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Transcript of Shirakawa
Shirakawa
Shirakawa (“White River”)
STORIES FROM A
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
JAPANESE AMERICAN COMMUNITY
Shirakawa
Shirakawa - Part 1 -
STORIES FROM A
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
JAPANESE AMERICAN COMMUNITY
Shirakawa
1. Immigrants
Shirakawa
America has been called a
―nation of nations.‖
We all have ancestors who immigrated here from
other places, other countries.
Shirakawa
Japanese immigrants
first arrived in the United States in the 1880s. . . .
Shirakawa
Japanese immigrants
first arrived in the United States in the 1880s. . . .
They left families and friends behind, dreaming of better jobs and opportunities
in America.
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In 1880, there was just 1 person of Japanese ancestry in Washington State.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
In 1880, there was just 1 person of Japanese ancestry in Washington State. In 1900, there were over 5000.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Courtesy WRVM JACL Album Collection
Shirakawa
If you know about Japanese sports, you know that ―one, two, three‖ in Japanese is ―ichi, ni, san‖ (pronounced ―ee-chee, nee, sahn‖).
Shirakawa
If you know about Japanese sports, you know that ―one, two, three‖ in Japanese is ―ichi, ni, san‖ (pronounced ―ee-chee, nee, sahn‖). That is written with script borrowed from the Chinese. . . . like this
Shirakawa
If you know about Japanese sports, you know that ―one, two, three‖ in Japanese is ―ichi, ni, san‖ (pronounced ―ee-chee, nee, sahn‖). That is written with script borrowed from the Chinese. But it’s usually written from top to bottom . . . like this
Shirakawa
If you know about Japanese sports, you know that ―one, two, three‖ in Japanese is ―ichi, ni, san‖ (pronounced ―ee-chee, nee, sahn‖). That is written with script borrowed from the Chinese. But it’s usually written from top to bottom . . . like this
(Easy as 一 二 三 , isn’t it!)
Shirakawa
Japanese immigrants called themselves ―Issei‖, meaning ―1st life‖ or ―1st generation.‖ It’s pronounced ee-say.
Shirakawa
Japanese immigrants called themselves ―Issei‖, meaning ―1st life‖ or ―1st generation.‖ It’s pronounced ee-say. They called their 2nd generation children ―Nisei‖ . . . pronounced nee-say.
Shirakawa
Japanese immigrants called themselves ―Issei‖, meaning ―1st life‖ or ―1st generation.‖ It’s pronounced ee-say. They called their 2nd generation children ―Nisei‖ . . . pronounced nee-say. OK, your turn. They call their 3rd generation grandchildren . . . . . ?
Shirakawa
Japanese immigrants called themselves ―Issei‖, meaning ―1st life‖ or ―1st generation.‖ It’s pronounced ee-say. They called their 2nd generation children ―Nisei‖ . . . pronounced nee-say. OK, your turn. They call their 3rd generation grandchildren ―Sansei‖ Right! And it’s pronounced . . . . ?
Shirakawa
Japanese immigrants called themselves ―Issei‖, meaning ―1st life‖ or ―1st generation.‖ It’s pronounced ee-say. They called their 2nd generation children ―Nisei‖ . . . pronounced nee-say. OK, your turn. They call their 3rd generation grandchildren ―Sansei‖ . . . pronounced sahn-say. Great! (Now you’re speaking Japanese!)
Shirakawa
Japanese immigrants called themselves ―Issei‖, meaning ―1st life‖ or ―1st generation.‖ It’s pronounced ee-say. They called their 2nd generation children ―Nisei‖ . . . pronounced nee-say. OK, your turn. They call their 3rd generation grandchildren ―Sansei‖ . . . pronounced sahn-say. Everyone of Japanese origin is called ―Nikkei‖ (nee-kay).
Shirakawa
The Issei came East from Japan to America on ships.
Shirakawa
The Issei came East from Japan to America on ships. The trip across the Pacific Ocean could be long and hard.
(Definitely not a Carnival Cruise!)
Shirakawa
The Issei came East from Japan to America on ships. The trip across the Pacific Ocean could be long and hard. In 1900, Matahichi Iseri traveled to America on his own, joining his half-brother. ―Mat‖ was 16 years old.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
The Issei came East from Japan to America on ships. The trip across the Pacific Ocean could be long and hard.
In 1914 at age 16, Yohei Hikida crossed the Pacific on his own to join his dad
in Washington. He kept house, cooked, cleaned, helped on the farm, and enrolled at the local grade school to learn English.
Courtesy of Tom Hikida
Shirakawa
Many Issei looked for work in cities like
Seattle and Tacoma.
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But many more found jobs in the countryside away from big cities.
The United States was growing fast. New technology was starting up everywhere.
Shirakawa
2. White River
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Japanese labor teams worked for busy railroads, sawmills,
and fish canneries all around the Pacific Northwest.
