Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant Units 2 and 3, 1983 ... · Samples were collected during...
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6.0 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
6.1 Introduction
The purpose of the 1983 benthic program was to monitor benthic faunal
assemblages in Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir. The intake areas
of the main lake and the auxiliary reservoir were monitored for the pres-
ence of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). Temporal changes in tax-
onomic composition were documented along with changes in densities. These
changes in fauna involved variations in relative abundance brought about
by changes in the trophic structure and habitat. Benthic habitat in
Harris Lake consisted of submerged decaying terrestrial vegetation,
aquatic macrophytes, and various coarse-to-fine sediments. Decomposing
vegetation provided a complex macroinvertebrate habitat and a highly
nutritional food source. These factors, along with the opportunistic
nature of benthic organisms colonizing a new lake, resulted in a very
diverse benthic fauna.
6.2 Methods
Samples were collected during February, May, August, and November at
Stations El, HI, P1, V3 (main lake) and ZI (auxiliary reservoir) (Figure
1.1). Three replicate petite ponar grabs (15 x 15 cm) were taken at 2-
and 4-meter depths at all five stations. Samples were preserved with
formalin and returned to the laboratory for organism identification and
enumeration. An expansion factor was applied to the data converting the
total number of organisms to organisms/m2 of bottom substrate.
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Taxonomic Composition
One hundred twenty-two benthic forms were identified in quarterly
benthic macroinvertebrate collections from the Harris Lake and the
auxiliary reservoir during 1983 (Table 6.1). These forms Include aquatic
insect larval and pupal life stages. The benthos collected was dominated
6-1
by various dipterans and oligochaetes (Table 6.2). The dipterans,
Cladotanytarsus sp., Chironomus sp., Polypedilum sp., and Procladius sp.
were the most abundant. Representatives of these genera are common in
areas where the substrate consists of decaying and submerged vegetation
along with course-to-fine sediment (Sephton et al. 1983). These types of
substrate were present at all stations sampled in 1983. The phytophilic
(preferring vegetation) dipteran Cladotarytarsus sp. was one of the most
abundant chironomids (Table 6.2) which can probably be attributed to the
increase in submerged aquatic vegetation along with the continuing
decomposition of submerged terrestrial vegetation. Limnophilic
(preferring standing water) organisms like Stylaria lacustris, Dero nivea, and
Aulodrilus piqueti were the most dominant oligchaetes (Table 6.2). These
dominant dipterans and oligochaetes are typical of lakes in early stages
of development (Olsen 1975).
The intake areas of both the main lake and auxiliary reservoir (Sta-
tions V3 and ZI, respectively) were monitored for the presence of the
Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, an organism known to cause problems at
power plant intake structures. This species was not found in any of the
SHNPP samples collected during 1983.
Trophic groups consisted mostly of collector-gatherers and engulfer-
carnivores (Figures 6.1 and 6.2). Collector-gatherers, such as Cladotany-
tarsus sp., cling to the surface of decaying' terrestrial vegetation and
aquatic vegetation while collecting detrital matter from the surrounding
areas (Merritt and Cummins 1978). This functional group also includes
various oligochaetes that burrow into the sediments and process detrital
material. Engulfer-carnivores, such as the dipteran Procladius sp., sprawl
on the bottom and prey on various zooplankton and other dipterans.
Chaoborus sp., another member of this functional group, feeds on
planktonic prey suspended in the water column. Collector-filters, such as
Chironomus sp., were also among the dominant trophic groups. Members of
this geneus are basically limnophilic in nature and are primarily tube
builders. They construct U-shaped burrows in which they create a current
with rythmic undulations of their bodies (Wallace and Merritt 1980).
Detrital matter is then filtered from this current and utilized as a food
6-2
source. Shredder-herbivores, like Polypedilum sp., can shift feeding
strategies seasonally according to the availability of food. During the
fall and winter months, they shred detrital material; and during the
spring and summer, they feed on algae attached to plant material (Hynes
1970).
6.3.2 Densities
Densities were high at all stations. The highest annual organism
abundances were observed at Station El, while Station V3 had the lowest
faunal densities (Figure 6.3). Temporally, November density estimates
were highest overall with 13,742/m 2 at Station El, 10,706/m2 at Station
Zi, 9,573/m2 at Station HI, 6,544/m2 at Station P1, and 4,004/m 2 at
Station V3. August density estimates were the lowest overall with
4,492/m2 at Station El, 3,186/m2 at Station H1, 2,970/m2 at Station V3,
2038/m 2 at Station P1, and 1,413 at Station Z1. The relatively high an-
nual densities throughout the lake and the auxiliary reservoir are the
result of a diversification of habitat brought about by increases in
aquatic macrophytes and the further decay of flooded terrestrial vegeta-
tion. The higher monthly densities in November were the result of fall
reproductive activities of aquatic insects. The lower numbers in August
are an indication that this month may have followed a peak period of
emergence (e.g., insect larvae moved up into the water column as pupae and
emerged as adults). These seasonal patterns of benthic density are very
common in southeastern reservoirs where dipterans are dominant (Cooper
1981).
