfrrsm;rSm ig;pdrf;onfrsm;jzpf tdrf

r&Sdckdufjzpfav&m aps;rSjyefvmMuaomtcgwGif [dkaumif\ wdkifwef;csufaMumifh tdrfeD;csif;&efjzpfMuavawmh\/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm eef;wGif;oljzpfaomfvnf; a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;jzpfjzpfrdvQif ravQmhcsifwwfaom 0goemtwdkif; ig;pdrf;onf om;trdokH;a,muf (rdcifESifhorD;ESpfa,muf) wkdUtm; csJvifhvkyfao;&m t&yfujzefajz NyD;oGm;&onf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mum; xdkaeUrSp [dkaumifESifh aygif;oif;cGifh ra&awmhacs/ odkUaomf rdbrsm;\trdefUudkrawmfvSef0HUom ae&onf/ uREkfyftm; avSum;ay:rS wGef;csaomtaumifudk pdwfremyJac:csifaomaMumifh pdwfxJ w&G&Gjzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm uREkfyfonf

[dkaumif\ ESdyfpufjcif;udk wESpfcefUavmuf cHcJU&onf/

xdktcsdefrSp rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; [dkaumifESifh raygif;rdap&ef pmoifausmif;okdU ydkUavawmhonf/ ausmif;rSm oDv&SifBuD;wyg; wnfaxmifxm;onfh pmoifausmif; jzpfav&muREkfyfxuf &SpfESpfcefUBuD;aom (rdcif\nDr) ta':wa,mufESifhtwl ausmif;wuf uREfkyftm;

- 13 -


14/344


15/344


tcsKdUrSmvnf; i,fpOfu tvGefqdk;wwfMu BuD;umrSaumif;wwfykHwkdUudk vlBuD;rsm; ajymavh&SdMu\/ ESruav;rSm BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg tvGefaumif;aomfvnf; i,fpOfurl tvGefqkd;vS\/ (uG,fvGef&SmonfrSm ESpfaygif;(30)ausmfNyD/) ESruav;onf nwdkif;wGif apmapm

tdyfwwf oef;acgifausmfaomtcsdefwGif tdyfa&;0onfhvuPmESifh wusnfusnf ylqmwwf\/ [dk[mpm;csifonf? onf[mpm;csifonf ponfjzifh em;ylem;qmvkyfwwf rdcifuacsmhcsnfwcg acsmufcsnfwvSnfhjzifh odyf&\/ wcgw&H jrefjreftdyf wcgw&Hvnf;wtDtDESifh tMumBuD;idkaewwf\/ wno uREkfyfonf ESruav;idkoHaMumifh Edk;vmMunfhvkdufaomtcg uav;rSm tdrfjyifodkUa&mufae rdcifESifhzcifwkdUu tdrftwGif; wHcg;teD;rS&yfum ]]rwdwfbl;vm;? wdwfrSzGifhay;r,f} [kajym&m uav;url ]csrf;vSygNyD? zGifhay;yg?zGifhay;yg} [k idkvsufomajym\/ tidkrwdwfacs/ &moDum; aqmif;Owk&moDjzpf uREfkyfudk,fwdkif apmifNcKHxJ auG;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk rSwfrd\/ uav;uvnf;idk? rdbrsm;uvnf; wHcg;zGifhray;yJ ]]wdwfav? rwdwfbl;vm;? rcsrf;bl;vm;} [k ar;vsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfrSm tdrfjyifESruav;\ csrf;at;&SmvSrnfh tjzpfudk oem;vSojzifh apmifNcKHxJ wdwfwqdwf Budwfumrsuf&nfrsm; &TJatmifidkrdonf/ rdbrsm;tm; awmif;yefay;zkdU rqdkxm;bd uREfkyfEdk;aeonfhtjzpfudkyif rodap0HUay/ wGif om;orD;rsm;udk tvGefcspfcifwwfonf[k ,lqonfh(,ckwkdifvnf; ,kHrSm;jcif;r&Sdyg/) trdtzrsm;tm; ESruav;tm; nSOf;qJESdyfpufMuonf[laomtxif uyfa&mufvmojzifh uREfkyfrSm pdwfxJwGif tvGefraumif;vmyJ wwd,ql;wacsmif; aygufvm&jyefygonf/

odkU a&;om;jcif;twGufaMumifh rdbrsm;tay: uREkfyfpdwfxm;ykHudk pmzwfolwdkU txifvGJrnf pdk;ojzifh &Sif;vif;azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf txufyg tjzpftysufudk rdcifzcif

wkdUtm;vnf;aumif;? uG,fvGefoltm;vnf;aumif;? ,ck&Sdaeaom nDwa,muftm; vnf;aumif;? tjcm;ol wpkHwa,muftm; vnf;aumif; woufywfvkH; wBudrfwcg wcGef;wyg'rQzGifhajymjybl;jcif; r&Sdonfum; rSefygonf/ woufvkH;rajymyJ jrKHxm;cJUygvsuf ,ckrS xnfha&;&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\ pdwfajymif;vJykH tjcif;t&mrsm;udk jynfhpkHatmif azmfjyrnf[k azmfxkwfaMunmxm;cJUonfhtwkdif; vlUobm0udk wifjyvkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 1930 jynfhESpfyJcl;NrdKUivsifBuD;wGif uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfom;tm;vkH;onf (rdcifvnf;ygonf) tdrfay:rSqif;ajy;Mu vrf;rBuD;ay: av;bufaxmufolaxmuf? 0rf;vsm;arSmufolarSmuf &SdaeMupOfuREkfyfonf vIdif;rsm;ozG,f tvdyfvdyfxvsuf&Sdaom ajrBuD;udkjrif& tm;ri,fpbl; i,frdonf/ tm;i,fjcif;um; tcdkiftrmqkH;[l pdwfcs,kHMunfxm;onfh r[myx0DajrBuD; udk,f

- 15 -


16/344

a&TOa'gif;

u uJUodkUvIyfcgaevsif igonftb,frSm aep&m&dSawmhtHUenf; [laom pdwful;0ifvmjcif;aBumifh jzpf\/ xkdnOfhuvnf; uREkfyfESifh ESruav;wkdUtm; cspfcifrIESifh ywfouf vkH;0'Gd[oHo,r&SdcJUbl;ojzifh tvkH;pkH ,kHMunftm;udk;aom rdbESpfyg;wkdUudk,fwdkifu ESruav;tm;

(uREkfyf\txift&) &ufpufpGmjyKrljcif;udk rsufpdESifh udk,fwkdifjrif&aomtcg &ifxJqdkUcdkudk;&mrJU jzpfoGm;cJU&ygonf/ uREkfyfajym&Jygonf/ rdbESpfyg;tay: uREkfyfpdwfemjcif;vnf;r[kwf? pdwfqkd;jcif;vnf;r[kwf? pdwfxJt BuD;tus,ftHUtm;oifh ]b,fhES,fygvdrfh?b,fvkdygvdrfh} tp&Sdojzifh txyfxyfar;um pdwftm;i,frdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/ twGufaMumifh uREkfyf\obm0 ql;wacsmif;xyf aygufvmjcif;um; trSefjzpfygonf/

aemufwaeUeHeuf uREkfyftdyf&mrSxaomtcg EGm;EdkUonfykPm;r a&mufaeavNyD/ rMumao;rDu uREkfyftenf;i,f rusef;rrmjzpfonfESifh OD;av;wa,mufu MuufjzLuav;waumif]crJ} ay;xm;&m uREkfyfonf MuufjzLuav;udk tvGefcspf wayGUayGUwydkufydkufESifh upm;avh

&Sd\/ rusef;rrmNyD;cgpjzpf rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; aeUwdkif; EGm;EdkUt0ufom; aomufapav&m ykPm;rxHrS eHeufwdkif; EGm;EdkU,l&efrSm uREkfyf\wm0efjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ykPm;rudk

jrif EGm;EdkUxnfh&ef ZvkH,lNyD;vQif ykPm;ra&SUcsxm; rsufESmopfpOf ykPm;ronf EGm;EdkUudkcsifhxnfhNyD;aemuf xGufoGm;\/ uREkfyfonf rsufESmopfNyD;aemuf EGm;EdkUZvkH&Sd&modkU avQmufvm&m MuufjzLuav;onf ZvkHxJrSEGm;EdkUudk EIwfoD;jzifhESpfum aomufaeonfudk awGU&\/wGif uREkfyfonf Muufuav;udkzrf; ajrBuD;ay:okdU aygufvkduf&m raoaomfvnf;qefUiifqefUiifESifh twefMumcH&&Smonf/ rdbrsm;onf uREkfyf\ &ufpufaomtjyKtrludkjrifMu tHUtm;oifhum wa,mufrsufESmudk wa,muf MunfhaeMu\/ vludkaomfvnf;aumif;? wd&pmefudkaomfvnf;aumif; &uf&ufpufpuf jyKvkyfjcif;rSm tBudrfonf

yxrtBudrfjzpfonf[k rdcifuajym ]]Muufuav;aomufvdkU b,favmufukefoGm;rSmvJom;&,f}} [k qdk\/ uREkfyfjyKvkdufjcif;rSm rdcifxifonfhtwdkif; EGm;EdkUudk EsajrmaomaMumifhayavm? ,refnOfhu ESruav;\ jzpftifudk jrif&ojzifh pdwfwkdvsuf&SdaomaMumifhayavm/odkUwnf;r[kwf xdktaMumif;ESpf&yf aygif;pyfjcif;aMumifhayavm rajymEdkifatmif&Sdygonf/

- 16 -


17/344


uREkfyfwkdUonf xdktcsdef rEav;NrdKU oif;csKdif;awmfwHwm;ajrmufbuf a&Twacsmif;eHab;&SdrJtkd;wef;&yfuGuf aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m zcif\tvkyfrSm ydef;wef;zdeyfaxmifq&mjzpf tvkyform; av;ig;a,muf&Sdavonf/ xdk&yfuGufom;rsm;rlum; csnfMurf;udk rJe,fqdk;aom

tvkyfjzifh toufarG;Mu 4if;&yfuGufrSmvnf; rJtdk;wef;[k ac:wGifjcif; jzpfavonf/a&Twacsmif;urf;yg;wGif tvkyform;toD;oD;onf 0rf;bJOtkd;BuD;ESpfvkH;\tv,frS xdkifvsufvufrsm;jzifharTum rJe,fqdk;jcif;tvkyfudk woDwwef;BuD; vkyfMuonfrSm (uREkfyfwkdU uav;oli,frsm;tzkdU) aysmfp&mBuD;[k xifcJUrdonf/ (rMumao;rDu 4if;&yfuGufodkU tvGrf;ajyoGm;Munfh&m a&S;urJtdk;wef;ESifh rwlawmhyJ rJe,fqkd;aom tvkyfudkvnf; wOD;wa,mufrQvkyfudkifonfudk rawGUcJU&ay/)

&yfuGufuav;\ xl;jcm;csufwckudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ rEav;NrdKUBuD; awm&Gmrsm;rSajymif;a&TUvmMuonfh tdrfaxmifonfrsm;onf olU&GmESifholUtpk OruGJodkufrysuf aygif;pkaexdkifavh&SdMuav&m tcsKdUaomt&yfrsm;ESifh ]0if;} rsm;rSm 4if;wkdUaexdkifcJUonfh rlv&Gmtrnfrsm;jzifhyif rSnfhac:Muavonf/ Oyrm-&GmomrS ajymif;vm a&TUvmaom vlrsm;aMumifh]&Gmomwef;} [lvnf;aumif;? acgawm&GmrS ajymif;a&TUvmMuaom olrsm;aMumifh]acgawm0if;} [lvnf;aumif; rSnfhac:Muavonf/ rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufrSmrl tvkyftudkifudk

tpJGjyK rSnfhac:Mujcif; jzpfaomfvnf; 4if;t&yfolt&yfom;rsm;rlum; tm;vkH;vkdyif rkH&Gme,furf;jzL&GmrS jzpfMuavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUrSmrl zcif\ESrwa,mufu 4if;t&yfom;ESifh

tdrfaxmifusonfESifh tdrf&m0,fNyD; "m;wef;rS ajymif;a&TUvmMujcif;jzpfavonf/ &yfuGufol&yfuGufom;rsm;\ xl;jcm;csufwckrSm rEav;NrdKUBuD;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifcJUMuNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; 0wfykHpm;ykH? ajymykHqdkykH? aeykHxdkifykH tvkH;pkHrSm rEav;NrdKUolNrdKUom;ESifh vkH;0rwl?rwlwjcm; &Sdaejcif;yifjzpfonf/ waeUo uREkfyfonf uREkfyfwkdU\aetdrfESifh ESpftdrfjcm;&Sdaom ]t&D;} \aetdrfodkU oGm;vnf jyefvmaomtcg rdcifu ]]ighom; bmrsm; auR;vkdufovJ[JU}} [k ar;&m? uREkfyfu ]]bdk;bdk;bwfowf[if; pm;cJU& w,ftar}} [k jyefajymojzifhrdcifrSm [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmavonf/ (4if;t&yf trJ0rf;wGif;om;udk ]]bkd;odk;

bwfowf}} [kac:onf/) wGif rdcifuzciftm; ]]'Dt&yfrSm MumMumaevdkU rjzpfygbl;udk&if? uav;awG urf;jzLpum; ajymukefMuawmhrSmyJ}} [k ajymavonf/

waeUo uREkfyf\zcifonf yJcl;NrdKUe,f wm0blwm usKdufy'dkif&Gm&Sd ol\ baxG;wa,mufxHrS pmwapmif&&Sd\/ (4if;baxG;rSm rdcif\Zmwdjzpfonfh a&Tbdke,frefusnf;wkH&GmrS

