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ROLE OF MICRO ENTERPRISES IN WOMEN EMPOWERMENT - A CASE STUDY OF
ANDHRA PRADESH
Dr. Radha Rani Kothakalla*
*University College for Commerce & Business Management, Osmania University, Hyderabad,
[email protected], Mobile no: 9985378683
ABSTRACT
You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women - Jawaharlal Nehru
The growth of any nation certainly is linked to the pace and growth of entrepreneurship of that nation. For
Development of micro-enterprises at grass-root level means amelioration of several socio-economic
problems stemming from poverty and unemployment. Entrepreneurship has been acknowledged to be one
of the essential factors determining the growth of industry of any country. The present paper focuses on
entrepreneurial aspects of Self Help Groups in Andhra Pradesh like enterprise promotion, reasons for
involved in micro enterprises and not involved in micro enterprises are analyzed by Self Help Group,
region and caste wise empowerment. Political empowerment has very little impact on the part of promotion
of enterprise. It is necessary that, Government have to take necessary steps to provide sufficient financial
support to the groups to increase their economy. There is a need for training programme to the members to
undertake enterprise activity. There are Self Help Groups, region, caste-wise women empowerment
differences in the involved and not involved micro enterprises.
Key words: Micro enterprises, Self Help Groups, Women empowerment.
SHIV SHAKTI
International Journal in Multidisciplinary and Academic Research (SSIJMAR)
Vol. 2, No. 2, March-April (ISSN 2278 – 5973)
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INTRODUCTION
The strength of the chain is the strength of its weakest link. In a society, women are the weakest
links, so that they may be strengthened for strengthening the society as a whole and that is possible
only by empowering them like, not possible for a bird to fly on one wig “. There is no chance for the
welfare of the world unless the condition of the women is improved. Therefore, women
empowerment plays a vital role in the progress of a family, community, nation and the world as a
whole. In most of the developing countries greater emphasis has been laid on the need for
development of women and their active involvement in the main stream of development. Self help
moment through savings has been taken up as a mass movement by women. Developmental agenda
of the state in the last few years keeping view especially women in the fore front has enabled the
formation of a large number of Self Help Groups(SHGs) throughout the state and majority women
are saving a rupee per day. Empowered women could make their own contribution to the quality of
life and eradication of absolute poverty and contribute to economic growth by rising the quality and
skill of the work force.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Entrepreneurship has been the indispensable factor contributing for the development of many
countries. C.B.Gupta,(2002) in his view , Entrepreneur has been defined in the traditional literature
as a person who undertakes business and bears associated risk, innovative ability, high need
achievement, and religious belief, socially good and economic background.
The growth of any nation undoubtedly is linked to the pace and growth of entrepreneurship of that
nation. Entrepreneurship has been acknowledged to be one of the essential factors determining the
growth of industry of any country. Many studies evidence that entrepreneurship development and
economic development are very closely inter-related. Women of today are in several ways different
from the women of yester years. During the present times, they seek social and economic
independence and are prepared to take risk for the same1.
T.R.Gurumoorthy, (2000) discussed about today‟s world is changing at startling pace, political and
economic transformations seem to be occurring everywhere – as countries concert from command to
demand economics, dictatorships move toward democracy, and monarchies build new civil
institutions. These changes have created economic opportunities for women who want to own and
operate business. Today, women in advanced market economics own more than 25 percent of all
business. In some regions of the world, transformation to a market economy threatens to sharpen
gender inequality. Some of these changes are simply the legacy of a gender imbalance that exited
prior to political and economic reform. Other changes reflect a return to traditional norms and
values that relegated women to a secondary status. As countries become more democratic, gender
inequalities lessen: thus, offering a more productive atmosphere for both sexes2.
T.R.Gurumoorthy, (2000) revealed that, Rural entrepreneurship plays a vital role in the national
economy. Self Help Group (SHG) undertakes entrepreneurial activities at smaller level with
minimum capital requirements. The women led SHGs have successfully demonstrated how to
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mobilize and manage thrift, appraise credit needs and enforce financial self discipline. SHGs have
the potential to ignite socio-economic revolution in rural India3.
