Sherk Roman Documents 20-21-43

7/27/2019 Sherk Roman Documents 20-21-43

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ROMANDOCUMENTSFROM THEGREEK EAST

i S,E}/,4TtlS COA/SL]LTA AND EPISTULAEI TO THE AGE OF AUGUSTUSi , ssEssEsssEssssssEssssssss$EssssqsssBsssEEsssslI ROBERT K. SHERK

r:'j ;ir-le, THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLANDi:. .1:

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2O'EPISTULA L. CORNELII SULLAECUM SENATUS CONSULTO DE THASIIS 8o r.c.EEESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSEESESSSSESgsEssEssssssssssBIBLIOGRAPHY-. C. Dunant andJ. Pouilloux, Recherches sur l'histoire et lesaltes de Thasos,rr Etudes thasiennes, v (paris, -r9ig), no. rr4(plate vI), pp- 'l7-!S;J. Bousquet,_!.C.H.,83 (1959): 4oz (cf.,,S.E G., XVII, l+g);L. R. Taylor, The yyi,w Distrias of the Roman Republiic, American'Academy inRome, Papers and Monographs XX (Rome, rgOo), pp. z6g_69.DESCRIPTION. .These fourteen fragme_nts,-engraved on blocks of graymarble, originally formed-part_of somi ofiicial btiildrng in the agora o?ihrror.The stones were later used in the construction of ,n oli Christian basilica.section A: Inv. 7rs !, F, or. These are three fragments that join together.over-all dimensions of the rhree stones together: *frth, o.4s mi; heigh"r, o.r5m.; thickness, o.o7 m.; height of letters, o.or4 m. Lines r *d 3'p.oi.r r*oletter spaces out into the left margin of the text.Section B: Not preserved.section c: Inv. 7r5. contains the end of the first column and a part of thelast lines of the second. Largestof the fragments: width, r.zg m.ih.ighr,o.rj m.; rhickness, o.13 m.; height of letters, o.orr m.. Section D: Inv. 7rs . ''width: o;{J m. Height: o.rg m. Thickness: o.o9m. Height of the letters: o.oro m.Section E: Inv. 7r5 (right side; for dimensions, see above, under sec. c) tothe end of col. II, line &_followed by Inv. lrs y of col. IIL Inv. 7r5 y rho*,a margin on the left. width: o.3g m. Heighr: o.rg m. Thickness:-oi.o7 ^,.eight of letters: o.or2 m. The first two lelters of line a (col. II) and oflirr. 13(Col. Ifl)-project out into the margin. The ends of lines qlrr (Cot. III) arecontained on a small.fragrnent (Inv. 7r5 )) which shows ,L. .-pry ,pr..between cols. III and-IV. 'width: o.r4 m. Height: o.ogJ m. Thickness:

o.o5j m. Heighr of letters: o-or2 m. (Col. III), ooo8 m. (bol. IV).Section F: Inv. 7rs 0. Broken on all sides. 'widrh: o.oa5 -. Height:o.ojo m. Thickness: o.oro m. Height of letters: o.orr nr.. Section G: Inv- 5o7 and 5zo. Found in rgzz and published in B.c.H., 5o(rg?6),no..!, p. 234. .After its publicarion rhe ,rorr.^wm broken ioro ,*o-f"rrr,and several letters (underlined in our text) were obliterated. over-alldimensions: width, o.r9 m.; height, -o.o9o m.; thickness, o.o3o m.; height ofletters, o.oro m. These two pieies form the texr up ro lin.l of Sectio'n G,1utwith line 6 begins Inv. 7r5 6. 'width: o.r9 m. Height: o.rr m. Thickness:l.oii T. Heighr of letters: o.oo9-o.oro m. The enls of lines 6-15 of Se*ionG are found on Inv. zrs T. 'width: o.rg m. Heighr: o.ro -. Tl";k".f.f;---o.o7 m. Height of letters: o.oro m.Section H: lnv. 7r5 ) (right edge). This small fragment carries on irs left side'115


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ROMAN DOCUMENTS FROM THE GREEK EAST':-. I.i r.:i .-:-the ends of lines 9-rr (col. III) (dimensions given above, Sec. E).section I: Inv. zrs L. small sliver of martle broken on all siies. width:o.lo rrr. Height: o.ots T+ Thickness: o.or5 m. Height of letters: o.or2 m.- SectionJ: Inv- 2ry.(. ?iny frag-ent broken on all lid., .*..pt the right.'width: o.r4 m. Heighr: o.rgJ m. Thickness: o.o7j m. Heigilt of leti.rs:o.or5-o.or3 m.

