Show What You Know Before you read this book, make a chart like the one shown.

State of Example I Properties Matter

Gas

Liquid

Solid

Think about what you know about states of matter and the properties of matter of each state.

o Write an example of each sta te of matter in your charlo List some properties of that state of matter.

After you read this book, add to your chart any new ideas you learned about matter and its properties.

-ga~

- mass'-'

_ Iiquido

- volume--

-. __ v.olumen

-..... molecule----

Do you understand? ~ Write a nd if draw your answers. Draw a copy of the chart. The picture in the first box shows the particles in a liquid.

Particles in Particles in Particles in a a Solid a Gas

1. Draw the particles in a solid.

2. Draw the particles in a gas.

3. Water has a melting point of OC. What temperature is the freezing point of water?

4. Write About Science Write about three examples of physica l changes. Draw pictures of your examples.

-~.

perties

by Jennifer Earnshaw

PEARSON --.-_ ... __ .. ~----_ .......

f

E_-."" .... ~.,_ .. _ ... __ ,.~"'_" ... _ "'" --,"" .... "'_.""_ .. _, ....... _ .. "'._ .. ...-"'-...... -"' .. "'~ " .. _ ............ _ .. _,...,,-._""-_"""' ..... _ .. -. '""I'l. c-(CI. _o\II.l.o"f.l. _(It. _ ~"'"

c_."" .. _w ........................... ""...,.. _",.-" ... "" ... 5_01_, ... _ 10 ..-.: ... .. -""' ...... -... _ ...... __ ... _...,..,,"'" _ .. -..._._",._ ... _ .. ~_In....,._ ., .. ..,-,--,,~.. ,""._ ..... -. ... ---... ! " ...... -~"""'" .. """ .... __ ~ _____ . __ O" .. , 1$8N.,~ . 10-0420 .. " .....

_.~, 0-.. ',. ... _ ..--.... ..... V ... __ _

.. _,~ ..... "'............. """' .. '0"",,,_ ,." .. " to

States of Matter Water has three forms. Water is a solid when it is

frozen as ice. Water is a liquid in the oceans. Water in the air can be a gas. The stote, or phose of matter, is due to the movement of its particles and how they are arranged.

Solids A solid is matter that has a definite

shope and volume. Volume is the amount of spoce on object tokes up. The particles

of a solid are dose together. They stay in the some place. They vibrate in place.

liquids A liquid is matter that has a definite

volume but no definite shape. The particles of a liquid can move by gliding past each other. A liquid will take the shape of its container. A liquid keeps a definite volume.

Gases A gas is matter without a definite

volume or shape. The particles of a gos

are far apart compared to the particles of a solid and a liquid. Gas particles touch only when they collide as they move. If a gas is placed in a container, it will spread out evenly. The gas will fill aU the spoce ond take the shope of that container.

Plasma A plasma is l ike a

gas because it has no volume or shape of its own. [t is also like a metal because it can conduct electricity. The sun is made up of gases and plasma. Plasma can also be found in neon lights.

Freezing and Melting As 0 liquid cools, its particles slow down. AI some

point they stop gliding post each other and can only vibrate in place. The liquid becomes a solid. The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid is called its freezing point. The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is called its melting point.

The melting point and freezing point of a material a Te the some temperature. But this temperature is usually referred 10 as the melting point.

Each malerial has its own melting point. ThaI is why

melting point can be used to help identify a material.

The Ieod "~"'ng sinker IS 0 'IOIid. II ~ 0 definite shope and volume.

Evaporation tvaporation tokes place when particles leave the

su rface of a liqUid and change to a gas. This is how water in puddles and in wet clothes evaporates.

If the temperature of a liqUid is h igh enough, particles will chonge to a gos throughout the liqUid too. These gas particles form bubbles and move up quickly through a liquid. The temperature at which this happens is the boillng point of the liquid.

Condensation Condensation tokes place when a gas changes to a

liqUid. This often happens when gas particles touch a cold surface. The temperature of the gas drops. Clouds and dew form through the condensation of water vapor.

