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THEOROTICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT
Meaning- Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on aparticular topic. It is an investigation of finding solutions to scientific and social problems
through objective and systematic analysis. It is a search for knowledge, that is, a discovery of
hidden truths. Here knowledge means information about matters. The information might be
collected from different sources like experience, human beings, books, journals, nature, etc. A
research can lead to new contributions to the existing knowledge. Only through research is it
possible to make progress in a field. Research is done with the help of study, experiment,
observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning. Research is in fact ubiquitous.
Definition and concept
Definition: research is defined as the process which includes defining and redefining problems,
formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing and conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. .
Research comprises of defining and redefining problems of formulating hypothesis or suggested
solutions, collecting organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching
conclusions and carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated
hypothesis
Characteristics of research
1. Research is always directed to solution of a problem2. Research is always based upon observable evidences without finding facts you cannot do
generalization. The value of generalization is not true
3. Research involves accurate observation and description. Only necessary observation shallbe noted.
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4. Research gives emphasis on development of theories, principles and generalizationfindings after a particular research can be used to formulate a theory
5. Research is characterized by systematic and logical procedure. To gain solution one needto be systematic and the methods used should be logical.
6. Research is marked by patience, research should have lot of patience and his observationshould not be made in hurry
7. Research requires that the research has full expertise on the problem being studied.Researcher should have clear cut idea of what the problem is and how to go about it.
Researchers should have full knowledge about it.
8. Research is replicable some other person can do similar type of research9. A researcher requires the skill of writing a research report. Researcher shall have full
knowledge of the report writing
TYPES OF RESEARCH
The basic types of Research are as follows
1. Descriptive ResearchDescriptive research includes survey and fact finding enquiries of different kinds. Themajor purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at
present. The main characteristics of this method are that the researcher has no control
over the variables; he can only report what happened or what is happening.
2. Analytical ResearchThe type of Research in which the researcher has to use facts or information already
available, and analyze them to make critical evaluation of the material is known as
Analytical Research.
3. Applied ResearchIt aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial or
business organization. A Research aimed at certain solutions (say, a solution) facing a
concrete social or business problem is an example of Applied Research.
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4. Fundamental ResearchIt is a type of Research which is mainly concerned with generalizations and formulating a
theory.
Research concerning some natural phenomenon or related to pure mathematics are
examples of Fundamental Research. Also, research studied, concerning human behavior
carried on with a view to make generalizations about human behavior are also examples
of this type of Research.
5. Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable
to phenomenon that can be expressed in terms of quality.
6. Qualitative ResearchIt is concerned with the Qualitative phenomenon. Through this type of research we can
analyze the various factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or
which make people like or dislike a particular thing.
7. Conceptual ResearchConceptual Research is that related to some abstract idea or theory. It is generally used by
philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts to reinterpret existing ones.
8. Empirical ResearchThis type of research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard
to system and theory. It is data based research, coming up with conclusions which are
capable of being verified by observations or experiment.
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RESEARCH PROCESS
Research process consists of a series of steps or actions required for effectively conducting
research. The following are the steps that provide useful procedural guidelines regarding the
conduct of research:
(1) Formulating the research problem;
(2) Extensive literature survey;
(3) Developing hypothesis;
(4) Preparing the research design;
(5) Determining sample design;
(6) Collecting data;
(7) Execution of the project;
(8) Analysis of data;
(9) Hypothesis testing;
(10) Generalization and interpretation, and
(11) Preparation of the report or presentation of the results. In other words, it involves the formal
write-up of conclusions.
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
DEFINE
RESEARCH
PROBLEM
REVIEW
CONCEPT
&THEORIES
REVIEW
PREVIOUS
RESEARCH
FINDINGS
FORMULATE
HYPOTHESIS
DESIGN
RESEARCH
DATA
COLLECTION
ANALYSIS
OF DATA
INTERPRET &
REPORT
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RESEARCH PROBLEM
A research problemrefers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences on the context of the
theoretical situation and wants to obtain solution for the same problem statement may be defined
as an interrogative statement which expresses the relationship between two or more than two
variables hypothesis is a tentative solution given by the researcher for the problem. Hypothesis
stated by the researcher may be true or may not be true depending upon the problem.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Researchers do not carry out work without any aim or expectation. Research is not of doing
something and presenting what is done. Every research problem is undertaken aiming at certain
outcomes. That is, before starting actual work such as performing an experiment or theoretical
calculation or numerical analysis, we expect certain outcomes from the study. The expectations
form the hypothesis. Hypotheses are scientifically reasonable predictions. They are often stated
in terms of if-then sentences in certain logical forms. A hypothesis should provide what we
expect to find in the chosen research problem. In other words, the expected or proposed solutions
based on available data and tentative explanations constitute the hypothesis.