- 17 -


18/344

a&TOa'gif;

ajymif;a&TUoGm;oljzpf\/ refusnf;wkH&GmrSmvnf; vuf0JokE&aMumifh acwfwGif vlodrsm;aom &Gmuav;jzpfonf/) 4if;pm atmufjynfatmuf&GmwGif a&Txnf vuf0wfvufpm;rsm; a&mif;csaumif;vSaomaMumifh tjrwftpGef;&EdkifaMumif;? rdrduyif ulnD a&mif;csay;

rnfhtaMumif; yg&Sdavonf/ xdktcsdef ydef;wef;zdeyftvkyfrSm cyfyg;yg;&Sdaom &moDjzpfav&mrdbrsm;onf &SdpkrJUpkuav;rsm;udkxkcGJ a&Txnfvuf0wfvufpm;rsm;0,f,lum om;trdom;tzav;a,muf atmufjynfodkUqif;oGm;Mu\/ usKdufy'dkif&GmokdU a&mufMuaomtcgzcifrSm aygifwGif ]uRJtom;rmem} ayguf rxEdkifyJ&Sd&m 4if;\baxG;u vuf0wfvufpm;rsm;udk a&mif;csay;&ef wm0ef,lrnfqdk tyfvdkuf&\/ ]uRJtom;rmem} qkdonfrSm tvGefqkd; aowwfonf[k ajymMu\/ baxG;\ om;ESpfa,mufwkdUonf uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrudktvGef ]usDpm;} oefMu ESruav;tm; wa,mufuypfay;vdkuf? wa,mufuzrf;vdkufjyKvkyfMu&mwGif rdcifrSm tonf;zdkvSonfESifh uefUuGufaomfvnf; olwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufu ]]udpr&Sdygbl; trBuD;&,f? roumao&kHayghAsm}} [k ajymMuavonf/ uREkfyftm;vnf; xkdenf;wl jyKMuao;&m uREkfyfuvufudkudkufvdkufojzifh ]]acG;uav;ygvm;[}}[kqkdum em;o,fudk tykwfcH&ao;onf/ tawmtwGif; zcifrSmvnf; aornf&Sifrnfrodaom tajctae&Sdae&m uREkfyfrSm rdcif\'kursm;udkjrif& uREkfyf\obm0wGifql;wacsmif; aygufvmcJUjyefavNyD/ rdcifrSm uREkfyfodorQ woufvkH;wGif b,ftcgrSavQmhbl;onfr&Sd? wBudrfrl tcsKdUrdef;rrsm;uJUodkU rsuf&nfusjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; rsufESmwckvkH; wrsKd;jzpf BudwfcH&&Smonf/

uREkfyfwkdU a&mif;cs&efygvmaom a&Txnfrsm;rSm a&mufuwnf;u baxG;(uREkfyf\bkd;av;)vuf0,fodkU tyfvkdufav&m bdk;av;onf ol\vlrsm;udk [dk&Gmonf&Gmrsm;okdU vSnfhvnfa&mif;csap\/ waeUo ypnf;rsm;ESifhvTwfvdkufaom bkd;av;\a,mufzwa,mufonfvufarmif;wGif "m;ESifhxkd;aom'Pf&mESifh jyefvm ypnf;tm;vkH;udk vk,ljcif;cH&aMumif;ajymavonf/ rdbrsm;rSm &SdpkrJUpkuav;udk tm;vkH;xkcJG &if;ESD;vmcJUjcif; jzpfaomaMumifhzcifrSm temaysmufcgeD;wGifrS pdwfxdcdkuf tzsm;BuD;zsm;vm&&Smjyefonf/ rdcifrlum;

pdwfwif;oljzpf orD;uav;udk ajrSmufupm;pOfuavmufrQ rsufESmysufonf[k uREkfyfrxifay/ (ypnf;rsm; vk,ljcif;cH&onfqdkjcif;rSm vnfq,fjcif;rQomjzpfonf[k aemufydkif;wGif Mum;od&\/ rdcifzcifrsm;rSm tvGef ]&dk;} olrsm;jzpf 4if;wkdU\woufwmwGifokH;Budrfwkdifwdkif eifhvSatmif vlvdrfcH&jcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/) ypnf;rsm; ajymifonfhaemuf bkd;av;vifr,m;onf uREkfyfwkdUom;tz av;a,muftm; auR;xm;&jcif;twGuf0efav;aomaMumifhayavm? udk,fhwludk udk,fvdrf&jcif;twGuf rsufESmylaomaMumifhayavmrqkdEdkif/ uREkfyfwkdUtay:wGif rsufESmxm;wrsKd;jyifvmjcif;udk uREkfyfyifod\/ rdbrsm;rSmrlum;

qdkzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ rEav;odkUjyef&eftwGuf p&dwftenf;i,f&Sdaomfvnf; zcif\ rusef;rmjcif;twGufaMumifh tcufBuD;BuKHaeMu&onf/

- 18 -


19/344


tawmtwGif; bkd;av;\om;ESpfa,mufu uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtm; usD;pm;vkdufMuonfrsm;rSm ,cifuxufyif ydkqdk;avonf/ rdcifu "m;ESifhckwfrnf BuHpnfrdaMumif;ESifhaemifwGif uREkfyftm;ajymjybl;onf/ aemufqkH; rdcifzcifwdkU pDpOfMuonfrSm temaumif;pGm

rusufrcsif; zcifae&pf uREkfyfwkdUom;trdokH;a,muf rEav;odkU jyefESifhMu&efjzpfavonf/cGJcgeD; rdcifonf vlpkvufrSvGwfayNyD[k atmufarhaomaMumifhayavmrqdkEdkif? rsufESmnId;i,fjcif; r&SdvSaomfvnf; zcifrlum;idk&Smavonf/ usKdufy'dkif&GmrS wm0blwm&kHodkUom;trdokH;a,muf vSnf;ESifhxGufvmMu&mwGif (rnfolrQ vdkufrydkUMu? zcifvnf; rydkUEdkif&Smacs) vrf;c&D;vSnf;ay:rl rdcifonf rsuf&nfwcgESpfcg0dkif;vmjcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&onf/okdUaomf okwfodrf;avmufatmifum;r[kwf? jyef&Iyf,lvkduf[efwlonf/ uREkfyfonfrdcif\pdwfudkod[efESifh rjrifcsifjyK rdcif\&ifcGifxuf ayGUxm;onfhESruav;udk uREkfyf\&ifcGifay:odkU a&GU,lvkdufonf/ rdcifonf uREkfyf\tjyKtrludk oabmusonfESifh woufvkH;ajymrqkH;atmif&Sdav&m uREkfyfvnf; tm;&MunfEl;vSonf/

wm0blwm&kHokdUa&mufMu vufrSwf0,f&mwGif rdcifonf vlBuD;twGuf vufrSwfwapmif

om0,f uREkfyftwGuf uav;vufrSwf r0,fawmhacs/ tvmc&D; uREkfyftwGuf0,fygvsuf tjyefc&D; r0,fjcif;rSm ydkufqHenf;yg;aomaMumifh[k uREkfyfod&\/ okdU&mwGifblwm&kHrS rD;&xm;tvkyform;wa,mufESifh em;vnfrI,lxm;onf[k aemifwGif rdcifu ajymod&\/ rD;&xm;qdkufcgeD;wGif blwm&kH0 apmifhvsuf&Sdaom vufrSwfppfESifh vJGap&efrdcifonf uREkfyftm; rD;&xm;tvkyform;\vufodkU tyfvdkuf\/ tpDtpOftaMumif;udkbmrQem;rvnfaom uREkfyfrSm xdkvlESifhtwlvdkufoGm; blwm&kH\tjyifodkU a&mufcJUNyD;aomfvnf; w&yfwaus;wGif vlpdrf;wa,mufESifh Mum&SnfpGmae&jcif;udk &GHUonfESifh tjyifodkU

a&mufNyD;umrS rdcif&Sd&modkU jyefvm\/ rdcifurl uREkfyf\OD;acgif;udkacguf jyefoGm;ckdif;ojzifh xGufvmjyef\/ aemufwBudrfjyefoGm;&m cyfememacguf vTwfvdkufjyef\/wwd,tBudrfrlum; rdcifonf emBunf;pGm acgufvTwfvkdufav&m uREkfyfrSm OD;acgif;udkyGwfowf&if; udk,fhrdcifxHodkU udk,foGm;rdjcif;twGuf tacgufcH&onfrSm em;rvnfEdkifatmifjzpf ]b,fhES,f[mygvdrfh? b,fvkdygvdrfh} ponfjzifh tBuD;tus,f pdwf&Ijcif;aMumifhuREkfyf\obm0 ql;wacsmif;aygufvmcJUjyefavNyD/ taMumif;udk BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgrdciftm; uREkfyfuajymjy&mwGif rdcifrSm rsuf&nfrsm;0dkif;vmonfhtxJrS &,farmvsuf]]ighom;ES,f rSwfrdvdkufwmygvm;uG,f? tarvJ pdwf&IyfvGef;vdkUa[h}} [kajymojzifh uREkfyf

- 19 -


20/344

a&TOa'gif;

uvnf; ]]uRefawmfu tarhudkpdwfremygbl;? avmuBuD;[m w,fNyD;*Gusyguvm;vdkU pdwf&IyfrdwmygyJ tar&JU}} [k ajym&bl;avonf/

rEav;odkU uREkfyfwkdUom;trdokH;a,muf jyefa&muf (rdcif\pum;t&) wvwdwd jynfhaomaeU zcifjyefa&mufvmojzifh tvGef0rf;omMuav&m? 0rf;tomqkH;vlrSm zcifjzpf0rf;omrItenf;qkH;rSm uREkfyfyifjzpfavonf/ zcif\0rf;omjcif;udk em;vnfEdkifMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\ 0rf;omrIenf;yg;ykHudk &Sif;jyzdkUvkdayvdrfhrnf/

tcsKdUaomrdcifrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaet& usqif;aomtcgrsm;wGif om;orD;rsm;tay:MuifemrIavsmhyg;ouJUodkU aigufvm;? irf;vm;? &dkufvm;? ESufvm; jyKwwfMuav&m zcifjyefra&mufrD uREkfyfwkdUom;trdokH;a,mufonf tnHHUqHk;aom [if;rsm;udkom pm;Mu&aomfvnf; rdcifonf uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtay: a&S;uxufydk Muifemonf/ rkefUyJom;a&pmponfrsm;udkvnf; awmif;wdkif;0,fauR;onf/ xdkUxuf ta&;BuD;onfrSmum; uREkfyftm;vnf; ([dkaumifESifh aygif;jcif;rSwyg;) vGwfvyfjcif;ay;xm; t&yfxJwGif vnfcsifwkdif;

vnfywfcGifh&onf/ oDv&Sifausmif;rSvnf; EkwfvdkufNyDjzpf uREkfyfrSwfrdorQ uav;b0wGiftaysmfqkH;aom umvtpdwftydkif;wck jzpfavonf/ zcifjyefa&mufvmaom tcgrlum;txufygtcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;&IH;&acsawmhrnf[k uREkfyfodaomaMumifh uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf0rf;omjcif;r&SdaMumif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

rsm;rMumrD zcifonf tvkyform;rsm;udkjyefpk ydef;wef;zdeyftvkyfudk jyefaumuf\/odkU&mwGif rJtdk;wef;t&yfrSm aps;csKdESifhtawmfvSrf; tjcm;aomzdeyfaxmifq&mrsm;vnf;t&yfxJwGif wOD;rQr&Sdav&um; aps;csKdxJzdeyfqdkifxGufaom qdkif&Sifrsm;onf t&yfodkUrvmvdkMuyJ jzpfaeMuojzifh ta&mif;yg;vS\/ okdUjzpf zcifonf aps;csKdtaemufbuf&Sdaom yJykyfwef;&yfuGufwGif tdrfcef;uav;iSm; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&kHuav;zGifhav\/ tdrfcef;uav;rSm cyfusOf;usOf;jzpf rJtdk;wef;aetdrf tdyf&pm;&NyD; yJykyfwef;tdrfcef;rSm tvkyf&kHtwGufoufouf jzpfavonf/ zcifESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf xrif;udk