Col.IA Aenfrc]tos Koprf[)]cos Aeurctou [ufr]s Xrjllos,Ena$p66r:os {zrarosfrd }eirepfofv yo,i,pew ),iyeft @aotav &,pyouor, poutAfit,}fiy.al

_,t iyd rpeopeurais ip"erpots [rd zfs ouvrc\ritrou 66yp,a ",op6-*o. ,,)],,1,."^.': ".i)-? 66yp,u ro0ro yeyovds iorw npd lfip.ept;tv - - - iv r6,tf t,. ,..,ii,'t' i l. lpn",tpi.,,,' rry6oy(v9r[, n]q,pfioav Ttiftos Ercprpcivtos -l'oiou ufds]' [...feilvusKouptfavllap,evrirg-- --_-_-1.. ,,1. [___)94-y?t---__---.--_- ---]"-l

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SEN/TUS CONSULTA

[.)EfE trpeoBeyt- - - ttitv }rly,ootow rrpayp,il-ravrG;vrjy.erpqfv - - - - - - -1iTru re Aeircrcs Kopvfi).ros X[i,tr]os 'Etra$p66nog, Kdwtos Ko;rci[ros Mdretr]os

Jnaror,idveiro?sgatvlraer -!:":B):1 ------1trpooq),crtltivos fiv. iy 6t ritr, [pvfpoo|ev ypdvat"? - - - - - - -]!atttt iv rcfu vq,tir, rGtt rfis flbreas r[- - 7uotav re 2v rtic Kanef -ru\.tar, i&v notfioar, Boi),


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RoM._AN.lgcuurNrs "FROM THE GREEK EASTM[-- ----_-]r---ltt----It- - -lr Yil- - -lt- - -l rHAt- _ _1 I [----] tryl I--------lI- - : ouvlglrjrou 66[yp" - i -]f- -drroo?]rer,\i- - - - - - -] t

A 5 fTc]ptltrlpiutt(?), Taylor, but [rolle] prrqptcor,Bousquer. A s-6 Taylor restored rhename,f E. Badian, Athenaeu?:!*:, ao (rsa=), ira.Jii. ;;-*;qi?l6rl,pr",rr, "rd poui,oux, burhe photograph shows l{A';.e s.c-'ar-iarritlNJ i2, r. s..2. G 6 Dunant and pouiroux,;;:r;#;r;:ffhrt e)vra,L, but an examinarion ;i ;t,.'pnoJoffi seems ro show

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EPISTULA CN. CORNELII DOLABELLAEsEsssssssssEsssssEssEgESESSSESESSEgSSSSSSSEEqBIBLIOGRAPHY' ,C.-Dunant andJ. Pouilloux, Rechercltes sur l'Histoire et lesCultes de Thasos,II: Etudes thasiennes, V(paris,.rgig), no. r7i, pp. 4i_ii, plateVII, r ; E. Badian, " The Dolabellae of the Republic,,, popirc oJ ,t , ilririr'h schootat Rome,3: (1905): 48-5r.

DESCRIPTION. Block of marble carrying the presenr letter and also one ofL' Sestius Quirinalis (No. s6). Much has been loit because of the holes boreJinto it for fittings. width: r.34 m. Height: o.48 m. Thickness: o.r9 m. -Inscriprion is in two columns, with o.o35 *. b.r*..n each corumn. ri.igl, "retters: o.oro m.

