Shellfish Food Poisoning and Prevention: Vibrio parahaemolyticus

in the Pacific Northwest Evan Sylvester, MPH student

Walden UniversityPUBH 6165-2

Instructor: Dr. Patrick TschidaWinter, 2012

 

ObjectivesIncrease the publics awareness of Vibrio

parahaemolyticusImprove awareness of shellfish food poisoningProvide safe seafood processing for the public

and specific stakeholdersIncrease surveillance monitoring in:

Puget Sound shorelines Seafood processing factories

Learning Objectives

To educate the public about Vibrio parahaemolyticusEtiologyRoute of transmissionHow to practice safe cooking of seafood

Increase awareness of shellfish food poisoningIncrease awareness for safe seafood

processing for specific stakeholdersProvide current prevention strategies

Know the importance of surveillance monitoring

Target Audience General publicWashington State Department of HealthLocal Native American tribesShellfish companiesSeafood restaurants Recreational shellfish harvesters

Etiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticusVibrio

parahaemolyticus is similar to cholera

Found in brackish saltwater with fecal contamination

The concentration is highest during summer months

Picture retrieved from, Nicholas, D., Mackinnon, L. Bishop, R., Altekruse, S., Beverly, R., Hammond, R., Thompson, S., Wilson, S., Laurence, S. (2000). Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infections in the United States, 1973-1998. Journal of Infectious Disease. 181(5) 1661-1666. doi: 10.1086/315459

Mode of TransmissionAcquisition is through ingestion of

contaminated seafood or waterSwimming in contaminated water with open

wounds Symptoms: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting,

fevers, and chillsDrugs of choice for prolong

cases or immunosuppressed:TetracyclineCiprofloxacin

Route of Infection

Eating

Bacterium

Seafood

Statistics 1 in 6 Americans (48 million) suffer from food

borne illnesses 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die annually

Estimated 4,500 cases annually 825 cases of vibriosis in 2009 in the US

217 in the pacific, 48 cases in Washington. 386 (47%) were caused by V. parahaemolyticus

81 hospitalizations and 2 deaths half of the cases by seafood

Most isolated Vibrio species in stool78% of cases occur during summer

Puget Sound Statistics 95% sampling stations rated GOODWorst stations

Drayton HarborFilucy BayDungeness Bay

Reasons for contamination:Failed sewage treatmentFarm animal runoff Boat waste at marinas

Picture retrieved from; Washington State Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health; Shellfish Safety Information; http://ww4.doh.wa.gov/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=bioview&Cmd=Map&Step=1

Consumer ProductionRoughly 100 shellfish companiesThe Nisbet Oyster Co., Inc.:

Over 500 acres of tideland State of the art processingHigh Hydrostatic Pressure Process over 2 million pounds of shellfish yearly

Current DOH GuidelinesLicensed annually and inspected for

compliance and sanitary standards Over 300 operations licensed by the DOHMonitored by the Puget Sound Ecosystem2010, 1.4% of sampling stations had very

high fecal pollution index between 2.5 and 3 range FPI=1 is good and FPI=3 is bad

Organizational PreventionJoint forces of local tribes, state labs,

Washington Fish and Wildlife, and Washington State Public Health

Water monitoring Proper licensed processing factoriesRelies on voluntary reporting DOH provides the public up dates by:

Clickable interactive mapsToll free hotline at (800)562-5632

Tulalip Tribe, Natural Resources ProgramPicture retrieved from Tulalip Tribe, Natural Resources Program. http://www.tulalip.nsn.us/htmldocs/shellfish.htm

PreventionCorrect food handling

Cook at 145°C for 15 secondsReduce cross contamination

Correct harvesting methodsHarvest right after low tideHarvest during cool weatherPlace shellfish on ice

DOH bulletinsHot line (800)562-5632Interactive online closure map

Picture retrieved from FDA and WADOH http://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm077331.htmhttp://ww4.doh.wa.gov/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=BIOVIEW&Left=587799&Bottom=337200&Right=1337201&Top=1360000&Co=Select+a+County&Beach=Select+a+Beach&Step=1&click.x=173&click.y=170

Review of Materials Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a highly pathogenic

enteric bacteria Contaminates saltwater Contaminates shellfish

New and existing shellfish companies should be monitored

High need for resources to deliver shellfish closures

Practices to reduces risk:Correct harvesting Safe cooking

Additional Resources Seafood Network Information Center:

http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/ The Center for Disease Control and Prevention offers a Cholera

and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance Report at:http://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/PDFs/CDC5279_COVISvibriosis.pdf

Interactive DOH Shellfish Safety Map:http://ww4.doh.wa.gov/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=bioview&Cmd=Map&Step=1

Washington State Fish and Wildlife regulations on harvesting:

http://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/shellfish/shellfish_seaweed_rules.html

Food and Drug Administration; Fresh and frozen Seafood,

Selecting and Serving it Safely:http://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm077331.htm

ReferencesCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Retrieved January 8, 2012 from

http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/ Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Retrieved January 8, 2012 from

http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/vibriop/ Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Retrieved January 8, 2012 from http://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/PDFs/CSTEVibrio2009.pdf Washington State Department of Health. Retrieved January 15, 2012 from

http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/Pubs/oswp-overvw.pdf Goose Point Oysters. Retrieved January 8, 2012 from http://www.goosepoint.com/Murray, P., Rosenthal, K., & Pfaller, M. (2005). Medical Microbiology (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier

Mosby.Washington State Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved one January 8, 2012, from

http://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/shellfish/razorclams/Nicholas, D., Mackinnon, L. Bishop, R., Altekruse, S., Beverly, R., Hammond, R., Thompson, S., Wilson, S.,

Laurence, S. (2000). Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infections in the United States, 1973-1998. Journal of Infectious Disease. 181(5) 1661-1666. doi: 10.1086/315459

The Tulalip Tribes Natural Resource Department (2006). Retrieved January 5, 2012, from http://www.tulalip.nsn.us/htmldocs/shellfish.htm

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bad Bug Book, Vibrio parahaemolyticus Retrieved January 18, 2012, from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm070452.htm

Washington State Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health; Office of Shellfish and Water Protection (2011). Retrieved January 15, 2011, from http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/pubs/vibrio-fs.htm