OBG PRESENTS:

Shining the Light on ChemistryUltra-low TRC Limit Leads to PAA Piloting and Design

Isaac Katz, PE & Bill Meinert, PE | OBG | WaterJAM Conference 2016

AGENDACity of Oneida WWTP

Overview, SPDES

Disinfection Alternatives Study

Cl2, UV, PAA Preliminary Engineering - PAAPAA Piloting

Bench, Full-Scale, Quench IssuesDesign and Implementation

Disinfection Regulations

Q&A2

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City of Oneida WWTP

Discharge to Oneida Creek

Prior TRC Limit2 mg/L

Sodium Metabisulfite Dechlorination

Gaseous Chlorine Disinfection

3.75 MGD

City of Oneida WWTP

CHLORINE ROOM

Oneida Creek

MH10

MH11

CCTs

SMBS

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City of Oneida WWTP SPDES PermitOutfall 001

Constituent Limit

Flow 3.75 MGD Monthly Average (MA)

CBOD5 25 mg/L (MA) / 40 mg/L (7-day average)

TSS 30 (MA) / 45 (7-day Avg)

pH 6.5 – 8.5

NH3-N 7.4 mg/L Winter (11/1-5/31) MA, 3.5 mg/L Summer (6/1-10/31) MA

TP 0.6 mg/L 12-month rolling Avg

DO 7.0 mg/L instantaneous, when Flow > 2.5 MGD (& monitor daily minimum)

Fecal Coliform200 MPN/100mL 30-Day Geometric Mean (GM), 400 MPN/100mL 7-Day GM (seasonal effluent disinfection required 5/15 – 10/15)

TRC0.1 mg/L Daily Max (interim, 36-month from Effective EDP date), 0.02 mg/L Daily Max (final, EDP + 36 months)

Oneida WWTP SPDES Permit

Oneida Creek, Class C

Renewal with interim and final TRC limits

Alternatives analysis following attempts to meet the limit with the existing chlorination –dechlorination

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Previous TRC limit of 2.0 mg/L

Draft SPDES Permit issued November 13, 2013

Interim TRC limit of 0.1 mg/L

Tech. detection level of 0.1-0.5

Final TRC limit of 0.02 mg/L

NYSDEC-defined WQBEL

NYS Water Quality Standards

NYSDEC implementing lower enforcement compliance level or daily maximum limit

Has affected a number of POTWs in NY

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Limit Reduction based on TRC Standard Method 4500-Cl-G

• Practical Quantitation Limit (PQL) = “lowest level that can be reliably achieved …”

▪ Technology-based limit

• 2 mg/L (or, recently 0.5 mg/L)

• Compliance level 0.1-0.5 mg/L

▪ Water quality-based effluent limit (WQBEL)

• As low as 0.005 mg/L

• NYSDEC defined 0.02 mg/L

USEPA-approved TRC Analytical Methods

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Name EPAStandardMethods

Minimum Detectable Conc. & Inferences (2)

Iodometric Direct Method 1 330.3 4500-Cl B1 mg CI/L using starch iodide endpoint, or 0.040 mg CI/L in a 1,000 mL sample and 0.01N Sodium Sulfate used

Iodometric Method IIBack titration either end-point

330.2 4500-Cl CInterferences from oxide forms of manganese and other oxidizing agents

Amperometric Titration, Direct 330.1 4500-Cl DInterference from nitrogen trichloride, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, copper

DPD – Ferrous Titrimetric Method 330.4 4500-Cl F0.018 mg CI/L, normal working detection limitstypically higher

DPD – Colorimetric Method(Spectrophotometric DPD)

330.5 4500-Cl G0.010 mg CI/L, normal working detection limitstypically higher

Electrode (e.g. Orion 97-70 Chlorine Specific Ion)

--- --- 0.2 mg CI/L; 0.01 mg CI/L with blank correction

Key: DPD = N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamineYellow highlights are Standard Method recommend WW methods

Notes:(1) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22nd Edition. 2012.

Oneida WWTPChlorination / Dechlorination

Existing facilities –condition assessment, historical performance

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Reclaimed Water System

• Hypochlorite feed• Cloth filtration• Transfer pumping

Outfall 004, < 1.0-MGD to OIN

(golf course irrigation)

Disinfection Alternatives Study

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Alternative Disinfection Study:

Chlorine

PROS CONS

Conventional

Suppliers

Existing

Low cost

Familiarity

Gas safety

Ultra-low TRC requirement

Careful control

Effluent Toxicity

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Alternative Disinfection Study:

Ultraviolet Light

PROS CONS

Multiple applications and manufacturers

No chemicals

No harmful residuals

High capital costs

Increased maintenance and cost

Operator safety

Performance with site specific WW

Unpredictable electrical cost

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Alternative Disinfection Study:

Peracetic Acid (PAA)

PROS CONS

“Low” chemical dose, No DBPs

No quenching required?