[lvut]os KopvriArcs fforAtou lutis loAapiA[as dvhirqr)os yatpew Ayet &pyouot,v. Mw&s Mrx&, utds, Eat- - - u::1,';t';::;)',";;;"u,vr6ou, gioet 6t Aufirou,i1t'lrepot, dvbpesrccr[)oi .*L dyr0:{::!r'{;t, nap&,irjp.ourcc]io6 re rcar dya;o1 xairdpou, iv @ eooa[o fvi.xr1t $tlov oult p.dyou re fip.e-dvruy6wes p.ol - - - -] ov r\v oiyrclr1rov rol Lfip.ou ro0'Pup,ulavirip rfis iy.er{pfos ".6L,,s 66ypa rrepi rfis eis rd 6rrp,6otJa rpdyp.ara rc.,r,,[oyfisupciw ioyqrctvut,roird re rd 66y[p.arou irrtyv@v Tt- - -dv ri:t ro).dp.ut t- - - ,ol'lama,ptatsrepLfneoer,v? - - -il.rnepdropds ,, t- - -a ^ a ^ , l, \,iy"6w i1t"iv yd,ptru f$Aiuv oullp.axtav dvavedtoao\ac-----1- - -lyov rots npeoBeuruts 'Ap}rlpcriw ,$t rp6rrucAei{rc}-

- Dcd] Kplvev xui i1 oiyxlr1ros 6ir.ofw6t(Ao,Bev,,, Ei-

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ROMAN DOCUMENTS EROM TIIE GP"EEK EAST., .. ,:: , -:ri p.6s re 'Pa:p,al,av rcd|[euoey - - - -]ryO . .OEN.4.X2TEETOYEENATTOETEAE . . ifi_rcooc $p,iv ,how r&,s r 1.rl- -lJEN. i!i,U.EI opoodEous ri oiyrcAqros [ri 'Pco]-y,aicrw ouveyciiprloev tvq, Xpagl7 - - - - r)oiroq rois TO. .INA ytvlratv. -... -' 6p,-olicr,s re rcal lferrapq0l,o6 xui lDxrulto,,sl ypd,p,p.ara dr,orer)ra i.va tJy,iv irrjrcoot,tow tc rpdnat i "dy-rclr1ros rjp"erdpu i1l(lr1oev. uacatzo & 6i repl rfis Xdpos ffv dy.opo1oav "fop,apov (?) 1..)ENE.AIE r\v ycipav ty,tora?fTvla' NTOI- - -1$p.iv oyo\d,{ououv, tupa6o0vcl Ei rwa oyo\d{ouoafv - - c. rg - -)AIQIII4a xaitlar a dn or e tta tva r epi ra$rqs":;: t; :, ; p?i{ fr-, N o.: :E .i:ENAM HBIH TINEEENUAKHn H I dncyot -lpJfiouocv ilt"iv re oyold,(ouoav Trd,po,}fiow rcal..is .J2t- - c. rr - -]/N[- - c.q - -]TOIIOI. . .ANEIN etv-[u?]i re e!, rwa'Potp,.qru),rcus fi Ap\ounopr.s i) irro K. .zET.l{A.o..pr..2s lolcv ra'ra 1,.tv oyo\&{owa ;{:;{:,:*;ff;::Y!onr- - r+ -rj - -l

TAIHN .AEINQTIAIIl.Jv $p,tepa ruira $p.?v &troxaraoraLffro, $porrloo, t- - - -] t)rrtp rodruv r6wnpayp.&rav ip.ferl-fipav] }qy,ooiac fi i6tat, tvu rrpds ip,t TA.E[- - ,.g - ]yflr... ::::t-l - ._.rCol.II ITepi 6t rci'z rcara\ecnop,vav, idy eis d,pc$c\oyiav l- ------Iro0 trpdyp,qros rpeoleurq,l r.pds ip,t d\\rctoav I t- - ------1

atrwes iv rfit $t\tu ro0 6{y,ou ro0 ,Pup.ataw y,ecvafv - ------ITvaios fKopv$),rosf lTozr\tor.r ufds Ao\apA\as dv\inuros lyatpecv llyec &,pyouotBouLfic 6rjp.at @aofi-s lav --"] "l"ppldXerrd,io*prrt--- ----___]Spatium u ersuuttt quinquel--' ---1 t$p.&sl!\cogpovrios,l,-] -:-- ----lt-'- ----] cootvinfircoocfireoijrast--- -----it'-- ----] oucrrcirevavrtovrourt--- -----l -t- - - - - - -] q airil Ercwllo..a..

