Sheep ProductionSheep ProductionSheep ProductionSheep Production

in the Tropics and in the Tropics and in the Tropics and in the Tropics and

SubtropicsSubtropicsSubtropicsSubtropics

S. K. Kaushish

Published by

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ISBN : 978-93-88449-22-9 [E/B] © S. K. Kaushish, 1994 Print in India

PREFACEPREFACEPREFACEPREFACE

The aim of this book is to collect all available informations

about sheep production to improve traditional methods. Most of

the previous sheep books have concentrated on wool, but the

emphasis in the present book is more in lamb with trend of the

increasing importance of meat and milk from sheep.

It is hoped that this book will be able to fill a gap in the

literature for the students of sheep production, working for their

graduate and post-graduate degrees in the field of veterinary and

agricultural sciences. It is hoped that the book should also meet

the need of the great number of those with veterinary and

agricultural degrees in every walk of life-farmers and advisors

alike. It is also hoped that it will provide reference materials and

additional self study guide for research workers and veterinary

practitioners.

I am indebted to many colleagues who have made the

writing of this book possible, in particular to staff colleagues who

have shared the burden of some of the development work

reported. Parts of the draft at various stages were read by kind

colleagues Dr. J. P. Mittal, Dr. B. D. Sharma, Dr. N. D. Yadav,

Sh. Shiv Prasad and Sh. P. M. Singh.

I am finally thankful to my wife and my children who

provided assistance in all sorts of ways.

Bikaner S. K. KAUSHISH

FOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORD

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry are two fundamental

basis of our economy. Advances have been made in agricultural

sciences, which resulted in increase in income. This improvement

increased problems in animal husbandry. Sheep husbandry was

given maximum emphasis during fourth-five year plan. Central

Sheep and Wool Research Institute was established in the state of

Rajasthan in 1962. Some exotic breeds of sheep were imported in

sixties for cross breeding native sheep for increased mutton and

wool production. All India Coordinated Research Projects for fine

wool and mutton were started. The objective of AICRP on sheep

for mutton was to produce sheep which would weigh 30 kg at 6

months of age. Karakul was imported for increasing pelt

production.

The subject of sheep production and management was

introduced in many agricultural universities at graduate and post-

graduate levels. Many books have been written by foreign authors

and we have been copying them. The climate of this region being

different from that of those countries, these are far away from

realities under our conditions. Very few books have been written

on sheep management under tropical and subtropical conditions.

These are not according to the syllabi being followed in

agricultural universities. The author has written this book keeping

in view the requirements of undergraduate and post-graduate

students of sheep production which is a rare combination.

This book will be useful not only for students but also for the

teachers farm managers and planning officers alike. Dr. Kaushish

had been associated with sheep research and teaching for the last

20 yrs. It is hoped that this book will be able to help students,

teachers and researchers alike.

R. M. ACHARYA

Deputy Director General (Animal Sciences)

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

New Delhi.

CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS Preface

Forword

1. GENERAL VIEW 1

History, classification, world sheep population, Indian

sheep population, mutton, milk and wool production in

different countries; Breeds of sheep, Exotic, Dorset, Suffolk,

Corriedale, Rambouillet; Karakul, Awassi, Ossimi, Cheviot,

Barbary, Borderliecester, Clunforest, Kurdi, Waziri, Native

and crossbreds; Bhakerwal, Biangi, Gaddi, Kashmir Valley,

Gurej. Rampur Bhusair, Karnah, Punchi, Changthangi,

Kashmir merino. Chokla, Pugal, Marwari, Jaisalmeri

Magra, Nali, Sonadi, Malpura, Patanwadi, Lohi, Jalauni,

Bundelkhandi, Avikalin, Avikastra, Hisardale, Balangir,

Bonpala, Chotanapuri, Ganjam, Shahbadi, Bellari,

Coimbature, Deccani, Hasan, Kilakarsal, Mandya,

Mechheri, Madrasred, Nellore, Nilgiri, Tenguri, Trichuri

Black and Vem buri.

2. HOUSING 29

Points to be considered, types of sheds, Farm plan

constructional details, material, shed under village

conditions.

3. ESTABLISHMENT, MIGRATION AND FARM

CALENDER 40

Points to be considered for purchase of ewes and rams, age,

dental formula, implements, migration in plains and

mountains, migration routes, sheep farm calender, culling.

4. SHEEP AND LAMB MANAGEMENT 50

Care of dry, pregnant and lactating ewes, symptoms of

parturition, feeding of rams, ewes and lambs. Ear marking,

metal ear tags, thigh tattoo, docking, methods of docking,

methods of castration, hoof pairing.

5. REPRODUCTION 62

Semen production, methods of semen collection, A.V.,

electro ejeculation, merits and demerits of A. 1., frequency

Contents (viii)

of semen collection, semen evaluation, bio-chemistry of

semen, semen preservation, Deep freezing of semen, sire

individuality, extenders, properties of extenders, additives,

Factors affecting semen quality, Reproductive behaviour of

ewes, puberty, oestrus cycle, factors affecting corpus

luteum, Artificial insemination, selection and management

of rams and ewes, Management calender, storage and

transportation of semen. Insemination techniques,

equipment, restraining of ewes for insemination, time of

A.I., Number of insemi nation, volume and number of

sperms per insemination, site of insemination, detection of

estrus, estrus during pregnancy, gestation period,

parturition, time of parturition, signs of parturition, Process

of parturition, post partum estrus.

