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Factors that have enhanced the significance of HRP

A. Impact of Government legislation on Coal Industry:Govt. of India allocated new coal blocks to mostly private companies and very few govt.

companies got. When the private players have not initiated work why the GOI has not

cancelled their allocation.

2. In the e-auction policy of coal sector, Traders were allowed along with consumers.

These traders are auctioning at higher rate and selling to consumers at still higher rate.

Ban traders from e-auction participation.

3.All of us know that at this rate of mining the coal reserves will evaporate early. Why

the GOI is not encouraging other renewable energies such as solar, wind, mini-hydel etc.

So that coal can be conserved. Give incentives in monetary terms but not land to solar,

windenergy etc.

4. When GOI has poured hundreds of crores of rupees in coal sector for producing more

coal, why the GOI has not thought of movement of coal(despatches).

5. GOI is issuing licenses for setting up Thermal power plants without looking into the

availability of coal. Now a day all the coal producing countries are reducing the

production levels to conserve coal. But we are increasing our production!

SO a rational thinking is necessary.

B.Effects of Productivity Growth on the Dollar/Euro Real ExchangeRate

The euro greatly depreciated against the dollar during the period 1995-2001. This

decline has often been associated with relative productivity changes in the United States

and the euro area over this time period. During this time period in particular, average

labour productivity accelerated in the United States, while it decelerated in the euro

area. Economic theory suggests that the equilibrium real exchange rate will appreciate

after an actual or expected shock in average labor productivity in the traded goods

sector. Such an equilibrium appreciation may be influenced in the medium term by

demand side effects. Thus, productivity increases raise expected income, which leads to

an increased demand for goods. However, the price of goods in the traded sector is

determined more by international competition. By contrast, in the non-traded sector,

where industries are not subject to the same competition, goods prices tend to vary

widely and independently across countries.

The work of Harrod (1933), Balassa (1964), and Samuelson (1964) show that

productivity growth will lead to a real exchange rate appreciation only if it is

concentrated in the traded goods sector of an economy.

Productivity growth that has been equally strong in the traded and non-traded sectors

will have no effect on the real exchange rate.

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This paper analyses the impact of relative productivity developments in the United

States and the euro area on the dollar/euro exchange rate. This paper then provides

evidence on the long-run relationship between the real dollar/euro exchange rate and

productivity measures with and without the oil prices and government spending

variables. Importantly, to the extend that traders in foreign exchange markets respond

to the available productivity data stresses the importance of reliable models.

C. Technological Advances and Challenges in theTelecommunications Sector

REMARKABLE PROGRESS in telecommunications technology has had, and will continue

to have, an enormous impact on telecommunications manufacturing and service

industries. In particular, digital technology that integrates transmission, switching,

processing, and retrieval of information provides opportunities to merge various

service modes into an integrated whole. This digitalization, merging the

communications and computation functions, has been made possible by dramaticadvances in device and material technology, including integrated circuits and optical

fibers. As the role of digital processing increases, systems and services become more

intelligent and labor-saving on the one hand, and more software-intensive on the other.

Satellites and optical fibers, among other technologies, contribute significantly to the

globalization of telecommunications services. Standardization and interoperability of

systems have become global issues, as have compatibility of regulatory measures that

ensure free trade in telecommunication products and services. Because

telecommunications are now indispensable to socioeconomic activities, reliability and

security of telecommunications services have emerged as central issues. In our

information age, information retrieval is gaining in importance, while concerns are

surfacing about the integrity and authenticity of the information to be provided, as wellas the protection of privacy. These diverse issues are important to the future of

telecommunications industries.

D.A competitive business environment on rural retail businessperformance

Influences such as economic restructuring, intensified competition, government

regulations, and technological advances have resulted in heightened environmentalturbulence and uncertainty for small business firms. As noted by Covin and Slevin

(1989), small businesses are particularly susceptible to environmental influences due to

limited resources and the devastating consequences of poor managerial decisions.