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SEN/TUS CONSULTA

u-r4AEYKIKIOE. ry\MO. .OEN.A (or O) rz,\. fi III- -lJ (or Y) rcil,.; Dunant andPouilloux suggest rds re EloAneias y-piu ,\c]piy[crs rcciy,o,ls Te lxlai npoodSous rzl.17 Dunant and Pouilloux suggest with great reservation rloiro,,s rois iQfeo]w &, ylvr1rac xr\.zo EMAPON. .E (or X) .lfE (or II or J-) rz,\. zt flllaroy!}g? suggested by Dunant andPouilloux. zz In the middle Dunant and Pouilloux suggest the possibility of nlvfefs)dv' Apqptn ,nvts iv flurclmyc (or IIaxrTt zfr); but the place names are unknown. 4 . . .ANE (or O)/lfrcrl. za K(or E). 25 AYI (or.4/VN/ or AIII), and, later, AZIN (or A).COMMENTARY. In the first year of the first Mithridatic 'War the Pontic king hadoverrun Bithynia, seized control of Asia, instigated the murders of thousands of Romansand Italians in the province, and started the siege of Rhodes. But his ambitions did notend there. They took in an even broader horizon, for in the late auturnn of gg s.c. hesent Archelaus to Greece with an army to secure allies or to take possession. Soon theforces of Mithridates were well entrenched in Athens, the Peloponnese, ali Boeotiaexcept Thespiae, and Euboea.r A second Mithridatic army then entered Thrace andMacedonia without, apparently, meeting very serious opposition. This was a strategypresumably calculated to obtain a strong foothold in Europe as an anchor to secureMithridates' new Asian possessions and eventually as a base io ,*.* all the Balkans.zThe Pontic king had planned well. The legate of the governor of Macedonia, Q.Braetius Sura, gathered together his numerically weaker troops and marched south tooppose Archelaus, but he was forced to retreat. Then Sulla arrived, early in 87 n.c.The Pontic army in Thrace and Macedonia overran the whole area and advanced south-ward against Sulla, but the son of Mithridates, who shared the command of this norrhernarmy with a general Taxiles, died on the way. Taxiles turned his troops over to theretreating Archelaus. The combined armies then fell before Sulla at Chaeroneia in86 n.c. in complete disorder. The following spring Sulla marched north into theborderland of Macedonia and Thrace for a punitive expedition against the Eneti,Dardani, and Sinti, who had been plundering Macedonia after the collapse of the Romanforces in that area during the previous year.3 Then, in the autumn of S5 n.c., the warended.It is this northern campaign in Thrace that is of special interest, for the presenr docu-ments are all directly connected with the Thracian situation that arose during and afterthe invasion of the country by the Pontic army. The Thracian tribes seem to havetaken advantage of the opportunity to attack and plunder the territory of their neighbors.With the Roman troops of Macedonia out of action and the army of MithridatesI For the fullest account of the first Mithridatic'W'ar see Th. Reinach, Mithridate Eupator, Roi de Pont(Paris, r89o), pp. r2r-2rr. Newer material and the results of later scholarship wili be found in D.Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor (Princeton, rg5o), chap. IX, with notes.2That the plans of Mithridates did not end with the conquesr of Asia may be surmised from whatSulla said at Dardanus in 85 r.c. (Appian Mthr. 57): tcai roirou rercpfipeov, 6rc xa'i. @pQrco,s xuiXxi1as xc,i Zaupo1.,drag, oiru rcvl ro),ep,6w, ds ou1t,p,o,y/av [trrjyou, rcoi ds rois dyyoipuor,Adus rept,repcrresrvafis re itror,oi, xui rpEpias xai rcuBepvrjras ouvexd,x&s. Sulla accuiedMithridates of planning the.war for a long time and of aiming at world domination.s Appian Mithr. 55.