Shirakawa
Japanese labor teams worked for busy railroads, sawmills,
and fish canneries all around the Northwest.
Big work teams were also needed on farms.
Shirakawa
Many Issei came from farming villages in Japan.
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The White River Valley was the biggest, most fertile farm belt between Seattle and Tacoma.
Shirakawa
Where does this ―WHITE RIVER‖
come from?
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Where does this ―WHITE RIVER‖
come from?
Well, it starts on the biggest
volcanic mountain in the contiguous
(―connected‖) 48 States.
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MT. RAINIER,
the most famous landmark in all of Washington State, 14,410 feet tall! NW Coastal Indians called her "Ta-ko-ma" which is said to mean . . . ―she who gives us the waters."
Courtesy Wikipedia Commons, WSiegmund
Shirakawa
On Mt. Rainier is the huge Emmons Glacier the biggest ice mass in the contiguous 48 States.
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On Mt. Rainier is the massive Emmons Glacier the biggest ice mass in the contiguous 48 States. This sea of slow-moving, slow-melting ice is the main source of the White River.
Shirakawa
For ages, the river has run from Mt. Rainier through deep gorges and wide valleys to big salt-water bays in what we call Puget Sound.
Courtesy LOC #g4284t.pm009790
Shirakawa
For ages, the river has run from Mt. Rainier through deep gorges and wide valleys to big salt-water bays in what we call Puget Sound. The deltas at the end of the rivers are where the cities of Seattle and . . . Tacoma grew up.
Courtesy LOC #g4284t.pm009790
Shirakawa
Names for the White River varied with different cultures and languages . . .
Shirakawa
Names for the White River varied with different cultures and languages . . . Native Americans called it ―Stokh‖ (where it ran near today's Kent and Auburn). They called themselves ―St-kah-mish‖— ―people of the Stokh River.‖
Shirakawa
Names for the White River varied with different cultures and languages . . . Native Americans called it ―Stokh‖ (where it ran near today's Kent and Auburn). They called themselves ―St-kah-mish‖— ―people of the Stokh River.‖
• In the 19th century, pioneer immigrants saw the
milky silt in its water and called it "White River.‖
Shirakawa
Names for the White River varied with different cultures and languages . . . Native Americans called it ―Stokh‖ (where it ran near today's Kent and Auburn). They called themselves ―St-kah-mish‖— ―people of the Stokh River.‖
• In the 19th century, pioneer immigrants saw the
milky silt in its water and called it "White River.‖ • And Japanese immigrants called it ―Shirakawa‖ – a direct translation of the English . . .
Shirakawa
Shiroi means ―White‖ . . . . . .
Kawa means ―River‖ . . . . . .
Together they read . . . . . . “Shirakawa”
Shirakawa
The tallest, most loved mountain in Japan is Mt. Fuji,
another volcano.
Shirakawa
The tallest, most loved mountain in Japan is Mt. Fuji,
another volcano.
Over the ages, it has been portrayed in
countless works of Japanese art.
Shirakawa
Mt. Rainier reminded the Japanese of Mt. Fuji when they came to Washington State.
They even called it Takoma-no-Fuji. . . ―Tacoma’s Mt. Fuji.‖
Shirakawa
The character of the valley — river channels, living spaces, work places — has changed a lot in the last 160 years.
Shirakawa
The character of the valley — river channels, living spaces, work places — has changed a lot in the last 160 years.
In 1906, the route of the White River was even changed.
It no longer flows through the White River Valley! The Green River took its place from Auburn to Tukwila!
Shirakawa
The character of the valley — river channels, living spaces, work places — has changed a lot in the last 160 years.
In 1906, the route of the White River was even changed.
It no longer flows through the White River Valley! The Green River took its place from Auburn to Tukwila!
But the historical name, ―White River Valley,‖ has not been forgotten.
Shirakawa
3. Roots
Shirakawa
Asian immigrants often faced cruel discrimination in America. But some of their non-Asian neighbors grew to
respect them and their work.
Shirakawa
Asian immigrants often faced cruel discrimination in America. But some of their non-Asian neighbors grew to
respect them and their work.
In 1882, the US Congress passed laws to stop the immigration of workers from China. Violent riots made it
even harder for the Chinese to work in America.
Shirakawa
The Issei came to seek their fortunes where Chinese workers were no longer welcomed.
Shirakawa
The Issei came to seek their fortunes where Chinese workers were no longer welcomed.
Japanese immigrants tried hard to imitate American ways . . .
and they often took jobs nobody else wanted.
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The first known record of Issei workers in the White River Valley was written in 1892. . . .
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The first known record of Issei workers in the White River Valley was written in 1892. . . .
Many Issei joined with Indian and Caucasian workers (kids included) to harvest hops, a crop that earned big
money for White River Valley farm owners.