Water evoporate\ from the ,Iothes and drill!o them. The parhdl!!i that make up water vopor, 0 gas, are for operl

I I ~

Properties of Matter Every solid , liquid, a nd gas has its own set of physicol

properties. These phYSKOI properties can be observed and measured wi thout changillg the material.

Color Color is 0 physicol property of matter. You con tell

the color of motter just by looki ng 01 it. Color helps

identi fy matler.

Volume The amount of space on object takes up is its

volume. You can use a graduated cylinder to find the volu me of a liquid. Pou r the liquid into the cylinder ond

read the volume on the scale. Solids and gases also have volu me. To meosure thei r

volume, put a liquid tn a graduated cylinder. Then put in the solid or blow the gas into the liqu id. The change in the level tells you the volume of the solid o r gas.

Mass The amount of matter in a solid, liquid. or gas is

called its mass. A balance is used to find the mass of an object. Mass and weight are not the some thing.

Temperature The temperature of on object is a measure

of hO'N fast its particles are moving. The higher the lemperonlTe, the foster the particles move. You can tell when they move foster, because the obtect becomes warmer. There are different scales for measuring

temperature. Qile scale uses degrees Celsius eo. Another scale uses degrees Fahren heit eF).

Texture When you touch a solid object, it may feel smooth or

rough. How its surface feels is its texture. You can a lso feel the textu re of a liquid by rubbing a drop between two fingers. Liquids may feel slimy, sticky, or thick.

Illokes 8 cubes 10 balance lhe contolner on the \eft side of the SMe. Eoch cube hos o moss 01 1 9. So the container has 0 moss 018 9.

o

Mixtures In a mhcture, different materials are placed

together but each material keeps its own properties. Fruits are cut and mixed together to make a mixture. The flavors and colors of the ports of the fruit mixture do not chonge. Different ports of a mixture can be separated from the rest of the mixture. The ports may

be mixed in different amounts.

Separating Mixtures The different materials In a simple mixture can

be separated because they hove different physical properties. For example, a mognet can separate iron filings from sand. This separatIon happens because iron has the property ofl>eillg attracted by magnets. Sand does not have that property.

Solutions A mixture In which substances are spread evenly

Gnd will not settle out is called a solution . Most

solutions aTe mode up of a solid and a liqu id. The solid dissolves a nd spreads evenly throughout the liqUid.

You ca n make solids dissolve faster in a liqUid by sti rring or heating the solution. Grinding a solid into smaller pieces will also help it d issolve foster.

Not all solutions are mode by dissolving a solid in a liqUid. Two liqu ids can make a solution. A gas can a lso dissolve in Q liquid.

Solubility Some substances dissolve in water better than

others. Some substonC(!S wil l not dissolve in water at all. How well a substance dis.';.olves in water is its solubility in woter.

Matter Like ice, water, and air, you aTe made of motter. All

living and nonliving th ings are made of matter. Matter is anything thaI has mass a nd takes up space. Matter includes the foods you eot, the furniture you use, the sun, the moon, and this book.

AI! matter is mode of tiny pOfts. A large sand sculpture is mode of motter, It tokes up a lot of space. It has a large mass. But if you look at it closely, you will see that it is made of tiny sand grains. A sand grain is also matter. But the sand grain has a smaller mass than the

sand sculpture. It does nol take up a lot of spore.

Elements Elements are a basic kind

of matter, They ore the

ingredients that make up all

substances. Elements connot

be broken down into other

substances. There are more than 100 elements. Each

element has specific characteristics. Elements with

similar characteristics can be grouped together.

Metals Most elements are metals. Metals are good conductors

of electricity and heat. They can be shaped into sheets or

wires that can bend without breaking. Most metals, such

as iron, are solids a nd have a gray color.

Nonmetals and Semimetals Elements that do not conduct heat or electricity very

well are called nonmetals. Some nonmetals, such as

oxygen, are gases. Some, such as carbon, are solids.

Semimetals are elements that a re sometimes like metals

and sometimes like nonmetals.