- 20 -


21/344


eHeufapmapm pm;oGm;Mu ae0ifvkeD;umrS rJtdk;wef;aetdrfodkU jyefvmMu\/ tvkyform;okH;av;a,mufwkdUrSm rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufwGif aeMuolrsm;jzpfavonf/

waeUo rdcifESifhtwl eef;wGif;oljzpfcJUbl; tvGefcifrifcJUMuonf qkdaom rdef;rBuD;wa,mufonf (touf 30cefUrQom &Sdao;ojzifh ,cktjriftm;jzifh rdef;rwa,muf[kac:&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdkpOfutjriftm;jzifh ]rdef;rBuD;} [k a&;vkduf&onf/ xdkrdef;ronfuREkfyf\rsufpd waeUwjcm;BuD;BuD; oGm;ykHudkvnf; azmfjyygrnf/) uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkUtvnftywfvmav&m ausmif;olt&G,f rdef;uav;wa,mufvnf; ygvmavonf/ rdcifwkdUpum;ajymvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfESifhrdef;uav;onf upm;azmfjzpfvmMu tawmfcifrifvsuf&SdMuavNyD/ rdef;uav;rSm uREkfyfxuf okH;ESpfavmufBuD;vdrfhrnfxifonf/ {nfhonf rdef;rBuD;onf rdcifESifh pum;ajym&mrSm uREkfyf\taMumif;udkar;onfwGif rdcifu i,fvGef;aomaMumifh oDv&Sifausmif; tprf;xm;NyD;rS Ekwfxm;&aMumif; ajym\/ (rdef;rBuD;rSm tysKdBuD;jzpf ausmif;axmifpm;onf[k od&onf/) xdktcg rdef;rBuD;u ol\ausmif;rSm tdrfawmf&mbk&m; ta&SUbuf&SdaMumif;? uREkfyftm; olUausmif;xm;vQif zcifESifhtwl vdkufvm nae

wGifvnf; zcifESifhtwl jyefEdkifaomaMumifh tvGeftqifajyaMumif; ajym\/ (yJykyfwef;ESifhol\pmoifausmif;rSm wjyausmfausmfrQom a0;onf/) xdkUaemuf rdcifu i,fvGef;vQifausmif;om;BuD;awGu ESdyfpufwwfaMumif;ajym&m q&mrBuD;u ]]pdwfomcsyg cifav;&,f?uRefrudk,fwdkif apmifhNyD;Munfhay;yghr,f? rylygeJU? b,folrS rESdyfpufygbl;}} [kajymNyD;vQifuREkfyftm; olUteD;odkUac:,lum ausmoyf&ifoyfjzifh csKdompGmacsmharmh,if; pum;ajymav\/uREkfyfonf q&mr\ MuifemykH&aomtjyKtrludk oabmusonfwaMumif;? if;ESifhtwlygvmaom rdef;uav;tm;vnf; csufcsif;yifcifrifvsuf&Sdonfu waMumif;aMumifh rdcifu

ar;aomtcg ]]ausmif;aeygr,f}} [k tajzay;vdkufav\/

if;aeUnae zcifjyefvm rdcifuajymjyaomtcg ynmudk tvGefvdkvm;aom uREkfyf\zcifrSm 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf uREkfyftzdkU t0wftpm;opfrsm; csKyfMuNyD;vQif oyf&yfatmifjyifqif ausmif;okdUtyfMuavonf/ rJtdk;wef;ESifh tdrfawmf&mbk&m;rSm ig;ESpfom;

- 21 -


22/344

a&TOa'gif;

ausmfausmfrQom &Sdao;aom uREkfyftzdkU&m aeUpOf toGm;tjyef c&D;jzpfaomaMumifhawmfawmf anmif;ay&m tjyefc&D;wGif wcgw&H zcifuwvSnfh? tvkyform;rsm;uwvSnfhyckH;ay:wGif xrf;wwfMuavonf/ eHeufwGif xrif;apmapmBuD;pm; zcifwkdUESifhtwl

vdkuf&ojzifh aeUcif;wGif tvGefqmavmifvSonfjzpf&m? rdbrsm;onf ,Gef;xnftkyfuav;wGif xrif;[if;rsm;xnfh qdkif;uav;jzifh qGJ,loGm;zdkU pDrHay;Mujcif;aMumifh uREkfyfpdwfxJ0rf;omvdkufykH? aus;Zl;wifvdkufykHrsm;udk ,aeUwdkif rSwfrdygao;onf/ xdkacwf oHqifhrsm;rokH;Muao;yJ ,Gef;xnftkyfBuD;rsm;jzifh bk&m;oGm;ausmif;wuf acgif;&GufoGm;Muav&muREkfyftzdkU tkyfti,ftpm;uav; 0,fay;jcif;twGuf 0rf;omvS tdyf&mxJrSyif wcgwcgx Munfhrdygao;onf/ rdbrsm;vnf; uREkfyfESpfoufjcif;udk jrifMu oabmus&Smonf/(uREkfyftzdkU 0,fay;aom ypnf;rsm;teuf xdk,Gef;xnftkyfuav;xuf uREkfyftm; aysmfjrL;apaom tjcm;ypnf;udk rrSwfrdyg/)

yxr rdcif\rdwfaqG q&mrBuD;onf (vufaxmufq&mruav; ESpfa,mufvnf; &Sdonf/)rdciftm; uwdxm;cJUonfhtwkdif;yif uREkfyftm; txl;wvnf *&kpkdufygayonf/ uREkfyf\,Gef;xnftkyfuav;udk zGifhMunfh [if;rsm;nHUvQif [if;aumif;uav; wwkH;wav xnfhay;ojzifh (tpm;aumif; cifrifwwfaom uREkfyftzdkU) 0rf;omvkH;qdkUrwwf aysmfvS aus;Zl;vnf; wifrdonf/ tdrfodkUtvnfvmpOfu ygvmaom ausmif;oluav;ESifhvnf; jyefqufrdojzifh MunfEl;vSonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfrSm wausmif;vkH;wGif ti,fqkH;vnf;jzpf ta0;qkH;

aom t&yfrS vm&aom ausmif;om;uav;vnf; jzpfonf/ &G,fwl wa,mufESpfa,muf&Sdaomfvnf; ausmif;ywf0ef;usif aeMuolrsm; jzpfaomaMumifh aeUcif; acwausmif;qif;csdefwGif olwkdU\tdrfodkUjyef pm;aomufMu&m uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;om tkyfuav;zGifhpm;&ol&SdaomaMumifh wenf;tm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faom ausmif;om;uav;wa,muf[loabmxm;avmufMuonf xifygonf/ odkU&mwGif xdkodkUum;r[kwfacs/

if;pmoifausmif;ESifhywfouf uREkfyfrauseyfaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk razmfjyrD

auseyfaom tcsufrsm;udk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ oDv&Sifausmif; aecJU&pOfu uREkfyftm;[dkaumif\ESdyfpufjcif;rS vGwfap&ef[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdbrsm;u tyfxm;jcif;jzpf&mpmoif&ef i,fvGef;onfhtwGufaMumifh ausmif;wGif ]acG;0ifpm;} tjzpfESifh uREkfyf\ta':teD;wGif xdkifae&jcif;rQom rsm;\/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; pma&;MuaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfrSmopfom;wGif tdk;rnf;okwfxm;onfh oifykef;ay: uHUulqHjzifh ]0vkH;} rsm; a&;&jcif;udkomrSwfrdonf/ 0vkH;rS wqifhwuf&aomtcg ]ei,f} rsm; a&;&\/ ]ei,f} rsm; a&;aomtcgwGifacgif;BuD;BuD;rjzpfap&[k oDv&SifBuD;u ajymjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ pmtHaomtcg]]earmAk'g}} rS rwufcJU&ao;ay/ (uBuD;) (cauG;) paom tu&mrsm;udk roif&ao;rD}}earmAk'g}} udk a&S;OD;pGm oifay;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufudk uREkfyf ,ckwdkif em;rvnfao;ay/

- 22 -


23/344


oDv&Sifausmif;rS vlausmif;odkU a&mufaomtcgrl (uBuD;) (cauG;) tu&mrsm;udk oif&(uBuD;a&;u) odkU a&mufaomtcg uREkfyf\pdwf jzpfay:vmaom tjcif;t&mwckudkrSwfrdao;onf/ uREkfyfuJUodkU (uBuD;a&;u) (cauG;a&c) ponfjzifh ]tH} Mu&aomuav;rsm;u wwef;? rsufESmcsif;qdkiftwef; (uBuD;a&uowfuuf) (cauG;a&uowfcuf)ponfjzifh ]tH} Mu&olrsm;&SdMu\/ ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vkH;onf xdkacwf pmoifausmif;rsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif; atmftHMu&m tcsKdUuvnf; toHukef[pf tHMu\/ (onfrStusifhyg ouFef;0wfNyD; pmtHaomtcg ]][meHeH? [meHeH}} [l tHMujcif; jzpf[ef&Sdonf/)vlausmif; uREkfyfonf q&mrBuD;xHodkU wkdifawmjcif;\ tusKd;r&Sdjcif;udk odvmonfjzpfuREkfyftay: ]npf} aom ausmif;om;qdkvQif uREkfyfxuf 2ESpf 3ESpf avmufom toufBuD;oljzpfygu zufwG,f owfavawmhonf/ npfcsifoluvnf; rsm; owfykwf&onfrSmaeUwdkif;vdkyif jzpfaeawmh\/ wGif q&mrBuD;onf uREkfyftm; cPcP&efjzpfaomaumifuav;qdkum zd&dkufawmhonf/ rdcif\ rdwfaqGjzpf vdrmap&efqkdaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh olwyg;xuf zd&dkufjcif;vnf; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyftzdkUrlum; vm;vm;rSrw&m;aom q&mrBuD;[l rausrcsrf;jzpfcJU&onf/ aemufydkif; uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf

um; q&mrBuD;onf tysKdBuD;jzpf om;orD;rarG;bl;onfhtwGufaMumifh uav;oli,frsm;\jyemrsm;udk rodom;qdk&Gm;vSonf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsrdygawmhonf/

uREkfyftaMumif;udka&;vQif uREkfyf\rdbrsm; taMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyygrS uREkfyftzdkUrSm &kyfvkH;ay:ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyf\zcifrSm a&Tbdkawmifvuf (jrif;e,f[kac:onf/) refusnf;wkH&Gmom;OD;at&mjzpf\/ zcif\trnfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif tvGef&Sm; rMumao;rDurS emrnfwlaomqdkif;bkwfwckudk awGU&bl;onf/ zcifESifh emrnfwlaomaMumifh vludk,fwdkifudkvnf;awGUjrifvdkapumrl ,aeUwdkifrawGU&bl;ao;ay/ a&Tbkdawmifvufudk ]jrif;e,f} [k ac:wGifjcif;rSm jrefrmbk&iftqufquf vufxufwGif jrif;trIxrf; (jrif;wyfppfom;) rsm; xGufaome,fjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ uREkfyfudk,fwkdif (jrif;yJGorm;wa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf;)jrif;0goemygoljzpf jrif;ESifhywfoufaom A[kokwavhvm&mwGif if;e,fom;rsm;uJUodkUjrif; ]tom;us} pD;enf;taMumif;udk em;vnfol &Sm;yg;aMumif;awGU&\/ refusnf;wkH&Gm

- 23 -


24/344

a&TOa'gif;

uav;rSm tdrfajcw&mausmfcefUrQom&Sdaomfvnf; rif;vuf0JoE&\ Zmwdcsufa


25/344


&ef rdwfaqGwa,mufxHwGif tyfESHvdkufavonf/ (xdkacwfrl pma&;wkdif;tm; pma&;BuD;[krac:Mu? ]pma&;BuD;} qdkolrSm vTwf&kH;wGif {&mrtrIxrf;BuD; wa,mufjzpf olUtxufwGif0efaxmuf? xdkUaemuf twGif;0ef jzpfvmEdkifolwa,muf jzpfavonf/) 1247 ckESpfwGif

oDaygbk&if ygawmfrl zcifrSm t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufatmufwGif trIxrf;EdkifcGifh&Sdaomfvnf;(trIxrf;olrsm;vnf; aemufydkif;wGif ppfuJ&mxl;txd wdk;wufMuonf/) zcif\trsKd;rsm;uoDaygbk&ifjyefvmvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfarQmfvifhMuaomaMumifh zciftm; t*FvdyfvufatmufwGif trIrxrf;zdkU zsufMuonf/ 1250 jynfhESpfwGif rdcifESifhtaMumif;yg 1251 ckESpfwGifuREkfyfvlUjynfodkU a&mufvmonf/

uREkfyf\t&yfrSm zcifxuf 2 vufrcefUjrifh 5ay 10vufr &SdaomaMumifh trsKd;taqGxJwGift&yftjrifhqkH;wa,muftaejzifh vljzpfvm&onf/ zcifonf ]vl&dk;vlaumif;BuD;} wa,mufjzpf a'goenf;onf? ESdrfhcsonf/ odrfarGUEl;nHUaom pdwfoabm&Sdonf? aMumufwwfonf?A[kokwvdkvm;onf[k uREkfyfem;vnf\/ rdcif\tazurl ]vlnHU} wa,muf[k xifaomaMumifh ol\orD;ESifh aumif;aumif;BuD; oabmrwl[k uREkfyfMum;&bl;\/ odkUaomf &dk;om;ykH