Shirakawa
There was a big backlash in the local press. This 1893 article in Kent’s White River Journal newspaper called Japanese workers ―distasteful‖ and ―irresponsible.‖
Courtesy WRVM Newspaper Collection
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But many valley farmers still counted on their help, saying they were ―conscientious, determined, and thrifty.‖
Courtesy WRVM #PO-00818
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The Issei also found other kinds of jobs.
Mat Iseri worked as a ―houseboy‖– a kind of servant –
while he enrolled in night school to
learn English.
No one knew that someday he would become a leader in his community.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Despite their efforts to fit in, the Japanese still faced a lot
of prejudice. Newspaper editors and union leaders often raged against them, but they kept on trying for jobs.
Courtesy WRVM Newspaper Collection
Shirakawa
Around 1900, some Issei farm workers began to lease
small plots of land for their own farms.
Shirakawa
Around 1900, some Issei farm workers began to lease
small plots of land for their own farms.
Once again, newspapers exploded against them.
Shirakawa
Angry disrespect for the Japanese was stirred up all around the West Coast.
Shirakawa
Angry disrespect for the Japanese was stirred up all around the West Coast.
US law said that Asian immigrants were not allowed to become American citizens.
Shirakawa
By 1908, Japanese immigration to the US had became very
restricted.
Shirakawa
By 1908, Japanese immigration to the US had became very
restricted.
But the wives and brides of workers already making a living in America could still come join their families.
Shirakawa
Kisa Okuna crossed the ocean to Washington in 1907 to marry Mat Iseri. She was 19.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Kisa Okuna crossed the ocean to Washington in 1907 to marry Mat Iseri. She was 19.
This is the family she left behind . . . maybe forever, she thought sadly.
both Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
When Sen Natsuhara arrived in Seattle in 1905, the first thing she and her husband, Chiyokichi (―Charles‖), did was to have a wedding ceremony on board her ship.
Shirakawa
When Sen Natsuhara arrived in Seattle in 1905, the first thing she and her husband, Chiyokichi (―Charles‖), did was to have a wedding ceremony on board her ship. Then he bought her some American-style clothes and took her home to his tiny place at an Auburn farm.
Shirakawa
In a few years, two children had joined the family. Now America finally felt like Sen’s home.
Courtesy WRVM #PO03564 Natsuhara Family Collection
Shirakawa
Shirakawa - Part 2 -
STORIES FROM A
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
JAPANESE AMERICAN COMMUNITY
Shirakawa
4. Nisei
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It was a new era. Families blossomed as children arrived.
Shirakawa
It was a new era. Families blossomed as children arrived.
A new generation of American citizens
—the Nisei— sprouted in the US.
both Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
While their families multiplied, Issei farmers grew produce
and sold it at farm stands and markets.
Shirakawa
While their families multiplied, Issei farmers grew produce
and sold it at farm stands and markets.
Remember the Iseri family? Mat and Kisa leased a farm in Sumner, Pierce County.
Shirakawa
While their families multiplied, Issei farmers grew produce
and sold it at farm stands and markets.
Remember the Iseri family? Mat and Kisa leased a farm in Sumner, Pierce County.
When their first child, Tom, was born in 1907, they brought him to work!
Shirakawa
While their families multiplied, Issei farmers grew produce
and sold it at farm stands and markets.
Remember the Iseri family? Mat and Kisa leased a farm in Sumner, Pierce County.
When their first child, Tom, was born in 1907, they brought him to work!
No one knew that this baby would grow up to be a Nisei leader.
Shirakawa
Better transportation brought new energy to the
White River Valley.
Courtesy WRVM #PO-00053
Shirakawa
Better transportation brought new energy to the
White River Valley.
This was the Seattle/Tacoma Interurban passenger train, which also took farm products to nearby cities.
Courtesy WRVM #PO-00053
Shirakawa
Huge new milk canning factories were opened in the valley.
Courtesy WRVM #PO-00359
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Huge new milk canning factories were opened in the valley.
This building in Kent was where Carnation first canned their famous ―evaporated milk‖ in 1899.
Courtesy WRVM #PO-00359
Vintageprintable.com
Shirakawa
Many Issei farmers bought herds of dairy cows.
If they could keep up with this hard way of life, it paid off.
Courtesy WRVM #PO-00210
Shirakawa
Many Issei farmers bought herds of dairy cows.
If they could keep up with this hard way of life, it paid off.
Every member of the family pitched in to help with family businesses.
Shirakawa
After chores, there was time for fun, Like marbles and kites And a whole lot more.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
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After chores, there was time for fun, Like marbles and kites And a whole lot more.
Hanging out was never a bore! both Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
In back that’s Mike with his older brother, Tom. In front are their other brothers, ―Skeeter‖ and ―Mun.‖
The Iseri Brothers, 1915
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No one knew then that little Skeeter would not live long enough to become a grownup . . .