Research Design:
The most important step after defining the research problem is preparing the design of the
research project, which is popularly known as the research design. A research design
helps to decide upon issues like what, when, where, how much, by what means etc. with
regard to an enquiry or a research study. A research design is the arrangement of
conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance
to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Research design is the conceptualstructure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement and analysis of data (Selltiz et al, 1962). Thus, research design
provides an outline of what the researcher is going to do in terms of framing the
hypothesis, its operational implications and the final data analysis.
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Concepts Relating to Research Design:
Some of the important concepts relating to Research Design are discussed below:
1. Dependent and Independent Variables:
A magnitude that varies is known as a variable. The concept may assume different quantitative
values like height, weight, income etc. Qualitative variables are not quantifiable in the strictest
sense of the term. However, the qualitative phenomena may also be quantified in terms of the
presence or absence of the attribute(s) considered. The phenomena that assume different values
quantitatively even in decimal points are known as continuous variables. But all variables need
not be continuous. Values that can be expressed only in integer values are called non-continuous
variables. In statistical terms, they are also known as discrete variables. For example, age is a
continuous variable, whereas the number of children is a non-continuous variable. When changes
in one variable depend upon the changes in other variable or variables, it is known as a
dependent or endogenous variable, and the variables that cause the changes in the dependent
variable are known as the independent or explanatory or exogenous variables. For example, if
demand depends upon price, then demand is a dependent variable, while price is the independent
variable. And, if more variables determine demand, like income and price of the substitute
commodity, then demand also depends upon them in addition to the price of original commodity.
In other words, demand is a dependent variable which is determined by the independent
variables like price of the original commodity, income and price of substitutes.
2 Extraneous Variables:
The independent variables which are not directly related to the purpose of the study but
affect the dependent variable are known as extraneous variables. For instance, assume that a
researcher wants to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between childrens school
performance and their self-concepts, in which case the latter is an independent variable and the
former, a dependent variable. In this context, intelligence may also influence the school
performance. However, since it is not directly related to the purpose of the study undertaken by
the researcher, it would be known as an extraneous variable. The influence caused by the
extraneous variable(s) on the dependent variable is technically called the experimental error.
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Therefore, a research study should always be framed in such a manner that the influence of
extraneous variables on the dependent variable/s is completely controlled, and the influence of
independent variable/s is clearly evident.
SAMPLING
When a few items are selected form the universe for study purposes or research purpose, the item
so selected constitutes what is technically know as a sample. The researcher must decide the way
of selecting a sample or what is popularly known as sampling. In other words, a sample design is
a definite plan determined before any data is actually collected for obtaining a sample from a
given population.
Sampling is broadly divided into two categories-
1. Probability samplingIt is also known as Random Sampling. Under this sampling, every item of the universe has an
equal chance of getting selected or included in the sample. The results obtained from probability
or random sampling can be assured in terms of probability, i.e. we can measure the errors of
estimation or significance of results obtained from a random sample, and this infact brings the
superiority of random sampling over deliberate sampling.
There are types in Probability sampling, they are as follows-
Simple Random Sampling- It is one in which each element in the population hasan equal probability of getting into the sample and all choices are independent of
each other.
Stratified Sampling- In this type of sampling the population is divided intoseveral sub populations that are individually more homogeneous than the total
population (known as strata) and then we select items from each stratum to
constitute a sample.
Area Sampling-where the primary sampling unit represents a cluster of unitsbased on a geographical area, are distinguished as area sampling. If clusters
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happen to be some geographical subdivision that type of cluster sapling is known
as area sampling.
Cluster Sampling-In cluster sampling the total population is divided into anumber of relatively small sub divisions which are themselves clusters of still
smaller units and them some of these clusters are randomly selected for inclusion
in the overall sample.
2. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling Procedure is that sampling procedure which does not
afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of
being included in the sample. In this type of sampling, items for the sample are
deliberately selected by the researcher. Under Non probability sampling the
organizers of the inquiry purposively choose the particular units of the universe for
constituting a sample on the basis that the small mass that they so select out of a huge
one will be typical or representative of the whole.
There are types in Non Probability Sampling, they are as follows-
Quota SamplingIn this type, the investigator recognizes the different stratasof population and from each stratum; he selects the number of individuals
purposefully.
Judgmental SamplingIn judgmental sampling, the investigator on the basis ofhis impression makes a judgment regarding the sample that is to be taken as the
population and hand picks them.
Accidental Sampling- In this type of sampling, the investigator selects thepersons in the population according to his convenience. He does not include
people with specific traits but he is mainly guided by economy and convenience.
Systematic SamplingIt may be defined as drawing or selecting every nthperson from a determined list of elements or individuals.
Snowball SamplingIt is defined as having all the persons in a group ororganization identify their friends who in turn identify their friends and associates
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until the researcher observes that the group of friendship converges into some
type of definite social pattern.
DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is a task which is done after the research problem is defined and
the research design has been chalked out. After sample size has been selected and
the actual sample is selected, data is collected from them. The process of finding
data relevant to the research problem and will help to reach significant conclusion
is called data collection.
Data collection is of two types:-
1. Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and fresh, and thus happensto be original in character. This is basically the method of collecting first hand
information directly from the respondents for the research especially in case of surveys
and descriptive research. The methods of collecting primary data are
Observation method Interview method
Questionnaires Schedules Other methods include warranty cards, pantry audits, content
analysis etc.
2. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and havealready been through the statistical process. It is basically data which is already available
and thus the researcher is not confronted by the problems faced with the collection of
primary data. Secondary data maybe in the form of published or unpublished data. It can
be collected through publications of the Government, technical and trade journals, books,
magazines, papers, public records, historical documents, unpublished autobiographies,
letters, diaries etc.
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OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT
This report has been prepared as a Market Research on Spectacles and Lenses. The objectives of
this report are as follows-
1. To do comparison of the use of spectacles and lenses.2. To see the factors affecting the use or either spectacles or lenses.3. To determine the use of brands.4. To get acquainted with the customers preferences5. To see if the people were satisfied with the price, variety and other factors.6. To identify the factors having the maximum impact on the choice of the customers.7. To know the differentiating factor of Spectacles and Lenses according to the customer8. To find conclusions to the project.
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PROJECT DESIGN
This project is a Market Research on Spectacles and Lenses. The products spectacles and
lenses are compared on various factors related to it in this market research.
The details of the Project design are as follows-
The sample size of this research was 30. The sampling method used was Probability Sampling type- Stratified Random Sampling. The type of Data collected was Primary Data. The data was collected through Questionnaires. In the Questionnaire, there were 15 questions. The statistical tools used in this research are tables, bar graphs, pie charts etc.
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ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
1] Do you have vision problem?
Interpretation: 97% of 30 people have vision problem.
2] What do you use?
Interpretation: 73.33% use Spectacles, 3.33% use Lenses and 23.34% use both spectacles and
lenses
Yes
No
Spectacles Lenses Both
0
5
10
15
20
25
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3] What would you prefer?
Interpretation: 80% prefer using spectacles and 20% prefer using lenses.
4] Do you use spectacles or lenses for style or fashion?
Interpretation: 17% people use spectacles and lenses for style or fashion and 83% do not do so.
Spectacles
Lenses
Yes
No
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5] Which is more comfortable to use?
Interpretation: 87% find spectacles comfortable and 13% find lenses comfortable.
6] Which is more cost effective?
Interpretation: 90% people find spectacles cost effective and 10% find lenses cost effective.
Spectacles
Lenses
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Lenses
Spectacles
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7] Which is easier to maintain?
Interpretation: 97% people find spectacles easier to maintain and 3% find lenses easier to
maintain.
8] Which has more varieties?
Interpretation: 93.33% seem to find more varieties in spectacles and 6.66% people seem to find
more varieties in lenses.
Spectacles
Lenses
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Spectacles
Lenses
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9] In which all the eye numbers are easily available?
Interpretation: 97% peoples find their eye numbers easily available in spectacles and 3% people
find their eye numbers easily available in lenses.
10] Which is easy to handle?