&jcif; wckwnf;aMumifh ay;pm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonfqdk\/ odkUqkdaomfvnf; zcifonf pOf;pm;OmPf acvSolwa,muf r[kwfay&m awmifolrd&dk;zvm tpOftvmwdkUaMumifh cyfEkHEkH&SdykH&aomfvnf; rEav;NrdKU yk*dKvfxl;wyg;jzpfoaom Nrdwfq&mawmfbk&m;ESifh awGUqkH&onfwGifrS OmPfyGifhvif; (olUacwfESihfol) vlwvkH;olwvkH; jzpfvmcJUavonf/ (pD;yGm;a&;udkrqdkvdk? rd&dk;zvm t,ltqrsm;udk pGefUy,f0Huonf h owd&Sdjcif;udkqdkvdkygonf/)

rdcifrSmrl rif;wkef;bk&if\ ]pm;awmfcJ} (xrif;[if;csuf&ol) rS aygufzGm;cJUoljzpf\/xdkacwfrl &Sifbk&if\ ]zdeyfudkif}? ]xD;rdk;}? ]uGrf;tpfudkif} paom trIxrf;rsm;yif rsufESmBuD;aom acwfjzpf xrif;[if;csuf&aomtvkyfrSm *kPfi,fonf[k r,lqMuay/ uREkfyftbdk;\ &mxl;udktaMumif;jyK uREkfyf\rdcifrSmvnf; t&G,fa&mufaomtcgwGif ]rif;ESpfyg;}wkdU\ ]pmawmfzwf} jzpfvm&onf/ t&G,fi,fao;aomaMumifh (18ESpforD;) pmawmfzwfBuD;rsm; jzpfMuonfh ]ocifBuD;} rsm;vufatmufwGif pmawmfzwfuav;rQom jzpfcJU&ao;

- 25 -


26/344

a&TOa'gif;

aomfvnf; rdcifrSm tvGeftoHaumif;vSonf/ uREkfyfi,fpOfu ykcufxJ tdyfrnfjyKpOfrdcifu aw;csif;qdk ykcufvTJjcif;udk zcif\ zdeyftvkyform;rsm;u em;axmifMu&aomaMumifh uREkfyftdyfrnfhtcsdefudk apmifharQmfaeMuonf[k tvkyform;rsm;ajymMuonf/

rdcifoDqkdwwfjcif;rSm ywfysKd;? ,dk;',m;? oDcsif;BuD; oDcsif;cefU r[kwfyJ &wk? &uef? ysKdU? tJU?tdkif ponfwkdUomjzpf cefUnm;vGef;vSaomfvnf; toHaumif;onfhtwGufaMumifh em;axmifaumif;jcif;udk uREkfyfvnf; Mum;&bl;onf/ touf 50 ausmfcefUwdkifatmif toHrysufao;ojzifh &Hzef&Hcg uREkfyfwkdUom;orD;rsm;\ awmif;yefjcif;aMumifh qdkjy&Smjcif;udkvnf;uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ uREkfyfrSm rdcif\toHudk rrSDaomfvnf; tcsKdUaom ysKdUBuD;rsm;udk rdcif\oifjyrIaMumifh tawmfuav;ausatmif qkdwwfonfjzpf 0goemygaom rdwfaqGrsm;tay:tom;,lcJU&bl;ygonf/

zcif\pdwf El;nHUodrfarGUoavmuf rdcifrSm pdwfqwfjcif;? pdwfxufjcif;? pdwfwif;jcif;?r[kwfrcHwwfjcif;? raMumufwwfjcif;paom tjcif;t&mwkdU&Sd\/ wae&m rdciftm;]a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;} [l a&;om;bl;&m rdcif\taz (uREkfyf\tbdk;) taMumif;udk owd&

a&;cJUjcif;jzpf\/ uREkfyfi,fpOfu rdcif\armifwa,muf (uREkfyf\OD;av;) tm; olUxufBuD;aom vlwa,mufu tEdkifusifhum apmfum;vdkuf&mwGif tbdk;onf tom;rsm; qwfqwfwkefatmif a'goxGufonfESifh xdkoludk oGm;owfygawmhrnf[k "m;udkifvsuf xGufoGm;ojzifh aqGrsKd;tm;vkH;u 0dkif;awmif;yefMuaomfvnf; r&yJ&Sd&mwGif xdkvl\zcifonftbdk;taMumif;udkod om;ESifhtwl ajy;vmNyD;vQif tbdk;tm; 0efcsawmif;yefMuavonf/okdUESifhvnf; tbdk;u rausEdkifao;onfESifh apmfum;oludk,fwkdif ESpfcsuf? okH;csufrQ]taxmif;cHNyD;onfhaemufrS auseyfavawmhonf/ ae&m xdkom;tz ajy;vmjcif;rSm

tbdk;\a'goudk aMumufomr[kwf? ]pm;awmfcJ} wa,muf[laom &mxl;udkvnf; &GHUMuykH&onf[k uREkfyfxifrd\/ jrefrmbk&ifrsm;\ rif;rIxrf;rsm;tm; t*Fvdyfvufxuf uREkfyfi,fpOfutxd av;pm;rI&SdMujcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

- 26 -


27/344


uREkfyf\tbdk;rSm uREkfyf 10ESpfom;cefUt&G,fwGif uG,fvGefav&m tbkd;\ pum;wcGef;onfuREkfyf\em;xJ pGJxifvsuf&SdcJU uREkfyftzdkU&m 0goemwckuJUodkU jzpfvm&ykHudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ waeUo tbdk;onf uREkfyf\zcif r&SdckdufwGif olUom;rsm;taMumif;udk rdciftm;

ajymjyvsuf&SdpOf ]]a,musmf;qdkwmrsKd;[m rdef;rr[kwfbl;orD;&JU? ]pkH} ap&r,f? ighom;rsm;qdkvQif ]pkH} rS iguBudKufw,f? ighorD;&JUa,musmf;u pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif;awmh &Sd&Smyg&JU?EdkUayr,fh rpkHbl;uG,fh}} [k ajymbl;avonf/ uREfkyf BuD;jyif;vmaomtcsdef tcGifhBuKHwdkif;tbdk;\pum;onf pdwfxJwGif ay:vmonfcsnf;jzpf olwyg;tm; xdyg;epfematmifusL;ausmfapmfum;aom tjyKtrlrsKd; r[kwforQumvywfvkH; tbkd;\Mo0g'twkdif; vdkufemjcif;aMumifh uREkfyfudk,fwdkif ]vlpkH}wa,muf jzpfvmcJU&onf/ twGufaMumifh txdkuftavsmuf emrnfysufapjcif;udk 0efcH&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwf w&HwqpfrQaemifw&bl;onf r&Sdjcif;udkvnf; ajym&Jygonf/

rdcifzcifwkdUonf aps;csKdtaemufbuf a&Twmacsmif;ajrmif;aygifteD;&Sd &dkifwef;t&yftdrfuav;wvkH; 0,f,l&&SdaomtcgwGif rJtdk;wef;&Sdaetdrfudk a&mif;cs yJykyfwef;rS tdrfcef;

udkvnf; pGefUvTwfNyD;vQif ajymif;a&GUaexdkifMuav\/ if;&yfuGuf aexdkifaeMupOf uREkfyf\toufwmudk jyKjyifajymif;vGJapcJUonfh tjcif;t&mwck jzpfay:cJU\/ if;&yfuGufteD;&Sd]av;q,fawmfrif;} ac: jrefrmrif;vufxufu t&m&SdBuD;wa,muf&Sd&m? if;tbdk;BuD;onf

uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfokdU nwdkif;vm w&m;a[majymavh&Sd\/ xdkyk*dKvfBuD; a[majymonfh w&m;rSm Ak'bmomrd&dk;zvm a[majymMuonfh w&m;rsKd;r[kwfyJ ]r*foHzdkvfoH} rsKd; yg&Sdav&m(xdkpOfurl tvGefqef;onf[k ,lqMuonf/) rdbrsm;onf ]em;yg;aom} yk*dKvfrsKd; jzpfrnfonfhq&mawmf\ Mo0g'jzpfygoenf;[k pkHprf;ar;jref;Mu&m 'udP0efwdkuf&Sd Nrdwf

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'jzpfaMumif; od&SdMu&\/ if;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ausmif;wGifausmif;om;rsm;tm; oif&dk;oifpOfenf;jzifh r[kwfyJ bmoma&;qkdif&m pmayrsm;udkvnf;wenf;wzkHoifjyonf/ *Pef;ocsmFponfrsm; oifjyonfh vufaxmufq&mrsm;vnf;&Sdtpdk;&pmppfvnf;cHonf[k Mum;od&onfwGif uREkfyftm; vlausmif;rSEkwf 'udP0efwdkufbkef;BuD;ausmif;okdU ajymif;a&TUtyfESHav\/ tu,f uREkfyfonf if;ausmif;odkU ra&mufcJUvQif BuD;jyif;aomtcgwGif zdeyfaxmifq&mwa,mufa,muf aomfvnf;aumif;? aps;csKdxJqdkifxdkifa&mif;aom zdeyfonfwa,mufa,muf aomfvn;faumif; jzpfvmzdkUom &Sdayonf/

- 27 -


28/344

a&TOa'gif;

'udP0efwkduf Nrdwfq&mawmf\ausmif;odkU tyfESHaomtcg uREkfyfrSm ckESpfESpfom;t&G,f&Sd

vlausmif;rS oifykef;BuD;ukefNyD; r*Fvokwf? twGif;atmifjcif;? tjyifatmifjcif; paomoif&dk;pmrsm; ukefcJUNyD;avNyD/ if;bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif q&mawmfonf tjcm;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSmuJUodkU oif&dk;oifpOf pmrsm;udkroifyJ q&mawmfudk,fwdkif a&;pD&ifaom pmrsm;udkoiftHMu&\/ uREkfyfrSm rSwfOmPftawmfaumif; q&mawmfu ydkUcsaom pmrsm;udk tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;xuf &vG,fonfjzpfaomaMumifh q&mawmfu avSmfwdkif;ajy;onfh]avSajy;uav;} [k trnfrSnfhum csD;usL;jcif;cH&onfESifhtwl tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\

remvdkjcif;vnf; cH&avonf/ ausmif;wGifvnf; uREkfyfonfyif ti,fqkH;jzpf tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm tenf;qkH; q,fESpfom;t&G,f &SdaeMuavNyD/ q&mawmfonf


29/344


]]&kyfemrfESpfyg;udk vlac:ygonf}}

]]&kyfb,favmuf&SdovJ}}

]]&kyf tX0DoH (28) &Sdygonf}}

]]bmudk ]emrf} ac:ovJ}}

]]pdwf? apwodufudk emrfac:ygonf}}

]]apwoduf b,favmuf&SdovJ}}

]]apwoduf 'Gdynmo (52) &Sdygonf}}

]]pdwfwck ,kwf 90? tus,f 121yg; &Sdygonf}}

]]pdwf b,favmuf&SdovJ}}

]]b,fpdwf b,fpdwfrsm;wkef;}}

]]avmbrlpdwf 8ck? a'gorlpdwf 2ck? arm[rlpdwf 2ck aygif;tukodkvf 12ck}} ponfjzifh 89rsKd;aom pdwfwkdUudk a&wGuf&Gwfqdkjy&avonf/ onfrSm ]usufpm} yifjzpfaomfvnf; 7ESpfom;t&G,f oli,fuav;wa,mufu y&dowfxJ oGufoGufvufvuf &Gwfqdkjyjcif;udkjrifMuMum;Mu&aom t&yfolt&yfom;rsm;u ]]'Doli,fuav;o*KwwfaeNyD}} [k uREkfyftm;csD;rGrf;um ayGUMu? zufMu? rkefUa