Or that one day Mike would become a real soldier, and give his life for his country.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
New Japanese stores and businesses appeared. The Natsuhara family began importing rice and tea in 1914 to sell to their Japanese neighbors. The family built the business and ran their store in Auburn for 85 years.
Shirakawa
The Iseri family was still growing.
They moved to ―Thomas,‖ a tiny farming town in the White River Valley between Auburn and Kent.
Shirakawa
The Iseri family was still growing.
They moved to ―Thomas,‖ a tiny farming town in the White River Valley between Auburn and Kent.
Here they are in 1918, picking berries with other families.
Shirakawa
Mat is stacking boxes on the wagon. Tom is 10 now, riding a bike nearby.
Shirakawa
Mat is stacking boxes on the wagon. Tom is 10 now, riding a bike nearby.
Skeeter, baby Alice, Mun, and Mike are trying to help. Tom’s 2nd sister, Mae, is there, too, but you can’t see her!
Shirakawa
Kisa–sitting on the left–will give birth to Mae in about a month!
Shirakawa
When Mae arrived and got old enough to play, her dad took her for rides on their horse, Fanny . . .
unless, of course, Fanny was still
at work.
all Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
The Issei formed Japanese clubs and organizations of all kinds, and included family members as much as possible.
There was a close Nikkei community spirit in the valley.
Courtesy WRVM JACL Album Collection
Shirakawa
As kids grew older, their parents usually enrolled them
in local public schools.
Court
esy W
RV
M #
PO
-00024
Shirakawa
As kids grew older, their parents usually enrolled them
in local public schools. The first known Japanese to attend school in the White
River Valley was this 18-year-old at Thomas Grade School.
Court
esy W
RV
M #
PO
-00024
Shirakawa
In 1904, James Higashida was so eager to learn English,
he signed up for 1st grade! Later, he became a dentist in Seattle.
Shirakawa
By 1915, half of these 3rd and 4th graders at Thomas School
were Nisei . . .
Court
esy W
RV
M #
PO
-00463 Y
am
ada F
am
ily C
olle
ction
Shirakawa
By 1915, half of these 3rd and 4th graders at Thomas School
were Nisei . . . including Tom and Mike Iseri.
Court
esy W
RV
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PO
-00463 Y
am
ada F
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ily C
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ction
Shirakawa
Three years later, a new Thomas School Building was built. The old two-room schoolhouse was bought by some Issei
and moved down the road a mile . . .
Courtesy WRVM #PO-00015
Shirakawa
Three years later, a new Thomas School Building was built. The old two-room schoolhouse was bought by some Issei
and moved down the road a mile . . .
where it became the White River Buddhist Church.
Courtesy White River Buddhist Temple
Shirakawa
The Buddhist Church also held a weekday Japanese
Language School, started by Issei parents so their children could learn about their family’s language and culture.
Courtesy White River Buddhist Temple
Shirakawa
After regular school, Nisei kids in Thomas walked (or biked) to their other school for the rest of the day! They hated it –
until they grew up and discovered all they had learned!
Courtesy White River Buddhist Temple
Shirakawa
In some classrooms, like this one in Thomas,
Nisei kids outnumbered others 2 to 1.
Court
esy W
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PO
-00461 Y
am
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Shirakawa
In some classrooms, like this one in Thomas,
Japanese kids outnumbered others 2 to 1. There’s Mae Iseri, growing up fast.
Court
esy W
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PO
-00461 Y
am
ada F
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ction
Shirakawa
One of Mae’s classmates was Gordon Hirabayashi.
Many years later, he would be named as ―one of the 100 Washingtonians who most changed the world.‖
Court
esy W
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PO
-00461 Y
am
ada F
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Shirakawa
Not many Issei parents spoke much English. It was hard
for them to know what was going on at their kids’ schools.
So in 1927, Mat Iseri helped start the first ever Japanese PTA in the United States at Thomas School.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Like other Americans, White River Nikkei were free to choose a religious faith and practice to follow. This kids’ celebration was held at the White River Buddhist Church.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Christian groups also formed in several neighborhoods. This Sunday School met near Kent.
It was started by a Japanese High School student.
Courtesy WRVM JACL Album Collection
Shirakawa
Life was better when people worked and played together. There were births . . .
Courtesy White River Buddhist Temple
Shirakawa
Life was better when people worked and played together. There were births . . . and weddings . . .
Courtesy of Hatsume Murakami Sao
Shirakawa
Life was better when people worked and played together. There were births . . . and weddings . . . and funerals . . .
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Life was better when people worked and played together. There were births . . . and weddings . . . and funerals . . . and traditional Japanese celebrations . . .
like mochitsuki at New Year’s time– making pounded rice cakes (mochi) from steamed rice using big wooden mallets . . .