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ROMAN DOCUMENTS FROM THE GREEK EAST.:securely in control of Asia they had little to fear, and, if we can believe the accusationsuttered by Sulla against Mithridates in 85 n.c. at Dardanus, rhe Thracians *ny h*r."Y{t advance preparatioru with the connivance of the Porrti. king for the devastationof the area.4 .Eetails, however, are lacking.The letter of Sulla, dated 8o s.c. by the mention of his second consulship, corn-municates the text of a senatorial decree to the magisrrates and people of ThasJs. It isat once clear that the Thasians had resisted the enemy forces ,"i n.a sworn an oath tokill their families- and to die fighting on behalf of the Republic ra4rer than provedisloyal in Rome's hour of need. Because of their r.rirt.nc.ihey had suffered terriblyat the hands of the enemy. The Roman Senate therefore d."r..i that "friendship anialliance" bewveen Rome and Thasos would be renewed; that the Thasirr, .rrrrJy, ,oRome would be allowed to make a sacrifice and an offering in the Capitol; that *h*t.r.,revenues Sulla had previously assigned them would be confirmed;^and that whatevercities, Ports, and territories they had previously possessed would be restored to them.Later sections of the decree (F and G) seem to refer to rhe restorarion of specific lands andpossessions of Thasos occupied by the Thracian chieftains Rhoe*.trllrr, Ablouporis,and Tiuta. The customary gifts (secs. H-) for the Thasian envoys while in Romeprobably formed the conclusion of the decree.The letter of Cn. Cornelius P. f, Dolabella, governor of Macedonia from go to 7g n.c.,

is also addressed to the Thasians and recounts how Thasian envoys had met him inThessalonike and had made known to him the newly passed senatus ,onrultunr.s Dolabellaoutlines in some detail the contents of that decree and lists the various measures he hasadopted or will adopt in order to carry out its provisions. He states that he has sentletters to the islands of Peparethos and Skiathos informing thern that henceforth theywill be under the control of Thasos, and that he also has ient letters ordering the res-toration of the land formerly owned by Thasos. The mention of the Thracianlhieftainswould suggest that they had seized those lands in the course ofthe war and that they weresituated on the mainland just opposite the island: the Thasian Peraea. A second. letter ofDolabella (Col. II, 11. a-9) apparently reGrs to instructions of some kind issued to Thasosconcerning the nature and the extent of its control over Peparethos and Skiathos.Such, in brie{ is the information contained in these important documents. It wouldaPPear that when the Pontic army under the son of Mithridates entered Thrace and+ See the passage from Appian quoted above (n. z).s Dunant and Pouilloux, op: cil, PP. 48-49, suggest that the two Thasian envoys who met Dolabellamay have been the men who had gone to Rome for the decree. They had carried a copy of thedecree back with them to Thasos "nd then had met the Macedorri"r, gorre.nor to inform him of itsprovisions. Such was, almost certainly, the sequence of events. Envoys would normally ,.**with a copy ofa decree passed in their favor: cf, the S.C. de Serapco(No. sj, ll.4-7,where it is specif-ically stated-that a [.oPy of a] decree 'was carried from Rome. But it is not certain wherher theenvoys are the same men in both documents, before the Senate in Rome and before the Macedoniangovernor' Their titles, however, would lead to that conclusion, as Dunant and pouilloux state.For Cn' Comelius P. f. Dolabella see T. R, S. Brought on, The Magistrates- of-th-u ponron Republic,II(New York, r95z), 8o. The present letter is importlnr for tris filiation; cf. Badian, loc. cit.122


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SEM{TUS CONSULTA

Macedonia the native chieftains of the;area seized the Thasian possessions on the main-land. 'Whether the "enemy" mentioned in the Senatorial decree and the letter are theThracians or the Pontic army cannot be decided, but perhaps the word is meant to coverboth of them. And since Dolabella (his letter, Col. I, ll. ztff.) apparently has to writea letter to effect the restoration of that land, one might assume that the land was held orcontrolled by the Thracians, perhaps intermittently, down to 8o n.c. This is possible,but the fragmentary nature of the present documents makes it impossible to establishcertainty. At any rete, at the conclusion of the first Mithridatic'War Sulla was aware ofthe island's resistance and assigned it certain revenues to compensate to some degree for itssuffering and consequent poverfy.