30/344

a&TOa'gif;

aom ausmif;om;uav; wa,mufonf uREkfyfuJUodkUyif q&mawmfaemufodkU waumufaumuf vkduf&bl;\/ uREkfyfa&mufvmaom tcgrl uREkfyfu olUxufokH;ESpfi,f olUuJUokdUyif q&mawmf\tar;rsm;udk ajzwwfonfjzpfaomaMumifh q&mawmfonf om ]yGJusjcif;}

udk vkdvm;onfESifh olUtpm; uREkfyftm; ac:avawmhonf/ odkUaom tjcif;t&mudkif;ausmif;om;onf rvdkvm;Edkifonfh vuPmESifh uREkfyftay:wGif taumufOmPf BuH[efwlayonf/

txufwGif azmfjycJUbl;onfhtwdkif; uREkfyfrSm (xdkacwfu ausmif;om;oli,fwkdU\ upm;enf;jzpfonfh) ]ayoD;ypfjcif;} vufajzmifhjcif;twGufaMumifh trsm;tm;jzifh Edkifwwfoljzpfonf/ydkufqHwjym;vQif ayoD; (a*:vD) 10vkH;& upm;Mu&mwGif waeUwGif ydkufqH 2jym;? 3jym;ponfjzifh aeUwdkif;vdkyif Edkifavh&Sd\/ uREkfyftm; rdbrsm;u waeUvQif rkefUzdk;ydkufqH 2 jym;ay;avh&Sd&m ayoD;ypfjcif;rS Edkif&jcif;aMumifh wyJ? ig;jym; okH;ae&\/ ayoD;ypfMu&mwGifvnf;cyfBuD;BuD; ausmif;om;0dkif;ESifh uav;0dkif;[l ESpf0dkif;&Sd&m uav;0dkif;wGifrl txufygausmif;om;wa,mufrSwyg; uREkfyfonf vuftajzmifhqkH;jzpf\/ xdkausmif;om;onf uREkfyf

tm; olESifh ESpfa,mufwnf;upm;&ef aoG;aqmifav&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; vltuav;wa,mufr[kwfaomaMumifh jiif;y,fcJU\/ okdU&mwGif xdkoli,fonf uREkfyfxuf toufokH;ESpfcefUBuD;onfjzpf uREkfyftm; acsmhcsnfwcg? jrLcsnfwvSnfh? acsmufcsnfwrsKd;jzifh? aeU&SdorQuyf El;ESyfav&um; uREkfyfrSm olESifhupm;&ef oabmwlrdavawmhonf/ wcgw&H olunpfonfESifh uREkfyfu rcHyJ owfykwfMu&mwGif 7 ESpfom;ESifh 10 ESpfom; jzpfaomaMumifhuREkfyfyifem &IH;&avonf/ uJUodkU jzpf&zefrsm;vwfaomf uREkfyfrSm olESifh rupm;yJvnf;rae&? upm;wdkif;vnf; &IH;&onfom jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf&cJUaom rkefUzdk;ydkufqHESpfjym;rSm

wjym;zdk;rQ rkefUrpm;&yJ olUvufxJodkU a&mufoGm;ygavawmhonf/

odkUqdkvQif vGwfajrmuf&ef enf;vrf;r&Sdoavm? q&mawmftm; tb,fhaMumifh ravQmufxm;oenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;om; [lonfrSm bkef;BuD;tm; b,frQavmuf aMumuf&onfudk bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;rsm;om odMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfonf q&mawmf\ vufoyfarG;wynfhuav; wa,mufyif jzpfaomfvnf; avQmufxm; wdkifawmjcif; rjyK0HUacs/ wcguonf;rcHEdkifvSojzifh q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;wdkifwef;&mwGif q&mawmfonf xdkoli,ftm;&dkufzl;\/ odkU&mwGif xdkoli,fonf twGufaMumifh uREkfyftay: wkd;qkd;vmavm&mq&mawmftm; avQmufxm;&efyif r0HUyJ&Sdawmhonf/ tb,fhaMumifh okdUjzpf&oenf;[k

- 30 -


31/344


ar;ygrl bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;wa,muftaejzifh q&mawmftm; em;yl&rnfudk aMumufonfhtwGuf[k ajzqdk&ayrnf/

xkdausmif;om;onf uREkfyftay: qdk;onfxuf qdk;vmao;\/ olESifh ayoD;ypfMuojzifhuREkfyf\rkefUzdk; ydkufqHESpfjym;ukef ausmif;wufcsdef ra&mufao;onfhtcg olu ayoD;rsm;xkwfacs;NyD; qufvufupm;zdkU rsufESmcsKdaoG;av&m uREkfyfrSm olUudk&GHUonfESifh rjiif;0HUyJqufvuf upm;&\/ ydkufqHwjym;zdk; ta


32/344

a&TOa'gif;

uREkfyfonf owfykwfjcif;tvkyf ]&G,fwlvQifvlra&G;} qdkaomtjzpfodkU a&mufcJUaomfvnf;uREkfyf\ uHqdk;jcif;wckrSm uREkfyfxufBuD;aom txufygausmif;om;u (uREkfyftm; remvdkonfhvuPmESifh) uyf nOf;qJrIcH&jcif;yifjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ta


33/344


34/344

a&TOa'gif;

ausmif;om;wkdif;onf &[ef;jyKMurnfr[kwfyJ vlUtjzpfESifh 0rf;pm&SmrSD;Mu&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh tenf;qkH; twGuftcsuf (*Pef;ocsmF) wwfMurS jzpfrnfqkdum ]]abma'ykw}} rQavmufESifh rNyD;apyJ vufaxmufq&mrsm;xm;um avmuDynm oifjyap\/ tpdk;&uvnf;

acwfrSDaombkef;awmfBuD;[k em;vnfum vufaxmufq&mrsm;twGuf vcay;\/ 'kwd,taMumif;w&yfrSmvnf; Nrdwfq&mawmfonf xGwfacgifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ausmif;wGifoDwif;okH;cJUpOfu owdyXmefenf;twkdif; tm;xkwfcJU (t&d,mjzpfonf[k rdbrsm;vnf;,kHMunfonf/ uREkfyfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif ,kHMunfonf/) r*fw&m;zdkvfw&m; [lonfrSm&apaumif;aomacwf &Sdao;onf[k a[majym&kHru tm;xkwfvdkolrsm;tm;vnf; enf;vrf;nTefjyawmfrlonf/ xdkacwfwGif (v,fwDq&mawmfvnf; rausmfMum;ao;ojzifh) edAmefr*fzdkvf[lonfrSm &Edkifaomacwf r&SdawmhNyD[k jrefrmjynf &[ef;avmuwckvkH;u ,lqvsuf&Sd&m]vl} qdkonfrSmum; &[ef;rsm;NyD;vQif NyD;Mu&aomacwfjzpf\/ wGif 'udP0efwkduf&Sd

*dkPf;csKyfq&mawmfrsm;onf *Pef;ocsmFoifay; ausmif;om;pnfum;jcif;udkvnf; Munfhvdk[efrwl? r*fzdkvfudk &paumif;ao;onfh qdkjcif;twGufvnf; ]em;uavm} [efwl&avum;Nrdwfq&mawmfudk ]MuOf} Muav\/

bkef;BuD;ausmif; uREkfyftouf udk;ESpfom;t&G,fwdkif a&mufvwfaomf armfvNrdKifNrdKUaumhu&dwf&GmrS bJGUawmf OD;wdavmuac: &[ef;wyg;onf rEav;NrdKUodkU


35/344


xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf\rdbrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESifh ]wjy} cefU avmufoma0;aom&dkifwef;t&yfrS 17 ]jy} a0;onfh &efESifwHcg;udk ajymif;a&TUMujyefavNyD/ xdkt&yfodkU rajymif;a&TUrD &dkifwef;&yfaepOfu uREkfyftwGuf rSwfavmufom;avmuf oifcef;pmBuD;wck &apaom

tjzpftysufwckudk azmfjyvdk\/ wno aps;csKdawmfBuD;udk yxrtBudrf rD;avmifav&muREkfyfwkdUaetdrfESifh aps;csKdawmfBuD;rSm a&Twacsmif;rQom jcm;onfjzpf uREkfyf\ woufwmwGif rD;tBuD;tus,favmifjcif;udk yxrtBudrf ]*&if;pwif;} rS Munfh&jcif;jzpfonf/wnOfhywfvkH; avmifjcif;udk wnOfhywfvkH;vdkyif w&yfvkH; xkdifMunfhMu\/ a&pufrsm;[kwdywd r&Sdao;onfhacwfjzpf wydkif;wprQ Nidrf;owfxm;onfh ae&mrsm;wGif wcPwmrQom Nidrf; watmifhrQMumvQif wzefx awmufavmifjyefavonf/ ypnf;rsKd;pkH avmifjcif;jzpf anSmfeHUtrsKd;pkHeHMu&onfhjyif aygufuJGoHtrsKd;rsKd;vnf; Mum;Mu&\/ rD;awmufrsm;onf wae&m wcgw&H Nidrf;awmhrnfuJUodkUjzpfNyD;rS qD? a&eHqD paom avmifpmrsm;odkUul;puf&mwGif rdk;xdk;onfhrD;awmufBuD;rsm; [kef;ueJx awmufvmjyef\/ odkUjzpf&mwGifidkufrsOf;pjyKvmaom rD;Munfhy&dowfBuD;rSm rsufvkH;rsm;NyJ vmMujyefonf/

rD;avmifNyD;onfhaemuf &ufowywfausmfausmfrQtwGif; rD;avmifuGif;BuD;onf uREkfyfwkdUausmif;om;t&G,f oli,frsm;tzdkU&m tifydkUvdkifpifXmeBuD;wck jzpfaeawmh\/ 1950jynfhESpfavmufqDu &efukefodkU uREkfyfqif;oGm;&mwGif aeUcsif;ncsif; olaX;jzpfoGm;onfh ]bdkifukefonf} rsm; taMumif;udk pD;yGm;a&;orm;tcsif;csif; ajymMujcif;rsm; Mum;&onfhtcg uREkfyfrSm i,fpOfu aps;csKdawmfrD;avmifuGif;BuD;udk bGm;ueJowd&rdonf/ eHeufvif;onfESifhwNydKifeuf ykyk&G&G[lorQonf rD;avmifuGif;BuD;okdU avQmufvmMu oHaumufwacsmif;pDESifh[mudkvSef [dk[mudkzGifh ponfjzifh tESHUtjym; xdk;qGarGaESmuf &SmazGMuav&m ae0ifonfh

tqkH; wusyf ESpfusyf ig;usyfwefrsm;udk vlwdkif;vdk& 50dwef 100dwef wdkifatmif &Muolrsm;vnf; &SdMuavonf/ tcsKdUrSm a&TqdkifaiGqdkifwef;rS a&TcJaiGcJrsm;udkyif &&SdMuonfqdk\/jymykHxJrSm &Sm&Muaom ypnf;rsm;udk apmifh0,f,lMuonfh vmbfjrifolrsm;vnf; &efukefMuufwef;yrm ay:vmMuonf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; rdbrsm;rodapyJ ausmif;tm;vyfcsdefwGiftjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl vkduf jymykHudkarTjcif;jzifh waeUvQif okH;yJav;yJrQ &&Sdav&m rkefUzdk;ESpfjym;om&aom oli,fwa,muftzdkU vmbfoyfyum&TifvS vGefpGm auseyfcJUav\/

- 35 -


36/344

a&TOa'gif;

uREkfyf txl;ojzifh wifjyvdkaomtjcif;t&mrSm ydkufqH&Tifbl;jcif;aMumifh uREkfyfysufpD;vm&

ykHyif jzpfavonf/ aps;csKdawmfBuD; jymykHjzpfpOfu okH;yJwrwf okH;Edkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf jymykHay:wGif qdkifwef;rsm; jzpfvmaomtcg ydkufqH0ifayguf r&SdMuawmhojzifhBuHrdBuH&m BuH&awmhonf/ (xdkacwfurl acgufqJGwvkH; wyJ? rkefUwDESpfjym;? zmvl'gcGufuav; wyJ? cGufBuD;wrl;? pD;u&uf wjym; av;vdyf? ]zifqDpGyf} okH;vdyf &aomacwfjzpfaomaMumifh okH;yJwrwfqdkvQif oaX;om;rsKd;ozG,f okH;EdkifMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdUausmif;oaX;OD;bZH\ om;wa,muf&Sd&m olyif rkefUzkd;ajcmufjym;om&onf/) ausmif;om;rsm;onfaps;csKdjymykH (pm;usuf) uG,faysmuf wJwef;qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvm&mwGif (vdkufpifydwfvdkufaom ukefonfBuD;rsm;uJUodkU) pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;awG awGUBuKH&av\/ wGiftcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;onf aps;qdkifrsm;rS tvpfEIdufaompepfudk wDxGifMu\/ txl;ojzifhukefpkHa&mif;aom usLvD,mqdkifrsm;rSm if;wkdUusufpm;&maomXmejzpf\/ ausmif;om;cyfBuD;BuD; av;ig;a,mufwkdUonf ausmif;tm;csdefwGif aps;csKdodkUoGm; jyefvmaomtcga*:vDrsm;? riftkd;rsm;? vufudkifyk0grsm;? cJwHrsm; tp&Sdonfh ypnf;uav;rsm; toD;oD;ygvmMu&m wa,mufvQif ig;rl;wef? ajcmufrl;wef ponfjzifh&cJUMu\/ if;wkdU\ ]yG} jcif;udkjrifMu& aps;csKdoGm;aom ausmif;om;ta&twGuf yGm;rsm;vm&m aemufqkH;wGif ydkufqH&Tifaom oaX;om;ESifh vufzGmaomrdbwdkU\om; tenf;i,frSwyg; aps;orm; jzpfukefMu

avawmhonf/

waeUo uREkfyfonfvnf; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ ydkufqH&Tifjcif;udk oGm;&nfusvsuf&SdpOf

uREkfyfudkcifrifaom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,mufu ]]a[haumifazodef;? igeJUvdkufcJUygvm;uG?bmrSrcufbl;? igvkyfovdkom Munfhvkyf}} [k qdkum vpfykHvpfenf;udk oGefoifav&m uREkfyfvnf; vkdufygoGm;av\/ uREkfyfwkdUtzJGUrSm okH;av;a,muf&Sd uREkfyfonf olwkdU\ vpfykHvpfenf;udk vufawGUoifcef;pm ,l&kHom,lcJUNyD; yxrwacgufjyefvmcJU\/ 'kwd,wacgufrl uREkfyf\ tzGJUom;rsm;u ypnf;rsm;0,fcsifjyK aps;qpfvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfonfzvfa*:vD'dk;BuD;wvkH;udk EIduf,l cg;ydkufxJodkUxnfhvdkuf\/ EIduf,laomtcgwGif vufwkefaomfvnf; cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhNyD;onfhwdkifatmif qdkif&Sifu rjrifaomaMumifh ]w,f[kwfwJUtvkyfygwum;} [k ESpfodrfhrd\/ xdkcP tjcm;qdkifrS usLvD,mukvm;wa,muf ajy;vmuREkfyf\cg;ydkufudk EIdufprf;onfwGif zvfa*:vDBuD;udk awGUoGm;\/ wGif qdkif&Sifqif;vm