According to the authors,

An environmental dimension which...serves as a threat to small firm viability and

performance is hostility. Hostile environments are characterized by precarious industry

settings, intense competition, harsh, overwhelming business climates and the relative

lack of exploitable opportunities. Non-hostile or benign environments...provide a safe

setting for business operations due to their overall level of munificence and richness in

investment and marketing opportunities

Porter (1980) contends that the business environment differs by industry. Ireland et al.(1987) predict that firms in different industry segments will apply different strengths to

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gain competitive advantage. In a study investigating effective strategies in hostile

environments for small manufacturing firms, Covin and Slevin (1989) found that

business practices and organizational responses to the environment differed. Other

research has shown that environments can affect a firm's strategies (McArthur and

Nystrom 1991; White and Hammermesh 1981) and a characteristic of the industry in

which the firm competes is a factor in firm profitability (Hansen and Wernerfelt 1989).Competitive Strategies and Business Performance

According to Porter (1980), the ability of firms to survive in the business environment

is dependent upon their selection and implementation of a competitive strategy that

differentiates the firm from competitors. To cope with forces related to threats of entry,

substitution, bargaining power of suppliers, and rivalry, Porter proposes the

implementation of a generic competitive strategy (that is, cost leadership,

differentiation, or focus) to outperform competitors.

E.

Knowledge economy and knowledge worker on the enterpriseinvestment innovation

In the knowledge economy era, as an important part of business financial management,

investment management is influenced by the knowledge economy. Investment

innovation is concerned with academic and practice of the profession. This paper not

only affirms the significance of investment innovation for businesses to develop, but

also discusses the key problems about business investment innovation through

analyzing the effects of the knowledge economy on enterprises investment innovation.

The paper suggests that enterprises should focus on human resources management,

information technology, innovation management and new product development in the

knowledge economy.

F. Impact of Labour Market Dynamics on the ReturnMigration ofImmigrants

The majority of recent labour immigration to the Netherlands is temporary rather than

Permanent. Across all immigrant groups, a substantial proportion leave the host

country eventually, and many do so within 24 months. We have considered in this paper

the individual labour market drivers of immigration durations.

Despite this extent of temporary immigration, the interdependence of labour market

events and immigration durations has received little attention in the empirical

literature, mainly because of severe data limitations. We have addressed this gap using

a unique Dutch administrative panel of the entire population of recent labour

immigrants. Hence the usual concerns about immigrant data (small samples, missing

covariates, latent migrant types, inaccurate measurement and recall) are absent, as we

observe entry, exit, migration motive, and complete labour market histories. Moreover,

the large size of the data enables us to estimate separate models for distinct immigrant

groups, and we have shown the importance of controlling for observable migrant

heterogeneity.

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The principal methodological challenge arises, however, from unobservable

heterogeneity that is correlated across the migration and the labour market processes.

The timing of events method enables us to control for the selectivity of returnees, and

thus to identify and estimate the causal effects of employment and unemploymenthistories on migration durations. Simpler models which ignore error correlations across

labour market and migration processes are shown to exhibit substantial selection

biases.

Overall, we have found that, across all immigrant groups, unemployment dynamics

shorten the migration duration, while employment spells following unemployment spell

delay the return for all migrants except for those from the new EU countries. The causal

impact of labour market dynamics is quantified in terms of migration durations in

several experiments, focussing on the duration and timing of unemployment spells, and,

in a counterfactual analysis, the effect of improved immigrant quality. These

experiments show that the unemployment durations have a substantial effect, while the

effect of differences in timing and quality are relatively smaller.

G. Impact of growth of service economy on Finance sectorOver 46 percent of the service firms have a bank account to run the business and 30

percent have a business account that is separate from the household account.

Corresponding figures for manufacturing firms are much lower at 33 and 20 percent,

respectively. Similarly, financial accounts of the business are run separately from the

accounts of the household for over 50 percent of the service firms but only 34 percent of

the manufacturing firms. These findings suggest better banking habits among service

firms.

Service firms also score over manufacturing firms in the percentage of firms that use

bank finance for their day to day operation (6 vs. 2 percent) and the same holds for

microfinance (5 vs. 1 percent). Note that the percentage of firms using bank finance or

microfinance in both the sectors is low so that it is difficult to make any definitive

conclusions from the reported differences. At best these findings are indicative of better

access to external financial institutions for service relative to manufacturing firms.

This is further corroborated by the fact that fewer service relative to manufacturing

firms report access to finance as major or very severe obstacle for running their

business (44 vs. 53 percent).