C.B.Gupta,(2002) discussed that , entrepreneurship, like many other economic concepts, has long
been debated. It has been used in various ways and in various senses. It is an elusive concept that
cannot be defined precisely. The word „entrepreneurship‟ has been derived from a French root,
which means „to undertake‟. Today, people call it by various names, e.g. „adventurism‟, „risk
taking‟, „thrill seeking‟, „innovating‟, etc4
In the words of Samwel Kakuko Lopoyetum,(2003) that , entrepreneurship development deals with
human resources, motivation, skills, competencies and social and economic risks. It develops
entrepreneurs through systematic Entrepreneurship Development Programmes and developing the
core business. In a country like India with growing unemployment, the cooperative sector can
promote industrial cooperatives, tiny and small industries, agricultural and non-agricultural activities
and farm and non-farm activities5.
Mohanan and Kulandaiswamy, (2004), explored that, development of micro-enterprises at grass-root
level means for amelioration of several socio-economic problems stemming from poverty and
unemployment. Micro entrepreneurs can gain economic empowerments, better market access, and
control over their environment through appropriate institutions. Micro enterprises lack institutional
mechanism to cope up with the challenges of the market. There have not been effective linkages
between the craft and the market. Moreover, rural markets are characterized by extreme asymmetry
of relation between number of small entrepreneurs and a few buyers6.
Mall D.D, (2001) discussed that, till the middle of 1990s there were three directions in promoting
entrepreneurship in the north-east region. First, awareness creation programme to create awareness
of entrepreneurial opportunities among the prospective entrepreneurs; second, new entrepreneurs
creation programme to train and develop new entrepreneurs and third, existing entrepreneurs
programme to develop their management capability. These programmes are target group oriented
(e.g. for women, rural, science and technology entrepreneurs), product –process specific (e.g. food
product, jute product etc.) and location specific. In fact all the programmes organized are location
specific only7.
As per Nirmala Borah Das, (2004) that, in recent times, women of India have taken commendable
part in the field of entrepreneurship. The Government of India has also stressed on special
entrepreneurship programmes for women with a view to uplift their status in the economic and social
fields. At present, with growing awareness and spread of education, women have ventured into
business to engage themselves in productive activities; women are increasingly seeking to become
entrepreneurs in various fields. It is now recognized that women have vast entrepreneurial talents
and that have transformed them from jobseekers to job givers. Initially women‟s activities in
business were confined to making papad, pickles, jam, masala, squash, weaving embroidery,
spinning and handicraft. Now their business has shifted towards non-traditional activities like
engineering, and other technical fields. This is due to spread to technical education among women8.
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Gupta C.B, (2002) presented in his book that, many entrepreneurs fail due to several barriers and
problems. Vasper has identified the following barriers. Lack of a viable concept and market
knowledge, technical skills and seed capital, business know-how, Complacency- lack of
motivation, Social stigma, Time pressures and distractions, Legal constraints and regulations,
Monopoly and protectionism, Inhibitions due to patents9
In the words of Bankimchandra V. Vaidya,(2003) that, entrepreneurs can be trained to start his or her
industrial unit or a Business or as a service provider in different fields if proper inputs in the form of
training are given. This concept has opened a very vast field in giving self employment not only in
urban areas, but in rural areas also with the cascading effects in different fields. When we look at
the fast changing economic forces in our country, a sort of Non-Farm activities in the form of self
employment and accordingly, the curricula of the EDPs will have to be formulated looking to the
socio-cultural conditions of the rural people and consequently, the target group for whom the EDPs
are conducted. With more and more entrepreneurs establishing their units in rural areas, a sort of
new environment is created which will transform the quality of the rural life10
.
Raja Justus.E and Mahiba.M (2000) discussed that, participatory Micro Enterprises can play an
important role in accelerating the development process of underdeveloped countries or developing
nations like India. In the last two decades, they have made their presence felt by involving in
various spheres of activities like: welfare programmes; development-oriented schemes concentrating
on people, empowering women, and other weaker sections, protecting the rights of the exploited
classes; educating on environmental matters; spreading literacy; implementing health schemes; and
making the best use of the available help, concessions, grants and the like from the Government and
other development agencies for the benefit of the poor11
.
Gupta C.B. and Srinivasan N.P., (2002) mentioned that, Several economic and non-economic factors
affect Entrepreneurship. Economic factors include market incentives (new social needs the
entrepreneur can attempt to satisfy in new ways) and availability of capital to start and operate new
enterprises. Non economic factors consist of (a) political ideology and legal structure which
promote free enterprises, (b) Social mobility for example the caste structure in India restricted social
mobility of people and people born in a specific caste confined themselves to particular economic
functions, (c) Psychological factors like need achievement (People with high need for achievement
are more likely to become entrepreneurs), (d) competence, attitudes alone to not make an
entrepreneur and ability to compete effectively is necessary, and (e) cultural factors12
.