- 36 -


37/344


38/344


39/344


ysm;za,mif;vkH;uav;udk uyfxm;\/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwkdUonf enf;jyifqifxm;aom]jrm;wH} wckpD udkifvsuf tyifuav;rsm;xdyfwGif em;vsuf&Sdaom ykpOf;aumif uav;rsm;\

a&SUwGif za,mif;vkH;uav;udk Ny&m (if;wdkU\tpm) ydk;aumifuav; xifrSwfonfESifh 0DueJ

jrnfum xysHvmNyD;vQif za,mif;vkH;uav;udk vIyfvIyf zrf;vdkuf\/ if;\oGm;rsm;onfza,mif;vkH;wGif pl;0if jyefEkwf&ef rjzpfEdkifyJ&Sd&um; uREkfyfwdkUonf ykpOf;aumifudk tvG,fwul zrf;,lEdkifonf/ (Oa&mywkdufom;rsm; ig;rQm;jcif;tvkyfjzifh tysif;ajzMuonf[k uREkfyfzwf&aomtcg igwkdUykpOf;zrf;jcif;rQavmuf aysmfygavp} [k atmufarhrdonf/ olwdkUonfa&atmuf&Sdaom ig;aumifudk rjrif&yJ ig;pmjzifh jrLMu&jcif;jzpf&m uREkfyfwkdUum; ykpOf;aumifudk txift&Sm;jrifEdkif\/ tcsKdUykpOf;onf &kwfw&uf udkufzrf;jcif;rjyKao;yJ ol\OD;acgif;wGif wnf&Sdaom rsufvkH;rsm;udk ]uv,fuv,f} vkyfum rouFmaomtrlt&mjzifhplprf;qifjcifaeonfwGif jrif;NrD;zsm;&Sdaom za,mif;vkH;uav;udk ydk;aumifESifhwlatmifvSKyfay;&onfrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSonf/ wcgw&HwGif ykpOf;aumifonf za,mif;vkH;uav;udk udkufzrf;awmhrnfvkyfNyD;rS &pfywfysHoef;umMunfh ]eifwdUkavmufrsm; yg;vdkU[,f} [k qdkonfhoabmESifh 0DueJjrnfum ysHajy;oGm;avawmh\/) uREkfyfwkdUonf rdxm;aomykpOf;rsm;udk bmrQrvkyfwwf/ tuFsDtdwfaxmifxJwGif vufudkify0gjzifh zdxm; tdrfteD;odkUa&mufaomtcgrS vTwfypfcJUMuavonf/

uREkfyfwkdU nDtpfudkESpfa,mufonf &efESifwHcg;rS ausmif;odkU xGufvmMu&mwGif a&S;OD;pGma&Twacsmif;udk jzwfausmfonfh tajrmufwef;wHwm;odkU a&mufMu\/ xdkae&mrSp 'udP0efwkdufbufodkU csKd;0if&onfh qdkif;wef;wHwm;odkU ra&mufrD a&qdyfaygif; w'gZifcefUrQ&Sd&m0dZ,rif;om;\ aemufygwynfhrsm;tm; bDvl;rrsm;u tm&kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdUjzifh jzm;a,mif; aoG;

aqmifavawmhonf/ xdkacwfu a&Twacsmif;rSm ,ckuJUodkU a&qkd;ajrmif;r[kwf? rw&mtxufrS pD;qif;vmcJU? vGefawmif;? 0g;&if;wkwf? awmifNyKH;? o&uef? uefydkif paom &Gmrsm;udk jzwfausmfNyD;vQif tdk;zdkudkausmf rEav;NrdKUxJodkU 0ifvmonfh a&&Sifacsmif; jzpfaomaMumifh tawmfMunfvif woGifoGifpD;qif;vsuf&Sd\/ a&udkjrif&vQif (aoawmhrS aoa&m)ajy;qif; ckefayguf,uful;csifwwfaom ausmif;om;t&G,f uREkfyfwdkUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufrSma&qdyfwdkif; tjcm;oli,fuav;rsm; aysmf&TifpGma&csKd;Mujcif;udk jrif&jcif;? wbGrf;bGrf;ul;,ufMuaom a&oHESifh jrL;wl;atmf[pfMuaom oli,foHrsm;udk Mum;&jcif;? arSmfyifuav;rsm; arsmvuf&Sdaoma&rS &eHUwrsKd;udk &I&Iduf&jcif;? a&\at;jraomtawGUudkpdwful;jzifh vGrf;&jcif;wnf;[laom tm&kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdU\ aoG;aqmifrIaMumifh a&qdyf wckESpfck

- 39 -


40/344

a&TOa'gif;

wGif BudwfcHEdkifMuaomfvnf; wwd,? pwkw ponfh a&qdyfrsm;odkU a&muf&mwGifrlum;wa,muf\rsufESmudkwa,muf MunfhaeMuavNyD/ tawmtwGif; twlwuG a&csKd;aeusjzpfonfh vluav;rsm;u ]]a[haumifawG vmMuvuGm? tapmBuD;&Sdygao;w,f}} [k [pfac:

vkdufMuaom tcgwGifrlum; uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf pmtkyfuav;rsm;udkypfcs? t0wfudkcRwf ykHNyD;vQif a&xJodkU 'dkifAifxdk;qif;vkdufMuavawmhonf/

uREkfyfwkdU rlvBuH&G,fcsufrSm cPwjzKwf a&csKd;NyD;aemuf ausmif;csdefrSDatmif wufMu&efjzpf\/ wcgw&Hvnf; ausmif;wufrSD wcgw&Hvnf; ausmif;wufaemufusojzifh t&dkufcHMu&\/ xdkUaemufwGifrl taysmfMuL; ausmif;csdefvGefoGm;aom tcgrsm;wGif t&dkufcH&rnfudk aMumufonfESifh ausmif;rwufyJ ausmif;ajy;zdkU oabmwl qkH;jzwfvkdufMuav\/wcgw&HwGifvnf; tdrfvkyf&efay;vkdufonfhtvkyf (Home Work) udk rvkyfcJUrdMuojzifht&dkufcH&rnf[k odonfESifh a&qdyfrS wrifrwufyJ ausmif;ajy;vkdufMu\/ aemufwaeUwGifaeraumif;aomaMumifh[k vdrfajymjcif;tm;jzifh t&dkufvGwfatmif BudK;pm;Mu\/ odkU&mwGifuREkfyf\ynma&;twGuf rnfonfhrdbESifhrQrwlatmif *&kpdkufwwfaom uREkfyf\zcifonf

ausmif;odkU &Hzef&Hcg0ifvm ,refaeUu uREkfyfwdkU ausmif;rwufjcif;ESifh qkH;pnf;onfhtcguREkfyfwkdU\ tvdrfay: ]ESpfxyfuGrf;} t&dkufcHMu&\/ q&mawmfonf ausmif;ajy;aomausmif;om;tm; Murf;jyifay:wGif tvsm;arSmufap ajcvufrsm;udk ausmif;om;av;a,mufwkdUu wbufpDudkifxm;pOf BudrfvkH;jzifh 10csufwdwd &dkufavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfwkdU t&dkufcH&jcif;udkzcifjrif&aomfvnf; rauseyfao;ojzifh tdrfodkUa&mufaomtcg xyf&dkufao;\/ zcif\vufrSm toufBuD;NyDjzpfaom q&mawmf\vufxuf jyif;aomaMumifh ESpfqokH;q ydkem\/wcgu uREkfyftm; zcif&dkuf armifyktm; olUtaz(rdcif\armif) u&dkufav&m orD;a,mufz

ESpfa,mufonf udk,fhom;udkudk,f &dkufMu&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf olUxufigematmifvufpGrf;jyMuonfh vuPmESifh zcifu uREkfyf\vufarmif;udk aq;jyif;vdyfrD;ESifhxdk;qJwGifOD;BuD;u armifyk\i,fxdyfudk ydef;wef;zdeyfjzifh ckwfvkdufonfESifh aoG;rsm;jzmqif; vmawmhonf/ armifykrSmvnf; uREkfyf\ar;aph trm&GwfuJUodkU xdyfwnfhwnfhwGif okH;vufrcefU&Sdaomtrm&GwfBuD;wck ao&mygoGm;&Smonf/ uREkfyf\zcifrSm tjcm;aomzcifrsm;xuf t&dkufoefonf rSefaomfvnf; ynmvdkvm;jcif;ESifh uREkfyf\rkdufrJjcif;udk uREkfyfem;vnfonf jzpfaomaMumifh txufyg &dkufjcif;rsKd;twGuf pdwfxJ rnfodkUrQr&SdcJUyg/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJxdcdkufapaom &dkufjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sd oufqdkif&mae&mwGifrS azmfjyygrnf/

- 40 -


41/344


uREkfyftm; t*Fvdyfpmoifjyonfh OD;wdavmurSmvnf; uREkfyf\zcifESifh ]eifvm;igvm;}qkd&avmufatmif t&dkufoefvSaom q&mwyg;jzpf\/ &Hzef&Hcg ausmif;ajy;wwfonfhtxJrSyif twef;xJ ausmif;om;q,fa,muf&Sdonfhteuf 'kwd,aomfvnf;aumif;? wwd,aomfvnf;aumif;? vkdufEdkifcJUoljzpf\/ usuf&efay;vdkufaompmudk aeUwkdif;ppf wvkH;r&vQif BudrfvkH;jzifh wcsuf&dkufavh&Sd&m uREkfyfyif waeUvQiftenf;qkH; okH;av;csuft&dkufcH&onf/ t&dkufvGwfaom ausmif;om;[lum; wa,mufrQr&SdcJUacs/ aeUpOfwwfaompmudkomru pma[mif;rsm;udkvnf; &ufowywfwBudrf (tzdwfaeUwdkif;) jyefvnfppfaq;avh&Sd&m xdkaeUtwGufrSmrlum; Budrf2vkH;3vkH; jzef;jzef;uJG&onfcsnf;jzpfavonf/odkUESifhvnf; uREkfyfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;yOif;taMumif;udk wcGef;rQraumif;ajymjcif;rMum;&? q&mu wynfhtm;&dkufjcif;onf xkH;pHjzpfonf[k vufcHMu q&mtay:wGifcspfaMumuf&dkaopdwf &SdMuonfcsnf; BuKHcJU&avonf/ wcgu OD;yOif; rusef;rrm&Sd&mwGif(pmoifrI&yfem;cGifh&&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;xkH;pHtwkdif; 0rf;omMuonfhtxJrSyif) OD;yOif;\usef;rma&;twGuf rdbozG,f pdk;&drfylyefMujcif;udkvnf; BuKH&bl;onf/

uREkfyf\tpfudkw0rf;uJG armifykESifh uREkfyfrSm ]ausmif;ajy;a&m*g} pJGuyfvsuf&SdMu rnfrQyif&dkufESufqkH;raomfvnf; &ufaygif;ESpfq,fokH;q,frQavmufom ausmif;rSefrSefwufMuwaeUwGif a&qdyfrsm;\ jzm;a,mif;rIaMumifh ausmif;ajy;NrJwdkif; ajy;Mujyefav\/ uREkfyfwdkUvkyfMuykHum; aysmfp&mBuD;awmh r[kwfvSyg/ ausmif;rwuf&vQif NyD;a&mqkdaom ]ysif;pdwf} rsKd;0ifvmjcif;om jzpfwef&monf/ a&qdyfa&csKd; rGef;wnfhtcsdefcefUwdkif a&mufaomtcgtvGefa&0ojzifh EIwfcrf;rsm;jym ckdufcdkufwkefcsrf;at;vm&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf ukef;ay:odkUwuf yufvufvSefum aevSef;Mu\/ &ifbwfylaomtcg 0rf;vsm;arSmuf ausmudk

aeylvSef;Mu\/ odkUjzifh wudk,fvkH; &Sef;&Sef;awmuf ylavmifvmonfhtcg a&xJodkU ckefqif;Mujyefavonf/ waeUywfvkH; xdkuJUodkUylcsnfat;csnf cHcJUjcif;twGufaMumifh tusifh&NyD;uREkfyfBuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif tat;rdjcif; enf;yg;avoavm[k xifrdonf/ okdU&mwGif,ck tbkd;BuD;jzpfvmaomtcgrl olwyg;enf;wl tat;rdwwfvmaomaMumifh if;txifudkjyifqifvdkuf&jyefonf/ qmavmifaomtcgrsm;wGif a&Twacsmif;ajrmif;aygif tcsKdUtdrfrsm;&SdNcHrsm;xJrS rmvumoD;? oajyoD;paom opfoD;rsm;udk cl;pm;Mu vQmESifh EIwfcrf;rsm;jymvsuf&SdMu&m tdrfjyefcgeD;wGifrS ovJESifhyGwfwkdufum a&aq;cJUMuavonf/