Low freezing point, Long shelf life

Ease of implementation

Demand less impacted by fluctuations in BOD, NH3, TSS?

Effective at a wide range of pH and temperatures

Not widely applied in the US

Logistical and market risks with limited manufacturers

EPA approval, need NYS approval

No buried piping, Venting

Requires 304L SSTL piping, pickled, and passivated

Other demands? (Fe, Mn)

What is Peracetic Acid (PAA)?

Chemistry

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Manufacturing

Use: In place of chlorine as bleach or disinfectant

Equilibrium

Characteristics: Colorless, vinegary, 12-15%

As a WW Disinfectant: “relatively insensitive toward TSS when provided enough contact time” … “highly active at low concentrations across wide range of microorganisms” … our Pilot …

In Industry,Now POTWs

Peracetic Acid

Developing a track record

Potential storage and feed configuration

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Preliminary PAA Layout

Chlorine room retrofit

Alternate:Storage room

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Alternative Disinfection Study

Life cycle assessment of alternatives – compelling reason to test out PAA

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Cl2 Technically feasible?

Technically feasible?

Demonstrated elsewherePAA

UV

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PAA Piloting

Piloting Goals

Confirm PAA as an effective disinfectant

Demonstrate no additional degradation to Oneida Creek

Determine compatibility with existing disinfection facilities and operation

Obtain feedback from plant Staff and City employees

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Piloting Protocol

OBG worked with the City of Oneida and the NYSDEC to prepare a piloting protocol

WHO• Engineering: OBG• Sample collection: City of Oneida Staff and OBG• Chemical / equipment provider: Peroxychem

HOW

• Feed PAA at 2 ppm (bench testing)• Disinfectant flow pacing (manual and automatic)• Detailed sample schedule• Maintain a PAA residual below DEC limit of 0.1 mg/L –

quenching with SMBS

WHERE Temporary outdoor staging area next to the CCTs

WHEN

• Four week pilot from early-October – early-November –Chlor / dechlor followed by PAA

• Pilot with PAA to start outside disinfection season (May 15 – Oct 15)

City of Oneida WWTPSampling Schedule

Oneida Creek

MH 10

Sampling ( 9 AM and Noon)Final Clarifier Overflow

MH 11Bacterial Parameters• Fecal Coliform• E. Coli • Enterococcus

Chemical Parameters• PAA Residual – to be 0.1 mg/L!• PAA Degradation• WET Testing

Water Quality Parameters• pH• DO• CBOD5

CCTs

Pump & VFD

PAA Feed Line

SSTL Manifold

PAA Tote

Containment Pallet

CCTs

Piloting Challenges

PROCESS UPSETS

Season – hot and cold air temp

High Industrial Loading• Solids accumulation• High bacteria, TSS and CBOD

Week 1 & 2 – OBG:• Analyzed bacterial data (MH 10)

and residual data in the CCTs at end of Week 1

• Evaluated Piloting equipment• Tested for short circuiting in the

CCTs

• Cleaned the CCTs

PROCESS UPSETS

Week 3 & 4 – process improvement

Continued solids accrual

OBG:• Analyzed Week 3 data

o High bacterial count and very low residual in CCTs

• Increase PAA 2 to 3 ppm• Analyzed Week 4 data

o High bacterial count (MH 10), high residual in CCTs

• Extend Pilot 1.5 weeks and modify sampling schedule

Piloting Challenges

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Piloting Challenges

OBG

PROCESS UPSETSWeek 5 & 6• Analyze data in weeks 3 and 4

o High bacterial count• Increase PAA dose from 3 to 6 ppm• Modify sampling schedule location and frequency

o Sample three times daily (8am, 9am, 12pm)o Sample fecal at Clarifiers, CCT middle, CCT end,

MH 10• Good effluent = good kill

As a WW Disinfectant:“E Coli low resistance to PAA, similarly Fecal Coliform .. Following in susceptibility are Enterococcus, Giardia, Crypto …”

BACTERIAL PROFILE

Final Clarifier – 104,000 CFU

Middle CCT – 50 CFU, PAA Resid = 0.85

End CCT – 1,300 CFU, PAA Resid = 0.19

MH 10 – 35,000 CFU, PAA Resid = meter “low”

Piloting Challenges

Fecal (week 6)

PAA Pilot TSS & Fecal Count (Middle of CCT) PAA Pilot TSS & Fecal Count (MH 10)

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Piloting Challenges

Key Issue – Solids

Recontamination

Solids travel

What would work?