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
As pointed out by Sushma Sahay in order to play various roles by women in the preservation of
ecological balance and in maintaining sustainable development, there is the urgent need for
strengthening their hands by empowering women. The World Ecology Report says that the
empowerment of women has multiple benefits not only for the environment but also for the
humanity as well.
Women constitute nearly two third of population below poverty line in our country among them
sixty percent of the women take up economic activities related to agriculture and allied activities.
Illiterate and unskilled women engage in small business activities. Nearly twenty percent of SHG
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members are artisans and engaged in making handicrafts and handloom products. These self
employment and income generating activities meet a substantial part of the increased demand for
consumer goods and simple producer or capital goods. It facilitates mobilization of resources, capital
as well as skill and aims at raising the standard of living of the people particularly women
entrepreneurs. Sometimes, these small enterprises provide women friendly specific technologies and
infrastructure that enhance work productivity and work environment.
So the various dimensions of livelihood options and their implications for women, the present
investigative study analyses the role of self employment and income generating activities through
the SHGs to promote women empowerment.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In India, the female population is 586 million as per the census in 2011 contributing to nearly half of
the country‟s population. In this traditional and male dominated society women were confined
within four walls of the house to perform household activities that‟s why women get a very poor
recognition which in no way matches to their contribution. In addition, their resources and potentials
are not fully utilized. Economic development of any country can‟t be fully achieved as long as its
women are confined to subordinate position and their talents remain unexplored. Since independence
the government has been introducing several schemes for their all round development, in this
process women entrepreneurship is becoming a reality now- a- days due to pull and push factors, but
interestingly women entrepreneurs are largely confined to urban areas, so there is a necessity to
harness the latent skills and potentials of women, especially the rural women. Women were endowed
with entrepreneurial skills, particularly in business, but women did not enter into business, the main
reasons were women‟s status in the society was not satisfactory, the credit facilities were not
extended to women, women were uneducated and they depended upon their husband and parents. To
eliminate these conditions, the Central and State governments have launched many entrepreneurial
developmental programmes through forming voluntary associations like SHG‟s. SHG‟s are suitable
for the empowerment of women.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To study the role of micro enterprises in women empowerment in Andhra Pradesh.
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
(a) SOURCE OF DATA
The study based on primary as well as secondary source of information.
(b) STUDY AREA AND SELECTION OF SAMPLE
The role of members on the Self Help Groups in Andhra Pradesh forms the universe for this study.
Three districts namely Medak, Prakasam and Anantapur were randomly selected from Telangana,
Costal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions respectively. From the stated each district the top two
mandals in SHG registered group ranking were selected. Again out of the selected mandals top two
ranking SHG registered habitations were in turn selected. From these habitations five percent of
random sample of SHG groups were taken for the present study. From each selected SHG group ten
SHG members were randomly considered for the study. As a result 890 members from sample size
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for the study among them 190, 350 and 350 from Telangana, Costal Andhra and Rayalaseema
regions were considered for data collection.
(C) TOOLS FOR THE STUDY
Data were tabulated according to the variables. In the present study simple statistical tools like
averages, percentages, ratios were analysed, inferences drawn from data. Rating scales like three
points scale is used to estimate empowerment.
ANALYSIS OF EMPOWERMENT
Empowerment of women has been considered under five areas such as psychological, health,
sociological, economical and political, each area constructed on the basis of four constrains, each
constraint has three responses, and each response has its own marks. So the high marks of each area
are 12 and low marks are 4.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT
To estimate the psychological empowerment, four psychological constraints were considered such as
self confidence, risk baring capacity, relation with public and leader qualities. Each constraint is
provided with three responses as good, average and poor. The score details of respondents for
personal constraints are presented in the table-1.