From the letter of Dolabella it is possible to see that the senatorial decree also hadassigned Peparethos and Skiathos to the control of Thasos. The reason for this is almostcertainly corruected with the fact that in the course of the war the island of Skiathos hadbeen attacked by Q. Braetius Sura because it was being used as a storehouse for thebarbarians.6 Hence, both islands may have been involved in the war on rhe side of theThracians. In addition, as 'we might expect, Thasos is to be allowed to use its ownflaws and] customs, i.e., it is to be autonomous (letter of Dolabella, Col. 1, U). Itbecomes a, ciuitas libera-small enough reward.

Rhoemetalcas may be related to the Rhoemetalcas of about 12 B.c.-A.D. 14 who wasthe first king of a united Thrace, although they are two generations apaft.l Ablouporisis a Thracian name found only once in our sources.8 Tiuta or Tuta is also a Thracianname, but nothing whatever is known about a king or chieftain bearing such a name; itmay be feminine.s6 Appian Mithr. zg. For the name of this legate of the Macedonian governor see LG., lX, z, 6t3;on coins see Dunant and Pouillosx, op. cit., p. 6.7 Dunant and Pouilloux, op. cit., pp. sr-s2.llbid., p. 52, referring to'W, Tomascheck, Sitzungsberichte Wien, r3r (1894): 3; P. Kretschmer,Einleinngin die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache (Giittingen, 1896), pp. 184-85; and D. Derschew,Die thraleischen Sprachresle (Vienna, gS7), p: 3.g Dunant and Pouilloux, op. cit,, p. 52. They draw attention to the lllyrian queen Teuta of the thirdcentury B.c. The variant forms of her name in our documents merely reflect the Roman attempt tospell her name in Latin and Greek.

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+3EPISTULA A. FABII MAXIMIAD DYMAEOS

[StoneJSSESESSSEESSSSESESSESSSSSSSSSSEEEEgsssESSSSS;BIBLIoGRAPHY' H. J. Rose,'Inscriptiones Graecae Vctustissimae (Cambridge,ISrs), pp. 393 and 4o5ff ; A. Boeckh, b./.G., I (r828), rs$; E.L. Hicks, z{Manual of Greek H,t*:::! Inscrip_tions (Oxforj, ,A8r;,'rro.", oz; p. Viereck, SermoCraear (Grittingen, ,198),.rg.tV, pp. 3_S;-W.. Ditienberger, S.LG.z, I (r898),3t6; T. 'w. Beasley, classical Reviii, 14 (igoo) : fiz-64;G. colin, Rome et Iajrice.de zoo i t46 auantJ.-C. (paris, ,9o5), pp. as+.tr.ril. Holl. eux, Hernrcs,49(tqt+): j83, n.4; F. Hiller von Gaerrri"g.", i" !r. Dittenberg.r, s.ie;, il'Ggrz),68+; Abbott-Johnson, Mr,tnicipalZd*inirt rri* i. it , Forro,rin,pin"(Princeton, ry26), tro-. 9, p. 2gr; J. A. O. Larsen, ,,Roman Greece,,, in T.Frank, An Econoruic suruiy of Aniient Ronre,Iv (Balti,rore, r93g), 3o7; s.Accame, Il dominio roffiano in Grecia dalla guerra'ocaira ai=Arrgusto(Rome, 1946),PP. 9-ro' 33-34' r49-s3; Lewis-Reinhold, Roman ciuilizaion t (New yoik,P5'):.1o:_, ?7, p.319; T. R..S. Broug.hton, Th, irg;;;:tes of the RornatrRepublk, II (New york, rg Sz), 6++ ; Jo'hrrron, Col.,nirr-Norrorr, Bourne,Ancient Roman Stdtutes, no. 40.