@

Atoms The smallest part of an element that still has the

properties of the element Is called an atom. Atoms are so small that they can be seen only with special tools.

All matter is made of atoms. The ideo that everything is

made of these small particles Is known as the atomic

theory. The atoms of each element are different. They do

have something in common, though. They a re all made of protons, neutrons, a nd electrons. The number of protons determines what element an atom will be. For example, a carbon atom always has six protons. No

other element has atoms with six protons.

Atoms can be connected to other atoms in different ways. The way atoms are connected affects the

properties of a n element. Graphite and dia monds

are both made from carbon.

@

Compounds Most things oround you are compounds. A

compound is a type of matter mode of two or more elements. A compound is not a mixture of elements. [t is a new substance. It is different from its ingredients.

The smallest particle of a compound that still has the properties of that compound is called a molecule. For example, the smallest particle of water is a water molecule. A water molecule is made up of three atoms. Other molecules, such as sugar, are mode up of many atoms.

Changing the atoms in a molecule would form a molecule of a different substance. For example, a water molecule always has one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. Adding an extra oxygen atom would change the substa nce. It would no longer be water.

I atam af oxygen

2 atoms of hydrogen

Physical Changes Matter changes all the time. Some

cha nges are physical changes. A physico) change is a Change in some properties of matter that does not form a different kind of matter. There are many kinds of physical changes.

You can cut a piece of paper into smaller pieces. There has been a physical change in the paper. The cut pieces are smaller and do not have the some shape as the original sheet. You still hove paper, though.

Temperature can affect physical changes. Some physical changes cannot happen unless the temperature is right. For example, the temperature must rise above water's melting point for ice to become liquid water. EvoJX>mtion,

melting, freezing. and condensation are physical Changes.

When the green 51ime stretches, it chl:lnges shope. II does nol tum inlo a new material.

Chemical Changes [n a chemic". change, one or more Iypes of

matter change inlo other types of matter with different properties. A chemical change might couse a release of heat and light, a change in color, or a new smell. Gas bubbles or a solid material may form. The process by which plants make food Is a chemical change. Plants change water and carbon dioxide to sugar.

Many chemical changes happen faster if the temperature rises. Just as higher temperatures con speed up a chemical change, lower temperatures can slow it down.

@

Glossary atom

atomic theory

chemical c:;hange

compound

mixture

molecule

physical change

solution

the smallest part of a n element thaI stlll has the properties or lhe element

the Ideo that everything Is made of small PQrtld~

Q change in which one or more types of motler change Into other types of matter with d ifferent properties

a type of matter made of two or more elements

different materials placed together but each material keeps Its own propt!rties

the smallest particle of a compound Ihol still has the properties of that compound

a cha nge III some properties of molter that does not form a different kind of Illutter

a mix ture In which subslanC('S are spread out evenly and will not settle out

Did you understand? 0' Write and $J' draw your a nswers. 1. Which state of matter has a definite

volume but no definite shape?

2. Wha t is mass?

3. What is volume?

4. Draw a compare-contrast diagram like the one shown. Use your diagram to compare rain and snow. Write how they a re alike a nd how they are different.

rain snow

After Reading

Make Physical Changes Look at a sheet of paper. Think about how a sheet of paper can go through physical changes.

Make as many physical changes to a sheet of paper as you can. Work with a partner.

~ Write about each physical change you make.

([? Tell your class about the physical changes you made.

Temperature Ranges The chart shows the temperature at which different kinds of liquids start to bOil There is a la rge range in the data.

Boiling Points ee) liquid Boiling Point Water lOoGe

Acetic acid (found in vinegar) 118C

Chlorine _34C

Propane _42C

Iodine 185C

~ Write your answers.

1. Which of these liquids has the lowest boiling point?

2. Which liquid is the only one shown that boils at a higher temperature than acetic a cid?

3. What is the temperature ra nge for the boiling points of the liquids in the cha rt?

o.n... Tu. , ....... ..

"'''''''-_''';;.0""_,_,..--,,,. 0,0_

PEARSON -

Di