Table: 1- Psychological Empowerment – SHG
Psychological
Empowerment
SHG
Total
Involved
in
Micro
enterprises
Not
involved in
Micro
enterprises
9-12 (High) 684
(94.61)
3
(1.80)
687
(77.19)
5-8 (Low) 39
(5.39)
163
(97.60)
202
(22.70)
0-4 (Nil) - 1
(0.60)
1
(0.11)
Total 723
(100.00)
167
(100.00)
890
(100.00)
Source: Primary data
Form the Table-1, it can be noted that the ¾ of SHG respondents have high psychological
empowerment. But there is a big difference between the respondents who are involved and not
involved in micro enterprises. In these respondents who were involved in micro enterprises, this
psychological empowerment is high but it is low under respondents who were not involved in micro
enterprises.
Score details of respondents who were involved in micro enterprises for psychological
empowerment at region wise is presented in the Table-2.
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Table: 2 - Psychological Empowerment - Region
Psychological
Empowerment
Region
Total Telangana
Costal
Andhra Rayalaseema
9-12 117
(88.64)
291
(97.00)
276
(94.85)
684
(94.61)
5-8 15
(11.36)
9
(3.00)
15
(5.15)
39
(5.39)
0-4 - - - -
Total 132
(100.00)
300
(100.00)
291
(100.00)
723
(100.00)
Source: Primary data
It can be noted from the Table-2 that, Costal Andhra region stood at first position with 97.00 percent
in high psychological empowerment followed by Rayalaseema and Telangana with 94.86 percent
and 88.64 percent respectively and in low psychological empowerment, Telangana region stood at
first position with 11.35 percent and fallowed by Rayalaseema and Costal Andhra region with 5.15
percent and 3.00 percent respectively.
Details of respondents who were involved in micro enterprises, scores for psychological
empowerment at caste wise are presented in the Table-3.
Table: 3 - Psychological Empowerment - Caste
Psychological
Empowerment
Caste Total
ST SC BC OC
9-12 -
-
8
(22.22)
505
(98.44)
171
(99.42)
684
(94.61)
5-8 2
(100.00)
28
(78.78)
8
(1.56)
1
(0.58)
39
(5.39)
0-4 - - - - -
Total 2
(100.00)
36
(100.00)
513
(100.00)
172
(100.00)
723
(100.00)
Source: Primary data
It is very clear that the Psychological empowerment is high in OCs with
99.42 percent followed by BCs .44
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recent and low in STs with 100 percent followed by SCs with 78.78 percent.
EMPOWERMENT ON HEALTH
To estimate the empowerment on health, four constraints have been considered such as awareness on
deceases, awareness on family planning, nutrition and awareness on government policies. Each
constraint is provided with three responses as good, average and poor. The details of respondent‟s
response score were presented in the Table -4.
Table: 4 - Empowerment on Health - SHG
Empowerment
on health
SHG
Total Involved in
Microenterprises
Not involved in
Microenterprises
9-12 262
(36.24)
12
(7.19)
274
(30.78)
5-8 461
(63.76)
140
(83.83)
601
(67.53)
0-4 - 15
(8.98)
15
(1.69)
Total 723
(100.00)
167
(100.00)
890
(100.00)
Source: Primary data
It can be noted that only 1/3 of respondents have high empowered and the rest of 2/3 respondents
have low empowered on health in SHGs but there is difference between the respondents who are
involved and not involved in micro enterprises. The respondents who are involved in micro
enterprises are aware of health than the respondents who are not involved.
At region wise health empowerment score details of respondents who are involved in micro
enterprise are presented in the Table-5.
Table: 5 - Empowerment on Health - Region
Empowerment
on Health
Region
Total Telangana
Costal
Andhra Rayalaseema
9-12 47
(35.61)
129
(43.00)
86
(29.55)
262
(36.24)
5-8 85
(64.39)
171
(57.00)
205
(70.45)
461
(63.76)
0-4 - - - -
Total 132
(100.00)
300
(100.00)
291
(100.00)
723
(100.00)
Source: Primary data
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From the Table-5, it is found that in three regions of Telangana, Costal Andhra and Rayalaseema
empowerment on health is low. But among the three regions Costal Andhra is stood at better
position on health empowerment. Details of respondents who are involved in micro enterprises score
for empowerment on health at caste wise are presented in the Table- 6.
Table: 6 - Empowerment on Health - Caste
Empowermen
t
on Health
Caste
Total ST SC BC OC
9-12 -
2
(5.56)
172
(33.53)
88
(51.16)
262
(36.24)
5-8
2
(100.00
)
34
(94.44)
341
(66.47)
84
(48.84)
461
(63.76)
0-4 - - - - -
Total
2
(100.00
)
36
(100.00
)
513
(100.00
)
172
(100.00
)
723
(100.00
)
Source: Primary data
It can be seen that the empowerment on health is high in OCs with 51.16 percent followed by BCs
with 33.53 percent and it is very low in STs with 100 percent followed by SCs with 94.44 percent.