DESCRIPTION. A marble srab broken in four pieces, discovered by I.Hawkins in t7g7 in the ruins of Dyrne in Achaea.^ It is now in theFitzwillianr Museum, Cambridge, where I examined ir i' september of ry67.It is o.59 lr. hglr, o.J3 m. widi and has a maximum thickness of o.r4 rn. Inlines r-z the lerters are o.orj m. high, but elsewh... orrly o.oog m. There is asrnall molding ar the top, o.6r *. *id.. very often, bur rrot consisrently, thehorizontal cenrral bar-oi the cpsironis separated fro,r the vertical bar. Theletters are very carefully inscribed.

rrJ B.c.

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EPISTULAE

'EA, ?eoxdAou Aiavos, ypay,y,ar{-os ro0 ouveEplou 2rparox),l.os.

Kdwros Qd,p,.os Koivrou Mti{t'y.os d'v?iruros' Pc,t1.,,ak tv /u1t ui-uv rois &pyouot xcr,L ouvtbpoc rui rfit r.6Aec yalpew' ritv rep|Kul\dvrcv ouvi\pov ip,$av,,od.vrav poL repl' ritv ouvrele'o\brav rrap' iytiv dlrxr1piluv, ),iya Ei dzrtp rfis iy.npfioe-trs ral $\op&s rdtv d.py(ei)otv xal rdv }rly.ootav ypu1tp"dlav, tw iye'ydvet dpyrlyds rffs 6Lqs ouyyioeas Eitoos Taupop'dveos dxai" rois vdp'ous ypdtftas $rrevavrlous rfit, dtro6o0e('oqc totsl'A)yatois ir|'Pap.alav rro),r,rfelalt, nep| d,v r&' xard, pipos 6cri[,\]0"-p,ev iv fll)&,rpats y.erd, roi ralpl6r[zo]s oup"BouAtou' inei oiv of,6wnpo-Itd)pero, tuAra i$utvovr6 y.ot, rfis yet,ptortls xafruofrd,oeaslxa)i rapayfis rcufraoxeu\vf rorcip.evolc rois "EAlr,ot n&,of tv' oi y'6-vlov y&.pl rffs ttpld]s ,ilri,\ou[s] d,ouva\),[d]f [ials rcai ypeluxortus oi-ffxeia,f d,\,\& xai [r]fs ciuro8eEop,.dvrls xurd, lxfowdv rots "El)trylow i'l\eule pias dt).lorpia xo,i rfilsl i1pr"i[p"]t rpoatptoeas' iy[i, na-lpaoyop,Lv uv r Csv xarqy 6pav d.)v1?,.v&,s d.zo6 e i{ e r's 2 6,'oov ltiv rdv yeyovdru d,pyrlydz [r] 6tv npay?tvruv rcai vo'y,oypa$rjoavru inl xaruAdoet rfis d.rro6o0etoqs noAnet-a]s xpi.vas tvoyov etvar. 7avd.rot nalp)eytipt'ou, 6p"otas 5t rai,@opfp"toxov' Eyeo1tveos r6tv 6c,y't opyitv r6v ouy.npd,(avraro?]s ipnrprioaor, d, d,pyeCo rcul 6qy'6o,.u ypdy.ptara, inel. rco,larirds] 6p.ddyrloev' Try'60eov El Mrcia rdy. y.erd ro0 26oouyeyovdfra voy.oypd$ov, inel ZAaooov Z$atvero i16cxr1xcis, i-rc!\euouf npo&.yew eis'Pr.ipr.r1v ipxioas, e6' l6lt, rfft voult'r1vi,ut' ro0 iv-d.rou y-erlvdfs ioru[r,] irei xai |y.$avtoas rl6:c i)rrl ritv {vav oaPdrq-ytu rd 66[]av, lp]1 n)p*repov ird'lvfe,'ofw eils o?.xov, eAV di Ayr-z The letters here are larger than in the rest of the text. There is a very small epsilon before'Eri. 7 APXQN, stone. rz I follow Beasley's reading of Ec{[f]0oly.r, ev lll)d,rpats. 13rcufraoxeu\r], Colin, followed by Hiller and Viereck (notes), the latter previously having restoredxalrapoAlyl; xufr