Courtesy WRVM JACL Collection
Courtesy WRVM JACL Album Collection
Shirakawa
Life was better when people worked and played together. There were births . . . and weddings . . . and funerals . . . and traditional Japanese celebrations . . .
. . and like Obon, a Buddhist celebration of ancestry. These girls dressed up in kimono for the traditional odori dancing. Courtesy Densho #pd-p159-00240 Ochikubo Collection
Shirakawa
But lots of people were still angry about the success of
Japanese immigrants and their children.
Between 1921 to 1924, new Washington State
laws banned land ownership and farm
leasing by aliens. A new federal law stopped any more immigration from
Asian countries.
Courtesy WRVM Newspaper Collection
Shirakawa
Now every hope of Mat and Kisa Iseri
and all other Issei in America was placed in their Nisei kids.
Alice Tom Mike Mun Skeeter Mae George Mat Oscar Dan Carl Kisa
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
5. Harvest
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Despite many restrictions, even more family stores, like the Iseri General Store in Thomas, opened around the valley.
It grew from this . . .
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
Despite many restrictions, even more family stores, like the Iseri General Store in Thomas, opened around the valley.
It grew from this . . . to this in three years.
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
Nearby, the Tsuchiya family opened their flower shop and
greenhouses.
Fro
m 1
934 b
ook “
Zaib
ei
Doho J
igyoka S
hashin
-cho”
Shirakawa
The Kadoyama greenhouses were west of Kent. A K-Mart store stands on this spot today.
Fro
m 1
934 b
ook “
Zaib
ei
Doho J
igyoka S
hashin
-cho”
Shirakawa
Just up the road was the Tsubota Sawmill.
Things seemed to be looking up for members of the White River Valley Japanese Community.
Fro
m 1
934 b
ook “
Zaib
ei
Doho J
igyoka S
hashin
-cho”
Shirakawa
The number of Japanese American kids at White River Valley schools continued to grow. . .
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
The number of Japanese American kids at White River Valley schools continued to grow. . .
There’s Mae . . . a 7th grader at Thomas School in 1930.
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
And there’s Gordon, an 8th grader. He was such a good
student, the school skipped him up a grade. No wonder he became a professor as an adult.
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
Some Nisei were great athletes, too.
Court
esy W
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PO
-01070
Shirakawa
Some Nisei were great athletes, too.
One of the stars on this State champion 1925 Auburn High School football team was Kimeo Hirose.
Court
esy W
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M #
PO
-01070
Shirakawa
White River Valley people were thrilled in 1927 when
the first ever international high school baseball exchange game in the United States was played in Auburn.
Shirakawa
White River Valley people were thrilled in 1927 when
the first ever international high school baseball exchange game in the United States was played in Auburn.
The touring Japanese National H.S. Champions played a Kent area All-star team, which included two Nisei.
Shirakawa
The Japanese community had its own sports leagues,
and baseball was the favorite game.
These kids played on a White River Buddhist Church team long before national Little League Baseball ever got started.
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
Growing older, they joined youth teams.
The Kent and Auburn baseball teams won championships 6 years in a row in the local Nisei League.
Court
esy W
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M #
PO
-03288 N
ats
uhara
Fam
ily C
olle
ction
Shirakawa
This Auburn girls’ basketball team was also the champion of its league.
(Happy coach . . . champs and girls!)
Court
esy W
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PO
-03123 S
him
ojim
a/S
ugai C
olle
ction
Shirakawa
Issei parents also taught their children
native Japanese sports, like sumo wrestling . . .
(Tough guys . . . no girls!)
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
. . . and judo. This was the White River Dojo (judo club).
(More tough guys . . . no girls here either!)
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
. . . and judo. This was the White River Dojo (judo club).
The Dojo started in 1927 in Mat Iseri’s warehouse.
The teacher was called ―Sensei,‖ a very respectful title.
Court
esy o
f M
ae I
seri Y
am
ada
Shirakawa
Have you ever been to summer camp?
A Seattle Japanese church group held a summer ―Fresh Air Camp‖ at the Green River near Auburn.
Courtesy of Hatsume Murakami Sao
Shirakawa
Have you ever been to summer camp?
A Seattle Japanese church group held a summer ―Fresh Air Camp‖ at the Green River near Auburn.
Hundreds of Japanese American city kids came every year to enjoy country life for a week or two.
Courtesy of Hatsume Murakami Sao
Shirakawa
Nisei kids took part in school clubs, church activities, and sometimes took private lessons.
These Kent girls studied
Japanese dancing (called ―odori‖).
Courtesy of Amy Hanada Nikaitani
Shirakawa
Nisei kids took part in school clubs, church activities, and private lessons.
These Kent girls studied
Japanese dancing (called ―odori‖).