- 41 -


42/344


43/344


tvSLtwef;ESifh qGrfauR;&SdygrS [if;aumif;uav;rsm; pm;&awmh\/ npmtwGufrl eHeufpmrSusefaom csOfaygif[if;? refusnf;&Guf[if;? ig;ydcsuf? [if;csKd[if;? rQpf[if; (tvSLtwef;&SdvQifvnf;) 0ufom;[if;? ig;aMumfponfh [if;aygif;pkHudk a&m tdk;BuD;wvkH;wGif

]ausmif;[if;av;} usKd pm;Mu\/ npmtzdkUwGif [if;aumif;rygaomaeUyif jzpfapumrlausmif;om;BuD;rsm;vkpm;onfh [if;aumif;udk rjrif&aomaMumifh tvGefqmwwfaom t&G,fvnf;jzpf NrdefvS\/ ]ausmif;[if;av;rSm} teHUwrsKd;& BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif wcgw&HawmifhwrdonfESifh [if;rsm;udk wrifwum a&maESmNyD; usKdpm;bl;ygao;onf/ okdU&mwGifusKdaeus ]ausmif;tdk;} r[kwfaomaMumifh [if;aumif;zwfawGxnfhojzifh t&om &Sdaomfvnf; ausmif;[if;av;eHUudk rrSDatmif&Sdawmhonf/

uREkfyfonf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpfwGif tpm;taomufqif;&Jaomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmupm;cGifh &jcif;aMumifh pdwfnpfavmufatmif r&SdvSay/ zcifu upm;cGifhvkH;0ray;jcif;twGufaMumifh uREkfyfrSm upm;jcif;udk txl;ckHrifaom oli,fwa,muf jzpfvmonfxif\/ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;b0 npmpm;NyD; xifovkdae&jcif;twGuf tvGefaysmfaomfvnf;

nOfhtcsdefrsm;rl ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ usDpm;jcif;aMumifh pdwfnpf&\/ rdbrsm;ESifh cGJcGmrtdyfcJU&bl;onfh uREkfyfrSm cGJump vGwfvyfjcif;aMumifh aysmfrdaomfvnf; &ufowywfMum&Sdaomtcg rdcifudk vGrf;qGwfaompdwfjzpfvm nOfhtcsdefrsm;wGifrl nId;i,fpjyKvmavNyD/txJwGif ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u teif;cdkif;jcif;? aygifudk vufoD;ESifh jznf;nSif;pGm xkckdif;jcif;? rD;cGufrIwfaomtcg OD;pGef;zkwfudk qGJoluqJG? ausmudk qdwfoluqdwf? cg;udk]uvdxkd;} oluxkd; ponfjzifh usDp,fMuavawmh\/ nwdkif;vdkyif xdkuJUodkU tenf;ESifhtrsm;

usDpm;Mu&mrS wnrl oef;acgifausmfonfhwdkifatmif uvdMuav&um; eufjzefnae ausmif;

qif;csdefwGif uREkfyfonf tdrfawmf&mbk&m;xJokdU 0ifcsifjyK 17jya0;aomc&D;udk w[kefwnf;ajy;um armBuD;yef;BuD;ESifh tdrfodkUa&mufvmjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;onf/ rdbrsm;tm; tjzpftysufudk ajymjy&mwGif uREkfyftm; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; rxm;awmhyJ aeUausmif;om;tjzifhESifh ausmif;wufapygawmhonf/ (4if;tjzpftysufaMumifh ayavmrod? uREkfyf BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg uav;oli,frsm;udk idkatmif usDpm;csifwwfolrsm;tm; &efolozG,f tjrifuyfvSygonf/)

- 43 -


44/344

a&TOa'gif;

armifykudk ausmif;Ekwfvdkuf uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; ausmif;wuf&onfwGif ausmif;ajy;

a&m*grS oufom&m& ausmif;rSefrSefwufvsuf &Sdaomfvnf; vuPmrSm tjrpfjywfao;jcif;r[kwf? ]ikwf} aejcif; rQomjzpf ausmif;om;BuD; jzpfvmaomtcsdefwGif wcsDwcsDay:vmwwfao;\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap bkef;BuD;ausmif; aepOftwGif;rl ausmif;ajy;onfr&Sdawmhyg/ okdUyifjzpfvifhupm; wa,mufwnf; ausmif;oGm;&jcif;rSm ysif;vnf;ysif;?ajcaxmufvnf; anmif;onfESifh jrif;&xm;aemufNrD;cdkzdkU tusifhvkyfawmhonf/ jrif;&xm;rsm;onf a&Twacsmif;aygif (ajrvrf;)rS rarmif;yJ ausmufvrf;wGifom armif;MuaomaMumifhausmif;rStjyefwGif aps;csKdudkjzwf 84vrf;wavQmuf ajrmufodkUavQmufvm,if; aemufodkUcPcP vSnfhMunfh&\/ jrif;&xm;wpif; armif;vmaomtcg ausmufvrf;eab;&Sd ajrvrf;ay:wGif avQmufcJU&mrS ausmufvrf;bufodkU rodrom csOf;uyfvkduf&\/ xifxif&Sm;&Sm;ruyf0HUay/ okdUjyK&jcif;rSm jrif;&xm;ukvm;tay: [efvkyf&jcif;jzpf\/ jrif;&xm;ukvm;rsm;onf aemufNrD;cdkpD;aom oli,frsm;udk MumyGwfESifhvSrf; &dkufwwfay&m uREkfyfuol\jrif;&xm;udk aemufNrD;cdkrnfh BuH&G,fcsuf vkH;0r&Sdav[efjzifh tjcm;bufodkU rsufESmvSnfhum vrf;avQmufvm&\/ jrif;&xm;onf uREkfyfudkrSDvm ausmfwuf&mwGif tcsKdUukvm;onf vrf;eab;rSavQmufaom aumifuav;rsm;udk rsufapmif;xkd;um tuJcwfwwfaMumif; uREkfyfodaomaMumifh olUjrif;&xm;udk *&krpdkufav[efjzifh rsufESmvTJum

vrf;avQmufvm&jcif;jzpf\/ ausmfwufoGm;onfh tcgwGifvnf; &kwfw&uf ajy;rvdkufao;yJ ukvm;u vSnfhMunfhrMunfhudk apmifhMunfh&ao;\/ awmfawmfuav;a0; pdwfcs&aom tcgrSom ajy;vkdufNyD; aemufNrD;cdk&avonf/ ckd;aMumifckd;0SufjyKaom tvkyfrsKd;rSmvG,fulvSonf r[kwfacs/

jrif;&xm;aemufckHay:wGif 0rf;vsm;arSmufum aexm;wus ckdpD;vmpOf wcgw&H jrif;&xm;onf &kwfw&uf &yfvkdufonfjzpfap? rvdkaomvrf;bufodkU auGUcsKd;vdkufonfjzpfap&kwfw&uf avQmqif;&jyef\/ auGUoGm;aomtcg ukvm;onf aemufodkU vSnfhMunfhckdufESifhBuKH uREkfyfudkjrifojzifh MumyGwfudkjyoGm;&m uREkfyfuvnf; vufoD;uav;udk jyvdkufao;onf/ wcgw&HwGifrl 0rf;vsm;arSmufum ckdpD;pOf vrf;ab;rS vlaemufuav;wa,mufu]]a[;...*gvd0gvm;}} [kac:um &xm;aemufNrD;odkU vufnId;nTefjyojzifh ysm,D;ysm,m

avQmqif;vkduf&\/ aemufuscJUvQif &TDueJjrnfvmaom MumyGwfonf ausmay:odkU

- 44 -


45/344


vnf;aumif;? OD;acgif;ay:odkUvnf;aumif; trSwfwHqdyf &dkufESdyfvkdufojzifh t&Id;rsm;xifaecJUavNyD/ uJUodkUcH&aomtcgrsm;wGif a'goxGufvmojzifh uREkfyfonf [pfatmfajymaom aumifuav;udk vSrf;Munhfvdkuf &G,fwlcsif;jzpfaeygu wcsDwyJG owfykwfcJU&

ao;onf/ waeUo enf;jzifh aumifuav;ESifhowfykwfaepOf rdcifESifhzcifwdkU aps;csKdrSzdeyfvkyf&eftwGuf ouvyfxnfESifh tjcm;ypnf;rsm;0,f jrif;&xm;jzifh jyefvmMuonfESifhuREkfyfwkdUudkjrifoGm;\/ zcifonf jrif;&xm;ay:rSqif;vm aumifuav;wa,mufESifhowfykwf&rnfavmqdkum tdrfa&mufrS &dkufOD;rnf[k BuKH;0g;ao;&m rdcifu ]]udk&ifhrvJbmrar;? nmrar;eJU &dkufcsifwmcsnfyJudk;}} [kajymojzifh zcifu ]]&efjzpfwmudk;As}} [kjyefajymonfwGif rdcifu ]]jzpfoifhvJ jzpf&rSmaygh udk&if}} [k cyfwif;wif; jyefajymonfESifhuREkfyf t&dkufvGwfoGm;&bl;avonf/

uREkfyfonf zcif\obm0udk rdcifobm0uJUokdU rBudKufEdkifaomfvnf; zcif\ ynmvkdvm;aom 0goemtaMumif;udk csD;usL;azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyf okH;ESpfausmfav;ESpfom;&Sd pum;ajymwwfpjyKonf qdkvQifyif zcifonf zdeyfvkyfzdkU ud&d,mrsm; 0,f&efoGm;wdkif; uREkfyftm;

yckH;ay:wGifxrf;vsuf vuPma&;okH;yg;? wdydaom b*0g? a[wkypa,mpaom pmrsm;udkEIwfwkdufcsay;ojzifh uREkfyf &GwfqdkwwfaeavNyD/ uBuD;cauG;rQ roif&ao;rD txufygpmrsm;udk ryDuvmyDuvmjzifh vlBuD;rsm;a&SU &Gwfqdkckdif;jyjcif;tm;jzifh tom;,lwwf&Smonf/ uREkfyftm; vlxl;uav;[l tjcm;olrsm;u csD;rGrf;Muaomtcg zcifrSm tvGef *kPf,laomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum; 0rf;omjcif;r&Sd? tjcm;uav;rsm;uJUodkU rupm;&jcif;twGufom0rf;enf;rdonf/ BuD;jyif;aomtcg pOf;pm;rdonfum; arsmufyJGjyaomtcgwGif y&dowfuMobmvufckyfwD;jcif;twGuf 0rf;omjcif;r&Sdaom arsmufuav;ESifh wlavawmhonf[l

jzpfonf/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif t*Fvdyfpmoifcgp ausmif;om;okH;av;q,fcefU wNydKifeufwnf;oifMu&m okH;vcefUMumaomtcgwGif tawmfqkH;aom ausmif;om; 10a,mufudk a&G;xdyfwef;wwef; zGJUvkdufonfwGif uREkfyfonf 'kwd,vdkuf\/ yxr&aom ausmif;om;onf

