Show Forces Stresses Shells

7/27/2019 Show Forces Stresses Shells

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Form: Member Force Diagram

Use the Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Shells command to display internal area object forces andstresses on the active window.

1. Define an analysis case (oruse the default DEAD or MODAL cases) and run an analysis.

2. Click the Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Shells command to display the Member Force Diagramform. Use the form to specify the parameters for the display.

Important note: The internal shell element forces are forces per unit length acting along the midsurface of the shellelement (area object). The internal shell element stresses are stresses acting on the edges (not positive 3-axis faceand negative 3-axis face) of the shell element (area object). See Sign Conventions for more information about thefaces of shell objects.

Case/Combo Name edit box. Choose the analysis case or combination whose shell element forces orstresses are to be displayed.

Multivalued Options: For multi-mode cases, choose the mode number for which results are to be shown.For multi-step cases, choose the step number, time step, or frequency step; or choose Envelope to view themaximum or minimum results over all steps.

Component Type options. Specify display of shell element internal forces or the internal stresses.

Component options. Specify which component of force or stress is to be displayed.

Click here for information about possible components of the shell elementinternal forces.

Click here for information about the possible components forshell element internal stresses.

ContourRange: The shell element internal forces and stresses are displayed as colored contours. Specifytwo values:

Min: Any element with a force orstress less than the value shown here is displayed in the colorassociated with Min in the Contours area of theAssign Output Colors form. Note that the colorassociated with Min is the top color in the form.

Max: Any element with a force or stress greater than or equal to the value shown here is displayed inthe color associated with Max in the Contours area of the Assign Output Colors form. Note that thecolor associated with Max is the top color in the form.

The program spaces the intermediate range values equally between the specified Min and Maxvalues. If the Min and Max values are set to zero, SAP2000 will automatically create a contourrange that includes all values. This is the default.

Stress Averaging: Specify if stress averaging is to be used when displaying the forces or stresses.Consider the four elements labeled A, B, C and D shown in the sketch at right. These four elements all havea common point, labeled 1, in the sketch. Each of the elements has an associated internal force or stressat joint 1. Typically the forces or stresses at common points in different elements are different. The finer themesh the closer the values become.
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The options available for stress averaging are None for no stressaveraging, AtAll Joints for stress averaging at all joints oroverObjects & Groups for stress averaging at points selected justbefore plotting the shell forces or stresses, or for stressaveraging of groups selected using the Set Groups button.

If the None option is used so that the force or stress contoursare plotted with no stress averaging at the common points, thechanges in force or stress from element to element typically willappear abrupt. Large stress variations between elements may

indicate that the model is not properly meshed and may need tobe refined to properly capture the variation in stress. Therefore,use this option to determine if the model is meshed properly.

Stress averaging using the AtAll Joints orover Objects & Groups option tends to eliminate abrupt changesin the plot and smoothes the contours. Thus, after the meshing of the model has been shown to beacceptable using the None option, the AtAll Joints option will give better results of the stress in theelements by averaging the stress between elements and reducing the error because of the stress on eachindividual element. The over Objects & Groups option should be used if a discontinuity, such as two planesmeeting at an angle, is included in the model. In that case, each plane should be averaged independentlyusing the over Objects & Groups option. This will avoid the problem of averaging across the two planes,which would give incorrect result. The results would be incorrect because the stress along the two planes isnot continuous relative to the elements' local axes.

Show Deformed Shape check box. When this check box is checked, SAP2000 will display the modelusing color-coded contours with distortions to show where the model is subject to the effects of the forcesand stresses.

Show as Arrows check box. When this check box is checked, the shell principal stresses will bedisplayed as arrows rather than contours.

Note: Shell element stresses (not forces) actually have different values at the top and bottom of the shell elements as aresult of bending. Thus, depending on which side of the object is being displayed, different stresses will be shown. Two-dimensional views always look at area objects from the same side. To view stresses on the other side of the area object,switch to a 3D view or right click on the object while stresses are displayed to access the Shell Diagram form and click theSwitch Face button.

Note: When forces or stresses are plotted for multi-valued combinations, SAP2000 displays whichever of the maximum andminimum values has the largest absolute value.

Example: Use of this command is demonstrated inProblem S.

See Also

Shell Element Internal Forces/Stresses Output Convention

Return to SAP2000 Index
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Show Forces Stresses Shells

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