78.78 percent.
SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT
Each constraint is provided with three responses as generally, sometimes, never for dual role, male
domination and family encouragement, always, not involved and discouraged for encouragement of
children education. The details of respondents score for social constraints are presented in the Table
-7.
Table: 7 - Social Empowerment - SHG
Social
Empowe
rment
SHG
To
tal
Involved
in
Microent
erprises
Not
involved
in
Microent
erprises
9-12 491
(67.91)
1
(0.60)
49
2
(55
.28
)
5-8
232
(32.09)
127
(76.05)
35
9
(40
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.34
)
0-4 - 39
(23.35)
39
(4.
38)
Total 723
(100.00)
167
(100.00)
89
0
(10
0.0
0)
Source: Primary data
It is observed from the Table-7 that, above half of the respondents of SHGs have high social
empowerment with 55.28 percent and above 2/3 respondents who are involved in micro enterprises
have high social empowerment with 67.91 percent, remaining respondents have low on social
empowerment with 32.09 percent but among the respondents who are not involved in micro
enterprises nearly ¼ are have nil social empowerment and ¾ are have low social empowerment.
There is a lot of difference in between respondents who are involved and not involved in micro
enterprises.
Score details for social empowerment of respondents who were involved in microenterprises at
region wise are presented in the Table-8.
Table: 8 - Social Empowerment - Region
Social
Empowerment
Region
Total Telangana
Costal
Andhra Rayalaseema
9-12 93
(70.45)
221
(73.67)
177
(60.82)
491
(67.91)
5-8 39
(29.55)
79
(26.33)
114
(39.18)
232
(32.09)
0-4 - - - -
Total 132
(100.00)
300
(100.00)
291
(100.00)
723
(100.00)
Source: Primary data
At over all level the social empowerment is high in all three regions of Andhra Pradesh. Costal
Andhra is stood at first position with 73.67 percent followed by Telangana with 70.45 percent and
Rayalaseema with 60.82 percent and in low social empowerment Rayalaseema stood at first position
with 39.18 percent and followed by Telangana with 29.55 percent and Costal Andhra 26.33 percent.
Score details of social empowerment of respondents who were involved in micro enterprises at caste
wise are presented in the Table-9.
Table: 9 - Social Empowerment - Caste
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Social
Empowerme
nt
Caste
Total ST SC BC OC
9-12 -
-
371
(72.32)
120
(69.77)
491
(67.91)
5-8
2
(100.0
0)
36
(100.0
0)
142
(27.68)
52
(30.23)
232
(32.09)
0-4 - - - - -
Total
2
(100.0
0)
36
(100.0
0)
513
(100.0
0)
172
(100.0
0)
723
(100.0
0)
Source: Primary data
Now it can be find that the social empowerment is high in BCs with 72.31 percent followed by OCs
with 69.77 percent and low social empowerment is in ST and SC with 100.00 percent.
ECONOMICAL EMPOWERMENT
To estimate the economic empowerment, the four economical constraints has been considered such
as purchasing daily food and medicine, purchasing furniture and utensils, savings and purchasing
assets. Each constraint is provided with three responses as generally, rarely and never. The details of
respondents score for economical constraints are presented in the Table-10.
Table: 10 - Economic Empowerment - SHG
Economic
Empowerment
SHG
Total Involved in
microenterprises
Not involved in
microenterprises
9-12 527
(72.89)
4
(2.40)
531
(59.66)
5-8 196
(27.11)
136
(81.44)
332
(37.30)
0-4 - 27
(16.16)
27
(3.04)
Total 723
(100.00)
167
(100.00)
890
(100.00)
Source: Primary data
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Now it can be conclude that nearly 60.00 percent of SHG respondents have high economic
empowerment. This economic empowerment is high in respondents who are involved in micro
enterprises with 72.8 percent than the respondents who are not involved in micro enterprises. Low
economic empowerment is high in respondents who are not involved in micro enterprises with 81.64
percent.
Score details for economic empowerment of respondents who are involved in micro enterprises
region wise are presented in the Table-11.