- 45 -


46/344

a&TOa'gif;

uREkfyfxuf toufokH;ESpfBuD; uREkfyfatmufwGifvnf; uREkfyfxuf toufav;ig;ESpfBuD;olrsm;yif&SdMuonf/ xdktcsdefrSp uREkfyfwkdU xdyfwef;ausmif;om; q,fa,muftm; okH;vwBudrf pmar;yJGjyKvkyfav&m uREkfyf\zcifonf xdyfqkH;rSatmifaom ausmif;om;okH;a,muf

twGuf qktjzpfESifhcsD;jrSifh&ef Avmpmtkyfrsm;? cJwHrsm;? riftdk;rsm;? csKdcsOfrsm; 0,fvmcJUNyD;vQifOD;yOif;xHwGif tyfESHxm;\/ yxratmifjrifoltwGuf aps;csKdxJrS azmifwdefwacsmif; 0,fcJUjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ uREkfyfonf azmifwdefvdkcsifvS ylqmaomfvnf; 0,fray;yJ]azmifwdefvkdcsifvQif yxr&atmif rif;BudK;pm;}[k zcifu jyefajymavonf/

uREkfyfum; yxrr&? 'kwd,ESifh wwd,rQom vdkufcJUEdkifaomaMumifh zcif\azmifwdefqkudkuREkfyfr&? b,fawmhrSvnf; 0,fray;acs/ uREkfyf\rdbrsm;rSm xdkpOfu pD;yGm;a&; acsmifvnfvSonf r[kwfonfhtxJrS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; okH;av;ig;usyfwefrQpDjzifh pm;ar;yGJvkyfwdkif;qkay;jcif;wnf;[laom csD;jrifhrIonf a&S;cwfrS acwfwdkifatmif rnfonfh ausmif;om;rsm;\ rdbrsm;rS jyKvkyfonf[k rBuKHbl;ay&um; arG;ozcif\ ynma&; ajrSmufpm;tm;ay;jcif; wnf;[laom 0goemESifhapwemudk vIdufvSJpGm MunfndKrdygonf/ zcifonf uREkfyftay: tkyfcsKyfykH wif;usyfvGef;onf[k rauseyfjcif; tBudrfBudrf jzpfcJU&bl;aomfvnf;tcsufwpfckudk ESvkH;oGif;jcif;tm;jzifh ajzazsmufcJU&ygonf/

bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; OD;wdavmu\ pmoifykHxl;qef;aom tcsufwckudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/aeUpOfwufay;aom pmrsm;udk wvkH;r&vQif wcsuf&dkufaMumif; azmfjycJUbl;&m? okH;wef;odkUuREkfyfwdkUa&mufMuaomtcg OD;yOif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; udk,fwdkif&dkuf& vufanmif;aomaMumifhayavm? okdUwnf;r[kwf BudrfvkH;zdk; rwwfEdkifaomaMumifhayavm rqdkEdkif? qkH;rykH

wenf; wDxGifvdkuf\/ uREkfyfwdkU ausmif;om;q,fa,mufonf pDwef;vsuf &yfaeMupOfxdyfqkH;ausmif;om;tm; pmwvkH;ar;vkduf\/ xdkolu ajzEdkifvQif 'kwd,vltm; tjcm;pmwvkH;ar;\/ ,if;okdU wa,mufpDar;oGm;&m rajzEdkifol&Sdonfhtcg aemufvltm;ar;xdkoluajzEdkifvQif rajzEdkifaomvl\xdyfudk wcsufxkd;NyD; ol\ae&modkU wuf&\/ rajzEdkifatmufodkUa&TUay;&aomvlrSm rQESifhrNyD;ao;yJ aemufwvkH;ar;jyef&m rajzEdkifjyefu ajzEdkifaom atmufvl\ xdyfxkd;jcif;cH&NyD; wae&mqif;&jyef\/ pmwvkH;rS rusufcJU&ol jzpfygrlwa,mufNyD;wa,muf wwef;vkH;\xdyfxkd;cH&if; atmufqkH;okdU a&mufoGm;avawmh\/ wcgw&HwGif cufaompmwvkH;udk xdyfqkH;vltm;ar; rajzwwfojzifh 'kwd,vltm;ar;&m xkdoluvnf; rajzwwfvQif ]aemufwa,muf? aemufwa,muf} qdkum wwef;vkH;qkH;atmif

- 46 -


47/344


ar;oGm;\/ wcgw&HwGif atmufqkH;vlokdUa&mufumrS ajzEdkifjcif;vnf; &Sdav&m xkdolonfwwef;vkH;udk ]xdyfxkd;} NyD; txufqkH;okdU wufoGm;&av\/ wcgw&Hrl wwef;vkH;\xdyfxkd;cH&NyD; atmufqkH;odkU qif;oGm;&aomvlonf wwef;vkH;udk ]xdyfxkd;} NyD; txufqkH;odkU

jyefa&mufoGm;jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdavonf/ yxr ausmif;om;rsm;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom pepfwck[l awmfawmfoabmusMuonf/ aemufydkif;rl tjypftemtqmrsm;awGUvmMu\/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf ueOD; cyfrSefrSef ]xdk;} Muaomfvnf; aeU&uf&SnfMumaomtcgwGifighudkememxkd;onf? olUudknSmonf ponfrsm;jzifh trSwfxm;um &efNidK;zGJUvmMu\/ rdrdtm;ememBuD;xkd;aomvludk tcGifh&aomtcgwGif ememBuD;jyefxkd; rdrdtm;nSmaomvludk nSmxkd;\/ OD;yOif;onf ememxkd;jcif;udk cGifhvTwfaomfvnf; nSmxkd;aomvludkac: ]]'Dvdkxkd;&w,fuG}} [kqdkum xkdol\OD;acgif;udk ememBuD;xkd;jyavonf/ wGif uREkfyfwdkUrSm rnfolUtm;rqdk ememxkd;vQifomxkd;onf? ]nSm}onf[lum; rvkyf0HUMuawmhay/ xdkUjyif uREkfyfwdkUtwef;xJ toufvnf;BuD; 00wkwfwkwfESifh Avaumif;aom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,muf

&Sd&m xdkolu xkd;&aomtvSnfhwGif cyfrSefrSefxkd;aomfvnf; av;vHvSaom ol\vufoD;BuD;aMumifh uREkfyfuJUodkUaom aumifuav;rSm ykyk0ifoGm;av\/ uREkfyfwkdUteufwGif touftBuD;qkH;jzpf ydefydef&Snf&Snf ausmif;om;BuD;wa,mufvnf; &S dao;\/ xdkolrSm 18 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif t&yf 5ay 10vufrcefU &SdaeavNyD/ uREkfyfonf xdkvlBuD;tm; xdk;&ef&Sdaomtcgol\OD;acgif;udk rSDatmifrvSrf;Edkifojzifh ckefxdk;&m tm;vkH;u&,fMu\/ wcgurl vltrsm;&,fMurnfpdk;onfhvuPmESifh ol\OD;acgif;udk ikHUay;&m onfrSmvnf; oufom&mr&yJ&,fNrJwdkif; &,fMuavonf/ (ppftwGif; ouFef;0wfaeonfh xdkvlBuD;tm; bkef;BuD;ausmif;

wausmif; awGUqkHrdMu&mwGif taMumif;udk oluyifajym &,fMu&ao;onf/) xdkvlBuD;onf uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom vlrsm;teufwGif oabmtaumif;qkH; wa,mufjzpf\/ xkdtcsdefrl uREkfyfxuf t&yfwvufrcefUavmufom jrifhawmh\/ (,ckrlum; ysHvGefawmfrl&SmavNyD/) uREkfyfrSm twef;xJwGif tawmfqkH;xJujzpfygvsuf (eHygwfcsdwfxJwGif ygonf/)waeUvQif tenf;qkH; av;ig;csuf txkd;cH&ojzifh vl0BuD;\ vufoD;csufrdaomaeUrsm;wGifOD;acgif;usdef;ao;&m nHUzsif; q,fhav;ig;csuf txkd;cH&olrsm;tzdkUrSm b,fvdkae&SmMurnfrajymwwfay/ uREkfyfwdkUonf waeUvkH; twef; txufESifhatmuf qif;csnfwufcsnf &SdaeMuav&m aemufqkH;tcsdefwGif rdrdwkdU\ ae&mtpDtpOfudk rSwfom;xm; aemufwaeUwGif4if;tpDtpOftwdkif; &yfMu&av\/ ,ckjyefMunfhaomf rnfonfhausmif;wGifrS rBuKHcJU

- 47 -


48/344

a&TOa'gif;

bl;onfh pepfjzpfaomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; pmusufapzdkU wkdufwGef;a&;wGif tvGeft&ma&mufaom pepfwckjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcscsif\/ okdU&mwGif pepftwkdif; vdkufemusifhokH;MuzkdU tBuHay;wkdufwGef;jcif;um; r[kwfay/

xdyfqkH;jzpfaom uREkfyfwkdU ausmif;om;q,fa,mufonf av;wef;odkU a&mufMuaomtcguREkfyfwdkU atmufwGifvnf; yxrwef;rS wwd,wef;txd wwef;vQif ausmif;om;q,fhav;ig;a,mufpD &SdMuojzifh ausmif;om;pkpkaygif; 60cefU &SdaeavNyD/ xdktcsdefwGifynmtkyf (0efaxmufrif;[kac:Muonf/) OD;ausmf&efESifh qufrd tpdk;&pmppfcHausmif;jzpfatmif pDrHMu\/ t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfaom OD;ausmf&ef\ 0g,rpdkufxkwfrIaMumifh tvGwfynmoif bkef;BuD;ausmif;tjzpfrS tpdk;&pmppfcH Ak'bmomausmif;BuD; jzpfvm&onfrSefaomfvnf; rlvblw tppftrSefrSm Nrdwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; OD;eEESifh OD;yOif;OD;wdavmuwkdU\ vkHUvya,m*wkdUaMumifh jzpfayonf/ bD?wD?tif ac: Ak'bmomausmif;BuD;us,f vmaomtcsdefwGif &[ef;awmfESpfyg;wkdU\ bJGUawmfrsm; wdrfjrKyfNyD; OD;ausmf&ef\trnfomvQif wnfaxmifoltjzpfESifh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vsuf &SdcJUjcif;twGufaMumifh Nrdwfq

&mawmfbk&m; tzdkU&m rnfokdUrQr&Sdaomfvnf; OD;wdavmu udk,fawmfurl auseyfonfhvuPmr&SdyJ uavmiform;wa,muf jzpfvmaom uREkfyftm; taMumif;udk azmfxkwfa&;om;&ef wkdufwGef;bl;\/ uREkfyfuvnf; a&;ygrnf[k uwday;cJUbl;\/ okdU&mwGiftcgtcGifh roifhonfhtwGufaMumifh ra&;jzpfyJ&SdcJU&m ESpfyg;vkH; ysHvGefawmfrlNyDjzpfaom,cktcsdefrSyif taMumif;udk a&;&ygawmhrnf/ Nrdwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; twGufum; udpr&Sd? OD;wdavmu udk,fawmftwGufrl ruG,fvGefrD a&;jyjcif;tm;jzifh aus;Zl;rqyfEdkifjcif;twGuf vGrf;qGwf0rf;enf;rdygonf/

1900 jynfhESpfwGif qdkif;wef;&yf wdkufwvkH;iSm; 'udP0efwdkuf Nrdwfausmif;rS ausmif;om;aygif; 90 100rQ ajymif;a&TUNyD;vQif Ak'omoemEk*(bD?wD?tif) tpdk;&pmppfcH t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomoif ausmif;BuD;trnfESifh pwifzGifhvSpfcJUavonf/ xdyfqkH;jzpfaom uREkfyfwdkUausmif;om;q,fa,muftm; t*Fvdyfpm poifaomtcsdefrSonf 4if;ESpf 'DZifbmvwGif

- 48 -


49/344


uREkfyfwkdUtm; av;wef;pmar;yJGodkUoGif; tpdk;&pmppfcHapaom tcsdefwdkifatmif wESpfESifhokH;vrQom tcsdefMum\/ okdUESifhyif uREkfyfwdkU ausmif;om;q,fa,mufvkH;onf av;wef;pmar;yJG atmifjrifMu&avum; rEav;wNrdKUvkH; [dk;av;wausmfjzpf ausmif;om;

ta&twGufrSmvnf; ausmif;rqHUatmif wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmav\/ rQaom tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;twGif; q,fa,mufvkH; atmifjrifMujcif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmrusufyJaerjzpfatmif usyfwnf;pGmoifjyaom OD;yOif; OD;wdavmu\ aus;Zl;yifjzpfonf[k rSwfcsufay;vkduf&ayonf/

ae&mwGif OD;yOif;OD;wdavmutaMumif; qufvufazmfjyyg&apOD;/ OD;wdavmuonfuREkfyfwdkU ig;wef;odkUwufaomESpf &[ef;b0udk aysmfydkuf[efr&SdyJ vlxGuf tdrfaxmifusoGm;avNyD? OD;wdavmutm; uREkfyfwkdUausmif;om;rsm;u rnfrQavmuf cspfaMumuf&dkao&SdMuykHudk BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif tcsif;csif;ajym &,frdMuao;onf/ &,frdMujcif;rSmuREkfyfwdkU BuD;jyif;vmMu touf30ausmf 40t&G,fwGif om;r,m;tvkyftudkifESifh jzpfaeMuaomfvnf; wcgw&H vl0wfvJNyD;jzpfonfh OD;wdavmuESifh rawmfwq qkHrdMu&m

q&mwpfcGef;? t&Sifbk&m;wcGef;? cifAsm;uRefawmfwcGef;ESifh ua,mifacsmufcsm;jzpfumaMumuf'l;wkefvsuf pum;rajymwwfatmif jzpfMu&aomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfudk,fawGU tjzpftysufwckudk azmfjy&aomf 1919ckESpfwGif uREkfyfonf ol&

Shwe-oo-daung Life Time Memory.unlocked

Documents

Transcript of Shwe-oo-daung Life Time Memory.unlocked