6. EMBRYO TECHNOLOGY 113

History, synchronization, collection of embryos, embryo-

transfer, embryostorage, cryopreservation, difficulties in

superovulation. Invitro fertilisation, mediums used for

embryo collection.

7. WOOL 123

Chemical composition of wool, physical, chemical and

mechanical properties of wool, structure of wool fibre,

shearing, factors affecting wool production, methods of

shearing, hand, machine and chemical shearing, medicines

used for dipping, time of dipping, precaution while

dipping, primary classing of wool, development of grading

systems, wool packaging, storage, demages during storage,

transportation of wool, preparation of clip for sale,

utilization of wool, marketing of wool. Canary coloration of

wool, causes and remidies.

8. PELT PRODUCTION 152

Quality and evaluation of pelts, advantages of pelt

production.

9. MUTTON PRODUCTION 157

World meat production and consumption, contribution of

sheep in livestock economy. Proximate composition of

meat, means for increasing meat production, marketing

terminology, judging of sheep, chemical composition of

(ix) Contents

carcass, nutritional value of meat, carcass quality

characteristics, characteristics of meat, factors affecting

growth of lambs.

10. MILK PRODUCTION 168

Milk producing breeds, anatomy of udder, milk secretion,

composition of milk and plasma, chemical composition of

colostrum, chemical composition cow, buffaloe, goat and

sheep milk, milk production, factors affecting milk

production.

11. HEALTH MANAGEMENT 178

Disinfection and disinfactents, physio-logical norms;

Bacterial diseases; haemorrhagic septicaemia, black quater,

enterotoxaemia, foot rot, lamb dysentery, arthritis,

inflamation of naval cord, listeriosis, tetanus, pneumonia,

tuberculosis, brucellosis, vibriosis, leptospirosis, anthrax,

viral diseases; Bluetongue, rinderpest, conjunctivitis,

ecthyma, foot and mouth disease, sheep pox, rabies, Fungal

diseases; dermatities, ringworm, coccidiomycosis;

protozoon diseases; red water disease, coccidiosis,

listeriosis, toxoplsmosis, Parasitic diseases; external

parasites, internal parasites, liver flukes, round worms,

amphistomiasis, lungworms, tape worms and Miscelaneus

diseases: chocking, constipation, diarrhoea, injuries,

dystocia, mastitis, retetion of placenta, tympany,

intussuception, drenching pneumonia, impection,

poisoning, snake bite, electrocution.

12. NUTRITION 206

Nutrient requirement, feed resources, water, energy,

protein, minerals, Major elements : calcium, phosphorus,

sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphur, managenesium,

Trace elements: copper, cobalt, iodine, iron, molybdenum,

chromium, zinc, managanese, selenium, vitamin

requirements; Some deficiency diseases due to protein,

Vitamin A, B, C, D, E, calcium, phosphorus, sodium,

common salt, sulphur, copper, cobalt flourine, iodine, iron,

magnesium, selenium, zinc, Nutrients required for wool

production, nutrient requirement for reproduction. Feed

additives.

Contents (x)

13. PASTURE AND FORAGES 237

General tree plantation, synonyms, distribution, habitat,

tree planting and nutrients of Ailanthus excelsa, Albizia

labbek, Azarachta indica, Bauhinia variengata, Cordia

dicholoma, Dalbergia sissoo, Leucaema leucocephala,

Prosopis cineraria and Zizyphus mauratiana. Chemical

composition of fodder trees and shrubs; plant poisoning,

pasture establishment package of practices for increased

fodder production, crop rotation; synonyms, habitat,

sowing, fodder yield and nutrients of Avena sativa,

Bricheria rimosa, B. mutica, Chloris gagana, digestible

nutrient contents and chemical composition of some

grasses synonyms, distribution, habitat fodder yield and

nutrients of Lablab purpureus, Macro-ptilium

atrapurpurium, Mucuna prurients, Pemisetum perpureum,

P. Pedicellatium, pusa giant napier, Vigna ungiuealata etc.

zecommen-dations of fodders for different areas.

14. ECONOMICS 272

Utility of sheep, source of income, expanditure and net

income, socio economic survey, economic characters of

some breeds of native and cross breed sheep.

15. FARM RECORDS 280

Importance of keeping records, daily diary, lambing

register, ram register, ram register, sheep register, lamb

register, Breeding register, growth register, wool register,

strength register, mortality/disposal register, daily feed

register, feed lot register, slaughter register.

16. APPENDIX 290

I Glossary of technical

II Body weights of different ages of lambs of different

breeds. 313

III Pre weaning growth rates of lambs of different breed. 318

IV Botanical and common names of some fodder trees. 320

17. REFERENCES 335