Table: 11- Economic Empowerment - Region
Economic
Empowerme
nt
Region
Total Telangan
a
Costal
Andhra
Rayalasee
ma
9-12 91
(68.94)
231
(77.00)
205
(70.45)
527
(72.89)
5-8 41
(31.06)
69
(23.00)
86
(29.55)
196
(27.11)
0-4 -
-
-
-
Total
132
(100.00)
300
(100.00
)
291
(100.00)
723
(100.00
)
Source: Primary data
It is crystal clear that the three regions of Telangana, Costal Andhra, and Rayalaseema have high
economic empowerment above 68.00 percent but among three regions, Costal Andhra stood at first
position with 77.00 percent followed by Rayalaseema with 70.45 percent and Telangana with 68.94
percent.
Table: 12- Economic Empowerment - Caste
Economic
Empowerme
nt
Caste Total
ST SC BC OC
9-12 -
2
(5.56)
421
(82.07)
104
(60.47)
527
(72.89)
5-8
2
(100.0
0)
34
(94.44)
92
(17.93)
68
(39.53)
196
(27.11)
0-4 -
-
-
-
-
Total
2
(100.0
0)
36
(100.0
0)
513
(100.0
0)
172
(100.0
0)
723
(100.0
0)
Source: Primary data
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Score details for economic empowerment of respondent who are involved in micro enterprises at
caste wise are presented in the Table-12. Now it can be concluded that economic empowerment is
high in BCs with 82.07 percent followed by OCs with 60.47 percent and low in STs with 100.00
percent and followed by SCs with 94.44 percent.
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
To estimate the political empowerment, it has been considered that the four political constraints such
as awareness on politics, voting decision, participating in public protest issues and standing for
elections. Each constraint is provided with three responses as more idea, some idea and poor for
awareness on politics, own, sometimes, never for voting decision, always, sometimes, never for
participating in public protest issues and for standing for election. The details of responding score for
political constraints are presented in the Table-13.
Table: 13 - Political Empowerment - SHG
Political
Empowerment
SHG
Total
Involved in
Microenterprises
Not involved in
microenterprises
9-12 3
(0.41)
1
(0.60)
4
(0.45)
5-8 718
(99.31)
153
(91.62)
871
(97.87)
0-4 2
(0.28)
13
(7.78)
15
(1.68)
Total 723
(100.00)
167
(100.00)
890
(100.00)
Source: Primary data
It is very evident that there is no high political empowerment in respondents at SHG wise and micro
enterprises wise. But in low political empowerment, the respondents who are involved in micro
enterprises are better with 99.31 percent than the respondents who are not involved in micro
enterprises with 91.62 percent and nearly 8.00 percent of respondents who are not involved in micro
enterprises have nil political empowerment. Score details for political empowerment of respondents
who are involved in micro enterprises at region wise are presented in the Table -14.
Table: 14 - Political Empowerment - Region
Political
Empowerme
nt
Region
Total Telanga
na
Costal
Andhr
a
Rayalasee
ma
9-12 -
2
(0.67)
1
(0.34)
3
(0.41)
5-8 131
(99.24)
298
(99.33)
289
(99.32)
718
(99.31)
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0-4 1
(0.76)
-
1
(0.34)
2
(0.28)
Total 132
(100.00)
300
(100.0
0)
291
(100.00)
723
(100.0
0)
Source: Primary data
It can be found from the Table-14, that the political empowerment is low in all three regions of
Telangana, Costal Andhra, and Rayalaseema. But in this low political empowerment Costal Andhra
region stood at first position with 99.33 percent and along with no member respondent have nil
political empowerment followed by Rayalaseema and Telangana regions.
Score details for political empowerment of respondents who are involved in micro enterprises at
caste wise are presented in the table-15.
Table: 15 - Political Empowerment - Caste
Political
Empowerme
nt
Caste Total
ST SC BC OC
9-12 - - 1
(0.20)
2
(1.16)
3
(0.41)
5-8 -
36
(100.00
)
512
(99.80)
170
(98.84)
718
(99.31)
0-4
2
(100.00
)
- - - 2
(0.28)
Total
2
(100.00
)
36
(100.00
)
513
(100.00
)
172
(100.00
)
723
(100.00
)
Source: Primary data
It is find from the Table-15 that there is no high political empowerment in ST, SCs and it is only
bellow 2.00 percent in BC and OC respondents and SC, BC, OC respondents have low political
empowerment with 100.00 percent, 99.80 percent, 98.84 percent respectively and 100.00 percent
STs have nil political empowerment.