Interpretation: 90% find spectacles easy to handle and 10% find lenses easy to handle.
Spectacles
Lenses
Sales
Spectacles
Lenses
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11] According to you which is safer to use?
Interpretation: 96.7% find spectacles safer to use and 3.3% find lenses safer to use.
12] Would you prefer using Brands?
Interpretation: 87% people prefer using brads and 13% do not prefer using brands.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Spectacles
Lenses
Yes
No
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13] Which provides better look and suits your appearance?
Interpretation: 50% people prefer spectacles to look better and suit their appearance and 50%
people prefer lenses to look better and suit their appearance.
14] Do you think there is a drawback in the use of lenses?
Interpretation: 70% people find drawbacks in the use of lenses.
Spectacles
Lenses
0 5 10 15 20 25
No
Yes
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15] Do you think there is a drawback in the use of spectacles?
Interpretation: 23% find drawbacks in the use of spectacles.
Yes
No
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LIMITATIONS
There were various problems faced while doing this research. The different problems faced while
doing this research are as follows-
As the sample size was 30, it was very small and thus no generalizations can be madeabout the findings as it may not be true for the entire universe.
The questionnaires could only be given to people who have eye sight problem. Some of the respondents did not respond to the questionnaires, hence making the research
tedious.
Also, certain respondents did not fill the Questionnaires appropriately leading to datainadequacy.
The collection of data in the project is a time consuming process Many of the users either do not take questionnaire seriously or reserved to express views
about the product.
As the project was only for research purpose the expense for individual were low and dueto which wider geographical was not covered.
Analysis done on the presumption that the information collected from the respondentswere true and correct.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
This research on spectacles and lenses has lead to many findings, however these cannot be
generalized as sample size was small and hence not adequate. Spectacles and lenses are used
widely due to eye sight problems faced by the population.
There are certain drawbacks which the people find in the use of spectacles like, they make
marks on the nose and the skin becomes black below the eyes. There are also some drawbacks
the people find in the use of lenses such as there is irritation in the eyes.
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CONCLUSION
This report on the Market research on Spectacles and Lenses has lead to various findings.
However, generalizations cannot be made as the sample size taken was small. The findings
through this research are substantial and revealed various facts.
Spectacles and Lenses are being widely used by the population. The usage of the products and
the comparison of the product are done.
This research also showed that Spectacles are more widely used than lenses. The usage is
mostly due to its quality, price, comfort, etc. Other factors also include the availability of the
product and the variety available.
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APPENDICES
Questionnaire
Spectacles or Lenses
Personal information:
Name:________________________________________
Age:_____________ Gender: Male Female
Occupation:____________________________________
Mobile no.-_____________________________________
This data will be kept confidential and will be used for research purpose only.
Instructions:
1- Please choose the appropriate answers
2- Please tick in the box
3- Please answer all the questions
1] Do you have vision problem?
Yes No
2] What do you use?
Spectacles Lenses Both
3] What would you prefer?
Spectacles Lenses
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4] Do you use spectacles or lenses for style or fashion?
Yes No
5] Which is more comfortable to use?
Spectacles Lenses
6] Which is more cost effective?
Spectacles Lenses
7] Which is easier to maintain?
Spectacles Lenses
8] Which has more varieties?
Spectacles Lenses
9] In which all the eye numbers are easily available?
Spectacles Lenses
10] Which is easy to handle?
Spectacles Lenses
11] According to you which is safer to use?
Spectacles Lenses
12] Would you prefer using Brands?
Yes No
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13] Which provides better look and suits your appearance?
Spectacles Lenses
14] Do you think there is a drawback in the use of lenses?
Yes No
Reason:_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
15] Do you think there is a drawback in the use of spectacles?
Yes No
Reason:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Suggestions:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
The books referred to for this project are as follows-
1. Research Methodology by C.R. Kothari
2. Research Methodology by Dr. Kirti Gupta
The websites referred to for this project are as follows-
1. http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sampling.php2. http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~kate/qmcweb/s1.htm3. http://www.uniteforsight.org/research-methodology/module6
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sampling.phphttp://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~kate/qmcweb/s1.htmhttp://www.uniteforsight.org/research-methodology/module6http://www.uniteforsight.org/research-methodology/module6http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~kate/qmcweb/s1.htmhttp://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sampling.php