Gordon Hirabayashi was one of many Nisei who joined the Scouts.
Courtesy NARA #NWDNS-210-G-B570
Shirakawa
Youth clubs grew young new leaders.
Tom Iseri, became the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) Northwest District Chairman in 1935.
Courtesy WRVM JACL Album Collection
Shirakawa
Organized in 1929, the JACL soon became America’s most important organization for young adult Nisei.
Under Tom’s leadership, the district convention was held at Kent High School in 1935.
Courtesy WRVM Newspaper Collection
Shirakawa
The mayors of both Auburn and Kent spoke to the group of 400 delegates, who came from all around Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. After the meetings, there was a fine banquet and big dance.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
The Valley JACL group sponsored many other district activities, like Japanese-style dramas (―shibai‖).
Some guys cast in this comical play were good sports about wearing girls’ kimonos!
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
In the 1930s, Japanese truck farmers
in the White River Valley became very successful. F
rom
1934 b
ook “
Zaib
ei
Doho J
igyoka S
hashin
-cho”
Shirakawa
Some valley produce went to markets in
Seattle or Tacoma, like the famous Pike Place Market.
(That’s a lot of carrots!)
Fro
m 1
934 b
ook “
Zaib
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Shirakawa
But most of it was taken to the shipping companies that cropped up around the valley,
like the White River Packing Company in Kent . . .
Courtesy WRVM #PO-01191 JACL Album Collection
Shirakawa
And this packing shed in Auburn. Tom Iseri and a partner owned the business.
That’s Tom’s sister, Mae, on the right – all grown up.
Courtesy WRVM #PO-01060 Yamada Family Collection
Shirakawa
At the packing sheds, farm-fresh vegetables and berries
were cleaned and boxed and loaded onto trains, then shipped to eastern cities like Chicago and New York.
(Mmmm . . . more carrots!)
Court
esy o
f A
my H
anada N
ikaitani
Shirakawa
The White River Packing Company was owned by
Kent’s E. K. Saito, shown here with his family. People thought he was the richest Japanese in the valley.
Their house is now the home of the Kent Historical Society.
Fro
m 1
934 b
ook “
Zaib
ei
Doho J
igyoka S
hashin
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Shirakawa
Kent had a famous community celebration in the 1930s called . . . ―The Lettuce Festival!‖
They called Kent ―The Lettuce Capital of the World!‖
(―Lettuce Grow With Kent‖—get it?)
Court
esy W
RV
M #
PO
-00356
Shirakawa
Thousands of people came to Kent for the festival. They even invited President Roosevelt with
this giant postcard, displayed by May and Amy Hanada.
(He couldn’t come.)
Court
esy o
f A
my H
anada N
ikaitani
Shirakawa
Most of Kent’s lettuce was grown by Nikkei farmers. In this advertising photo for the festival, ―Bertha‖ the fake gorilla posed with a Japanese American farmer.
The newspaper picture showed Bertha, but not the farmer.
Court
esy o
f A
my H
anada N
ikaitani
Shirakawa
Part of the annual celebration was making the ―world’s largest tossed salad!‖
Pretty girls in rubber boots tossed lettuce with pitchforks!
(But did anyone eat the stuff?)
Court
esy W
RV
M #
PO
-00836A
Shirakawa
A ―lettuce queen‖ was elected each year. Mr. Saito’s adopted daughter was the 1935 queen.
Here she is with Mayor Wooden (in back with the hat) . . .
and her court of Japanese attendants.
Court
esy W
RV
M #
PO
-00897
Shirakawa
Goodwill seemed to rule White River Valley neighbors. The outlook in 1941 for Nisei kids like Tom and Mae’s
youngest brothers beamed brighter than ever.
(Bill, Oscar, & Carl Iseri) Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Shirakawa - Part 3 -
STORIES FROM A
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
JAPANESE AMERICAN COMMUNITY
Shirakawa
6. WAR!
Shirakawa
On December 7, 1941, Japanese military forces sprang
a massive air attack
on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
Shirakawa
America was suddenly and totally involved in World War II.
Shirakawa
Dozens of Issei community leaders on the West Coast, like
Mat Iseri and E.K. Saito, were arrested by the FBI.
They had done nothing wrong. But some government officials thought Japanese leaders might turn against
America and help their one-time homeland.
Courtesy of Hatsume Murakami Sao Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Both Mr. Iseri and Mr. Saito
had come to the US as very young men.
Both had spend about two-thirds of their lives living and working and raising families here.
Shirakawa
Tom Iseri, still the Northwest District Chairman of the JACL, wrote to newspapers, asking for calm and understanding
about Japanese American loyalty to the US.
Courtesy WRVM Newspaper Collection
Shirakawa
His brother, Mike, and many other Nisei hurried to sign up for the US Army. At first, the military didn’t know what to do with them.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
The country was worried about Japanese Americans. Frightened people expressed many strong feelings.