FINDINGS
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The respondents of SHGs have high psychological, social and economical empowerment where as
low political and health empowerment. The respondents of SHGs who are not involved in
microenterprises have low empowerment in psychological, health, social, economical and political
areas. The respondents of SHGs who are involved in microenterprises have high psychological,
social, economical empowerment but low political and health empowerment in.
The respondents of SHGs who are involved in microenterprises at region wise, costal Andhra has
high psychological, health, social, economical empowerment than the other regions of Rayalaseema
and Telangana. But in case of political empowerment three regions have same result that is low. The
respondents of SHGs who are involved in microenterprises at caste wise, OCs is having high
psychological and health empowerment where as BCs are having social and economic
empowerment.
SUGGESTIONS
Right efforts on from all areas are required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their
greater participation in the entrepreneurial activities. Following efforts can be taken into account for
effective development of women entrepreneurs.
Believe women as specific target group for all developmental programmers.
Improved educational facilities and schemes should be extended to women folk from government
part.
Sufficient training programme on management skills to be provided to women community and
encourage women's participation in decision-making.
Professional training to be provided to women‟s community that enables them to understand the
production process and production management.
Programmes of training and counseling through the aid of committed NGOs, psychologists,
managerial experts and technical personal to be organized on a large scale of existing women
entrepreneurs to remove psychological causes like lack of self-confidence and fear of success and
they should be monitored continuously .
Area of operations in which women are trained should focus on their marketability and profitability,
and also making provision of marketing and sales assistance from government part.
State finance corporations and financing institutions should permit by statute to extend purely trade
related finance to women entrepreneurs.
The financial intermediaries should provide more working capital assistance both for small scale
venture and large scale ventures through micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the
women entrepreneurs at local level.
Infrastructure, in the form of industrial plots and sheds, to set up industries is to be provided by
state run agencies.
District Industries Centers and Single Window Agencies should active and liberal role in assisting
women in their trade and business guidance and the programmes for encouraging entrepreneurship
among women are to be extended in their jurisdiction.
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At the high school level the training in entrepreneurial attitudes should start through well-designed
courses, which build confidence through behavioral games.
More governmental schemes to be introduced to motivate women entrepreneurs to engage in small
scale and large-scale business ventures through financial, technical, managerial, infrastructural
assistances etc.
REFERENCES
1. Gupta .C.B. and Srinivasan .N.P.,2002, “Entrepreneurship Development in India”, New Delhi,
Sultan Chand & Sons, p.1.
2. Ibid., p.34.
3. Gurumoorthy T.R.,2000. “Self Help Groups Empower Rural Women”, Kurukshetra, Vol.48, No.5,
p.39,
4. Gupta .C.B. and Srinivasan .N.P.,2002, “Entrepreneurship Development in India”, New Delhi,
Sultan Chand & Sons, p.1.
5. Samwel Kakuko Lopoyetum, 2003,“Cooperative Entrepreneurship”, Kurukshetra, Vol.52., No.1.,
November, , p.21.
6. N.Mohanan and V.Kulandaiswamy, 2004, “Institutional Linkages for Micro-Enterprises
Development”, Kurukshetra, Vol.52, No.7, p.45.
7. Mali D.D., 2001. “Entrepreneurship Development in North East”, Social and Institutional Issues,
Vol.49., No.9., p.32.
8. Nirmala Borah Das,2004, Women Entrepreneurs, Kanaklata Mahila Urban Co-operative bank,
Kurukshetra, Vol.53, No.1, p.43,
9. Gupta C.B. and Srinivasan N.P., 2002, “Entrepreneurship Development in India”, New Delhi,
Sultan Chand & Sons, p.1.6.
10. Bankimchandra V.Vaidya, 2003, “Entrepreneurship Development”, Transforming Rural Scenario,
Kurukshetra, Vol.52., No.2., p.37.
11. Raja Justus.E and Mahiba.M, 2000, “Participatory Micro Enterprises” A case study of PASA,
Kurukshetra, Vol.49. No.3., December, 2000., p.16.
12. Gupta C.B. and Srinivasan N.P., 2002, “Entrepreneurship Development in India”, New Delhi,
Sultan Chand & Sons, p.1.