Lessons Learned

Improve mixing

Maintain upstream performance

Keep tanks clean

NYSDEC requested three toxicity tests, performed on the plant effluent

24-hour composite samples, M – W – F, Mid-October and early November

Function of mixing zone ratio but regulator driven

Results see no additional degradation to the receiving water body (oneida creek)?

WET Test

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Design and Implementation

Project Timeline

Draft SPDES

11/13

Disinfection Alternatives Analysis

12/14 08/15

PAA Pilot

10/15 11/15

Chlorine GasConstruction

08/16 10/16?

Upgrades Operational

Fall 2016,or ready for Spring 2017

Revised Design & Schedule

Summary and Plan Going Forward

Remain flexiblePhased approachPlan for fall 2016Longer-term solution

Chlorine gas remaining life?Future bacteria standard?

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Observations

Low limits pose a challenge

Influent can wreak havoc

Lessons

Site-specific needs

Control, high dosages

• No disinfection system would pass

• Surprise! - solids, PAA supply, diurnal variation, control

• PAA showed promise

• Solids, fecal, pH, DO, WETT

• Less reaction time than chlorine

• Industrial pretreatment review• Operator fatigue – upset, pilot• Phased approach may be best• Controls, SMBS improvements• Chlorine, PAA, or both?

• Compliance schedule management• More disinfection, more quench?,

more control will be needed

Disinfection Regulations

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DisinfectionRegulations

Little guidance for new technology

Future regulations

Future bacteria standards?

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OBG | THERE’S A WAY

Questions?Isaac Katz | Isaac.Katz@obg.com | 484-804-7283

Design Drawings

PAA Pilot pH

PAA Pilot DO

CBOD5

Peaks in CBOD, consistent with peaks in fecal count Due to process upsets

Oneida WWTP Hydraulic Profile and Upstream Treatment Processes

Complications:Significant industrialfloodplain feasibility of alternatives

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City of Oneida WWTP SPDES PermitOutfall 004

Constituent Limit

Flow Monitor (Daily Max)

Nitrates - N 20 mg/L (Daily Max)

Fecal Coliform200 MPN/100mL 30-Day Geometric Mean (GM), 400 MPN/100mL 7-Day GM, 2,400 MPN/100mL Daily Avg, 5,000 MPN/100mL Daily Max Mean

TRC 2.0 mg/L Daily Max, 0.5 mg/L Daily Min

Study: Total Residual Chlorine Compliance

Available technical approaches

Need to evaluate the feasibility of alternatives - measurement, control, technology options

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Chlorination / Dechlorination

upgrades

Facilities, Controls, Automation

Peracetic Acid?

Track Record, Supplier

No TRC, no DBPs, Quench?, Toxicity?, Effectiveness?, Life

Cycle?

UV?

No TRC, no DBPs, Transmittance?,

Effectiveness?, Life Cycle?, Flood?, Iron-

based Coagulant?

PAA Pilot SetupEquipment

Supplied by Peroxychem

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2 PAA chemical totes, 330 gallons each

2 spill containment pallets

1 pump skid including 1 peristaltic pump and VFD, calibration column, catch basin and necessary isolation and pressure relief valves

1 stainless steel manifold, associated suction and discharge piping for the pump

1 SAM unit for PAA residual measurement

We

eks

1-6

We

eks

7-8

Sampling Plan

UV Disinfection

Hydraulics, effluent quality and color, retrofit approach, no chemicals, … floodplain

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Piloting Challenges

CCTs

High residual in middle

Low residual at end of CCTs

FutureRegulations

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Study: Total Residual Chlorine ComplianceSituation, Approach, Solutions?

Developing issue in NY State … different approaches

• Mixing zone analysis, treatment solution

Effluent Disinfection: Gaseous Chlorine, Sodium Metabisulfite

Reclaimed Water System: Hypochlorite, Filtration, Pumping

Solution: … Key Issues

• Attempts to meet with existing

• Feasible alternatives, Control

• Unique WW? Need to pilot?

• Compliance timeline, NYSDEC

Sample Date & Time Fecal Coliform TSS

November 23

12pm – MH 10 15,400 46

November 24

8am – MH 10 1,510 35

9am – MH 10 1,060 24

12pm – MH 10 420 25

November 25

8am – MH 10 800 42

9am – MH 10 1,600 57

Fecal

CCTs High residual in middle Low residual at end of CCTs

END CCTs Solids accumulation at the end of

CCTs Consistently high bacterial count

at MH 10 downstream of CCTs

Piloting Challenges