Shirakawa
But the country still worried about Japanese Americans.
Frightened people expressed many strong feelings.
Those who had opposed the Nikkei for so long spoke out more loudly than anyone else, spreading the word that anyone with Japanese blood must surely be an enemy.
Both courtesy of NARA
Shirakawa
Even the famous Dr. Seuss stood against everyone
Japanese—the enemy nation and American Nikkei alike.
Courtesy WRVM Newspaper Collection
Shirakawa
Even the famous Dr. Seuss stood against everyone
Japanese—the enemy nation and American Nikkei alike.
His cartoons portrayed them all as sneering, look-alike terrorists.
Shirakawa
Never allowed to become American citizens, Issei like Mat and Kisa knew they would be watched like enemies.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Never allowed to become American citizens, Issei like Mat and Kisa knew they would be watched like enemies.
But what about their American children? Would Tom, Mike, Mae and the rest still be able to live like other Americans?
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
The final answer astonished them.
On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt gave national security leaders emergency powers to decide who might be
dangerous. He also directed them to move those they considered dangerous away from possible war zones.
Courtesy LOC
Shirakawa
The US Army General in charge of defending the Western States decided that the Issei and all of
their descendants had to move away from the West Coast.
A lot of government leaders disagreed with him, but they had given him the power to order what he wanted.
Courtesy US Army
Shirakawa
During World War II, only Japanese American citizens received this kind of full-group treatment in the USA.
The official racial discrimination of their country was shocking for young Nisei who grew up saying the Pledge of
Allegiance and studying the Constitution in school.
Courtesy NARA #210-G-A78
Shirakawa
Soon these gloomy signs were posted all around the valley.
Courtesy WRVM Natsuhara Family Collection
Shirakawa
Soon these gloomy signs were posted all around the valley. The orders were aimed at ―all persons of Japanese
ancestry, both alien and non-alien‖ – a tricky way to include ―American citizens‖ without saying so.
Courtesy WRVM Natsuhara Family Collection
Shirakawa
Every West Coast Nikkei had to register with the
government, and then was assigned a family number . . .
and issued identity tags.
Courtesy NARA #210-G-A573
Courtesy WRVM Matsuda Family Collection
Shirakawa
The Iseri family, Hirabayashis, Natsuharas, Hikidas, and all their Nikkei neighbors sold or stored their things.
They locked their businesses, and packed their bags
for travel to inland detention camps.
Courtesy Densho
Courtesy LOC #8c24383u
Shirakawa
It was a sad time for everyone.
For Japanese American kids, it was totally confusing.
When the time chosen for them to leave came, all Nikkei felt upset by what was happening to them.
Courtesy LOC #8a31174u
Courtesy LOC #8a31197u
Shirakawa
But the only Nisei in Washington State to protest openly
against it was Gordon Hirabayashi, from Thomas. When the war started, he was a student living in Seattle.
Courtesy of Maxie Shimojima Sugai
Shirakawa
The authorities told him he had to obey their curfew and
relocation orders like everyone else.
Gordon said doing so just because of his
Japanese ancestry would disregard the US Constitution, which would be doing wrong.
They would have to arrest him and try him in a court.
Court
esy 1
940 T
yee a
nd U
W S
pecia
l C
olle
ctions
Shirakawa
His famous case was taken all the way to the US Supreme Court. But he lost! The judges said the Constitution didn’t
allow him to ignore the orders during a wartime crisis.
It took more than 40 years before Gordon’s case was reviewed and his conviction of crimes was erased.
Courtesy Densho #pd-i119-00045 Minidoka Irrigator Collection
Shirakawa
As for the rest of the White River Valley Nikkei, they boarded trains in Auburn or Renton
and were taken away, guarded by armed soldiers . . .
Courtesy Tacoma Public Library
Shirakawa
. . . to ―assembly center‖ camps like this one in California.
Courtesy LOC #3c37821v
Shirakawa
After a few months, they packed again and were taken to official detention camps they called ―relocation centers‖. . .
. . . like this one – Tule Lake in California.
Courtesy Bureau of Reclamation
Shirakawa
Life for White River Valley Nikkei and their entire
community was changed forever.
Courtesy NARA #210-G-D207
Shirakawa
They made the best of their new lives, and did what they
could to get along and help each other out.
Some people were angry or depressed. Others kept looking for new opportunities,
new things to learn, new ways to pass the time.
Courtesy NARA #210-G-A631 (l) & Densho #pd-p13-00041 Mamiya Family Collection (r)
Shirakawa
But kept behind a fence, it was impossible for the Nisei to best serve their country when it most needed their help.
Courtesy NARA #210-G-H444
Shirakawa
When the chance opened up, many more Nisei joined the
armed forces, proving their loyalty to America.
