Shrubby Pigeon Peas Transform Malawi Farming
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Shrubby pigeon peas transform Malawi farming:
First-generation perennial grain legumes
Wezi Mhango1, S. Snapp2, G.Y.K. Phiri1 and R. Chikowo2
1Lilongwe University of Agric & Natural Resources. Malawi.2Michigan State University
2014 AAAS Meeting, Chicago, IL. Feb 13-17, 2014
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Malawi
Elevation Zones &
Agricultural Development Divisions
KarongaADD
MzuzuADD
KasunguADD
Lilongwe ADD
MachingaADD
BlantyreADD
ShireValley
ADD
Mzuzu
Lilongwe
Blantyre
Zomba
Kasungu
Karonga
Mchinji
Chitipa
Salima
Lower Shire Valley:
< 200 m elevation
Lakeshore, Middle &
Upper Shire: 200 - 760 m
Highlands:
> 1300 m
Mid-elevation Upland
Plateau: 760 - 1300 m
T. Benson; 10/98
MALAWI
Nsanje
SalimaADD
Mzimba
Mangochi
15million people
Area: 118,000km2
Small land holdings
Agricultural based economy
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Farming systems
Smallholder farmers, <ha land holding size
Cropping systems dominated by annual crops
Production: Rainfed, unimodal pattern (Nov/Dec-March)
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Long dry season: soil degradation, no photosynthesis
Nov/Dec-March
Extended Dry season
July-Oct/Nov May-June
Rainy Season
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Broad Challenges
Degraded soils
Climate variability
Pests
Labor
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Two types of legumes
Annuals - for foodPerennials - agroforestrysoil fertility & fuel wood
Bean, peanut & soybean Gliricidia & tephrosia
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A third type of legume
Annuals Perennials
Semi-perennials
Pigeonpea(Cajan cajanus)
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Pigeon pea
Short lived shrub, 1.5 - 4m
Semi perennial grain legume
Deep rooted
Drought tolerant
Wide adaptation
Slow initial growth rates
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Pigeon pea
Nodulates with indigenous Rhizobium, Fix N
Yield: 2.5 t/ha
Provisioning Food
FodderFuel wood
Yield stability
Regulating Soil cover
Moisture retentionSoil fertility
Multiple uses:
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Farmers can choose varieties to suit their needs
Short Medium Long
Days to maturity
120-150 150-180 190-270
Grain high Med-high Low-med
Soil fertility low Med-high High
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Intercropping and rotations
Cereal -Legume intercrop Legume-legume
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Ratooning practice increase PP biomass,
savings on seed
Ratooning
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Pigeon pea extends land cover from 4 to 10 months or
more; and conserves soil moisture
Rainy Season Dry Season
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Pigeon pea fix atmospheric N and improve soil fertility
Region N fixed (kg/ha) Source
Africa 20-140 1
India 69-100 2,3
India 13-69 4,5
Southern Africa 46-118 1,6,7
Southern Africa 20-60 1
West Africa 53-96 8
Source: 1=Adu-Gyamfi et al., 2007; 2=Kumar Rao et al., (1987); 3=Werner, (2005); 4=Kumar Rao et al., (1981); 5=Katayama et al., 1995; 6=Mhango et al 2010, 7=Njira et al., 2012; 8=Egbe et al., 2007;
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Inclusion of PP in cropping systems increase grain yield
of maize
Cropping system
yield increments (%)
Source
PP/MZ +58 1
GNPP/MZ +60 1
PP/MZ +57 2
PP/MZ +38-50 3
MZ+PP/MZ +171-205 4
PP/MZ +207-309 4
1= Mhango et al., 2010. 2= Daniel and Ong (1990); 3=Abunyewa and Karbo (2004); 4=Egbe et a., 2007
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
MZ/MZ MZ/MZ+24kg
N/ha
PP/MZ+24 kg
N/ha
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Mhango et al.,
Fig 1: Maize yield under continuous maize and PP/maize rotations, northern Malawi
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Pigeon pea diversified cropping systems support higher
maize yields overtime
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Pigeon pea cropping systems for adaptation to climate
change
Climate change and variability predictions in southern Africa
Dependence on rain fed agriculture
Cereal-PP cropping systems and adaptation to climate change
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Low risk of failure in Maize-PP systems in the face of climate change than
continuous maizeZombwe
Temperature increase over baseline (°C)
Maiz
e y
ield
(kg/h
a)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Base
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R75
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R90
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Treatment
● MZ24
● MZ92
● Rot24
Soil
● HF
LF
Ollenburger et al.,
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Yes, we can improve soil fertility and food security !
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Acknowledgements
Mc Knight Foundation CCRP
USAID Funded Africa RISING Program
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Africa Research in Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation
africa-rising.net
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