13/13

ROA,TAN DOCUMENTS.,.FROM THE GREEK EAST

Maximus mentioned in line 3 : the consul of r45 r.c. (Aemilianus), of 4z n.c. (Sevilianus),.of 1zr n.c. (Allobrogicus), or of 116 a.c. (Eburnus).'Boeckh originalJthought that it*was Aemilianus, the date of his consulship being "lor", to the formaticof Macedonia as a Roman province, but he did riot .".lod. the possibility rhat it miglbe any of the others. However, since the first three of these men were conrul4 picmagistrates in Spain or Gaul. it has been thought most recenrly that Q. Fabius Maxi-mtEburnus wrote the letter.IDyme, situated on the southern coast of the Gulf of Patrae and at once the morwestern of all Achaean cides, is known from Polybius (r. +t) to have been an earlmember of the Achaean League in the third ..r,ory r.". Thar it was a, cityof no sma.importance can be gathered from the fact that Polybius also tells us (+. Sg) ii took a veractive part in the military operations of the League. In addition, one of its cirizens,certain Miccus, became the $noorpdn\yos of the Achaeans.Our letter gives us direct proof of a revolutionary movement in Dyme after the formation of the province of Macedonia. Achaea *n, th.r, under the supervision of th,Macedonian governor, and such a movement would naturally have fallen into hisphere of authority. A certain Sosus was the ringleader of the whole affair, described aa o$yyuoos, meaning here "confusiofr," " disorder," or perhaps "breach of the peace.,That it was no small episode may be seen in the plans oi th. conspir"tors. They mushave established some sort of an organization, for they enacted'1aw, contrary to th(type of goYernment granted to the Achaeans by the Rornans." This implies rathergrandiose plans. The movement had reached the point of violence-the city hall hacbeen burned down and the records destroyed-wfuen the Dym ean oive;poc senr erePort to the governor. Q. Fabius, in Patrae with his advisory board, listened to rheevidence and passed judgment on the men. Sosus and Phormiscus were found guiltyand were condemned to death. A third conspirator was ordered. to Rome to standtrial. That ended rhe matter.It is important to note, as Accame has done, that here Dyme has its own magistratesand enjoys autonomy within the limits imposed by Rome in 146 r.c. One milht alsosuggest that Kyllanios was probably the leader of the pro-Rom anpafiy.z A Gwl.nera-

tions after the conspiracy of Sosus we learn that Pompeius settleJmany pirates in Oymebecause at that time it was underpopulated (Plurarch Pomp.38; cf appian Mithr. 96).Also, n ++ and z7 n.c., ir was the site of a Roman colony (pliny N.r{. 4. 4. 13: cf. E.Kornemann, R.E, s.u. " coloniae," col. 53o).r F' Mi.inzer, R.E., s.u. "Fabius," col. 1794, believed that the writer of the letter was Aemilianus,but his belief rested hasically upon the assumption that he was identical with the e. Fabius who ledaRoman embassy to Crete in connection with a dispute between Hierapytnia and itanus. Since thatembassy is now known to have taken place at a laier date than he realized, his identification will nolongerhold;see[hecommenrarytoNo.14,andcf.Accame, op.cit.,p.r4g. Broughton,loc.cit,,nowbelieves that it was probably the consul of 116 a.c. who addressed the l.tt", to Dyme. 'Whether hewas also the Q. Fabius who headed the embassy (ca. rr3 n.c.) is unknown.2 Boeckh and Hicks thought that Kyllanion was the name of a city, Cyllene. For thephrase oircpiwith the accusative, see S. Dow, T.A.p.A.,gr (196o) : 3gz-4og, esp. 39j_4o9.248

Sherk Roman Documents 20-21-43

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