The bravery of their units became famous. Courtesy Densho #pd-i114-00089 Seattle Nisei Veterans Collection
Shirakawa
Some soldiers, like Mike Iseri and Bill Taketa,
sacrificed everything. The Kent newspaper listed their names among those who
died in combat.
Courtesy WRVM Newspaper Collection and Seattle Nisei Veterans Committee (photos)
Shirakawa
7. Return
Shirakawa
A lot of White River Valley folks back home did not want their former Japanese American neighbors to return after the war. Their sacrifices did not matter to you if your heart was bitter. In 1943, the Mayor of Kent had signs printed to show his point of view.
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Stores in Kent and Auburn were asked to post the signs.
This Kent barber
was glad to do it.
The story appeared in newspapers and inTime magazine.
Courtesy Densho #pd-i73-00001 Bettmann Archive / Corbis Collection #BEO71994
Shirakawa
The story appeared in newspapers and inTime magazine.
Over 300 Nikkei families had been taken from the valley, but only about 25 families returned after the war.
Courtesy Densho #pd-i36-00007 MOHAI Collection (Seattle P-I Collection #PI-28084)
Shirakawa
Mat and Kisa Iseri’s family found a welcome in the Eastern Oregon town of Ontario. Most of their large family settled there.
But their daughter, Mae,
returned to the White River Valley. She had married Maki Yamada early in the war.
Both Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Maki was overseas in the US Army, so Mae and her kids
moved back to the old Iseri family home.
Neighbors who already knew Mae welcomed them back. The rest soon realized that all Americans have basic rights,
no matter where their ancestors came from.
Courtesy of Doug Yamada
Shirakawa
Armed
with decency and the work standards their parents taught,
White River Valley Nikkei rebuilt their lives. Once again they won the full respect of their neighbors.
Shirakawa
Mat Iseri passed away in Ontario, Oregon in1961.
Kisa lived on. When she turned 100, the city awarded her and the whole Iseri family its ―Outstanding Citizen Award.‖
Courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
In 1988, America finally admitted that it had done wrong
toward Japanese Americans during World War II.
The US decided to make redress payments to every relocation camp survivor.
Many Issei, like Mat Iseri, had already died.
Courtesy Densho #pd-p179-00248 Nakamura Family Collection
Shirakawa
However, Kisa went to Washington, DC to take part in the very first redress payment ceremony.
It was October 9, 1990, and she was 102 years old.
Kisa also received this apology signed by the President.
Both courtesy of Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
About a year later, Kisa passed away. She had survived her husband and 7 of her 12 children.
Page from The Boise Statesman, March 21, 1988
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
Mae kept books of pictures and a mind full of memories, sharing them with anyone who would listen.
Stan Flewelling
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
She joined the White River Valley Historical Society and was an honorary board member there until her last days.
Barbara Campbell
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
She talked with school kids whenever she could . . . Stan Flewelling
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
. . . and helped organize reunions of her childhood friends from Thomas Grade School.
Stan Flewelling
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
She visited museums and libraries in Montana, where her dad, Mat, had first been locked up . . .
Stan Flewelling
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
. . . and the National Archives in Washington, DC, where she looked up records about her family during the War . . .
Stan Flewelling
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
. . . and her brother Mike’s Army service in Europe . . . and his death in France.
Courtesy Densho #pd-p105-00020 Tsubota Family Collection (Purple Heart) & Mae Iseri Yamada
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
She even visited France and talked to people who remembered the bravery of Japanese American soldiers.
Courtesy of Lu Yamada Wiley
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
She visited Mike’s grave in Seattle every Memorial Day.
Both by Stan Flewelling
Shirakawa
Mae Iseri Yamada raised her family in Kent and Auburn.
She had many good friends and was always full of energy.
In 2006, Mae was elected the ―Pioneer Queen‖ of Auburn and was crowned by the Mayor.
Stan Flewelling
Shirakawa
She passed away in November 2010 at age 92.
Her story will stay alive as long as she is remembered.
Courtesy Auburn Senior Center
Shirakawa
She passed away in November 2010 at age 92.
Her story will stay alive as long as she is remembered.
This presentation is dedicated to the memory of Mae Iseri Yamada and her whole family.
Shirakawa
Credits:
Thanks to Pat Filer and Historylink.org for giving the Shirakawa story a new
chance at life.
Thanks also to the many people and organizations who have shared generously from their photo and document collections. Here are some of the
abbreviations for historical archives used in this presentation:
• WRVM: White River Valley Museum (Auburn, WA)
• DENSHO: Densho, The Japanese American Legacy Project (Seattle, WA)
• MOHAI: Museum of History and Industry (Seattle, WA)
• LOC: Library of Congress (Washington, DC)
• NARA: National Archives and Records Administration (Washington, DC
and College Park, MD)
Shirakawa
THE END