6.3.3 Species Richness and Diversity
Species richness (i.e., number of taxa) was high at all stations
during 1983 (Figure 6.4). As with the densities, the higher numbers of
taxa were recorded in November with 49 at Station El, 43 at H1, and 37 at
Stations P1, V3, and ZI. This pattern can be attributed to high reproduc-
tive activity along with habitat diversification at all stations. These
high species richness values are common in lakes during early periods of
development (Olsen 1975).
6-3
Shannon-Wiener diversity values were computed for all benthos col-
lected at Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir (Table 6.3). Benthic
communities with diversity values < 2.0 would be considered stressed or in
an unhealthy state, while benthic communities with values from 2.0 to 2.9
are considered moderately stressed. A benthic community with values of
3.0 and above are considered unstressed and in a healthy productive state
(Wilhm 1970). All values were generally high ranging from 2.5 at V3 to
4.1 at ZI. Examination of water quality data yielded no explanation. for
the lower index value. Though the lowest value was found at Station V3
during August, values well above 3.0 occurred during other months at this
station. Similarly, August values at other stations were well over 3.0,
which indicates that the benthic communities at Harris Lake and the
auxiliary reservoir were unstressed and in a very healthy state.
6.4 Summary
In 1983 Harris Lake continued to be in a very diverse phase of ben-
thic succession when the benthic community was dominated by high numbers
of phytophilic and limnophilic genera. The abundance of these organisms,
along with the high diversities, were primarily the result of the decom-
position of organic matter, which provided a highly nutritional food
source for benthos. The increase in aquatic vegetation was also a contri-
buting factor in that it provided a more diverse substrate which resulted
in an increase in dominance of phytophilic genera. Diversity values and
densities reflected a healthy benthic community which should continue, to
provide an adequate food source for the expanding fish population (Section
7.0). There were no Asiatic clams collected at any of the stations
sampled in 1983.
6-4
Table 6.1 Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from Harris Lake and theauxiliary reservoir during 1983.
StationTaxon El HI P1 V3 ZI
PlatyhelminthesTurbellaria
TricladidaPlanariidae
Dugesia sp.
NematodaAnnelida
ClitellataOligochaeta
LumbriculidaLumbriculidae
HaplotaxidaNaididae
Chaetogaster sp.Dero niveaNais communisPristina sp.P. synclitesP. longisetaP. longisoma
P. foreliP. osborniStylaria Zacustris
S. fossularisTubificidae
Aulodrilus limnobius
A. piguetiOpistocystidae
Crustipellis tribranchiata
HirudineaRhynchobdellida
GlossiphoniidaeHelobdella lineata
Placobdella ornata
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X X X X X
X X X X
XXXX
XX
XXX
X
X
X X -X XX
X X X X
XX
X
XXx
XX
X XX
XX
X
X X X XX
X X X X
XX
X X
XX
6-5
Table 6.1 (continued)
StationTaxon El Hi P1 V3 ZI
ArthropodaCrustacea
AmphipodaTalitridae
Hyallela aztecaInsecta
EphemeropteraEphemeridae
Hexagenia sp.Caenidae
Coenis sp.Odonata
Anisoptera
Corduliidae
Tetragoneuria sp.Libellulidae
Libellula sp.Pachydiplax longipennfsPerithemis sp.
ZygopteraCoenagrionidae
Enallagma sp.Ischnura sp.
TrichopteraPolycentropodidae
Cernotina sp.Cyrnellus sp.Phylocentropus sp.Polycentropus sp.
HydroptilidaeHydroptila sp.
Ochrotrichia sp.Phryganeidae
Agrypnio sp.
Leptoceridae
Oecetis sp. larvaeOecetis sp. pupae
x x x x x
x x
xx
xx
x x x
xx
xx
x x xX
xx
xxxx
xx
x
x x
x xx x
x
xx
x x x
6-6
Table 6.1 (continued)
StationTaxon El H1 P1 V3 ZI
DipteraChaoboridae
Chaoborus sp. larvaeChaoborus sp. pupae
Ceratopogoni daeBezzia sp.
Chi ronomi daeTanypod i nae
Ablabesmyia sp. larvaeAblabesmyia sp. pupaeClinotanypus sp.Coelotanypus sp.Dialmabatista pulcherLabrundinia sp.Macropelopia sp.Procladius sp. larvaeProcladius sp. pupaeTanypus sp.
Thienemanimyia (group)Orthocladiinae
Corynoneura sp.
Cricotopus sp. larvae
Cricotopus sp. pupaeEukiefferiella sp.Nanocladius sp.Nanocladius sp. nr. balticusParakiefferiella sp.Psectrocladius sp. larvae
Psectrocladius spi pupaeRheocricotopus sp.Thienemanniella sp.Zalutschia sp.
Chironomi naeChironomini
Chironomus sp. larvaeChironomus sp. pupaeCryptochironomus sp. larvaeCryptochironomus sp. pupae
x xx
xx
xx
x
x x x x x
xx x
xx
xx
xxxx
xxxx
x xx
x xx
x
x x
x x
x xx x
xx x
xxx x
xxx x
x x x x xx
x x xx
xx
x xx
xxx
x x
xx x
x xx
x xX. x
6-7
Table 6.1 (continued)
StationTaxon E1 H1 P1 V3 Zi
Cryptotendipes sp. larave
Cryptotendipes sp. pupae
Cladopelma sp. larvae
Cladopelma sp. pupae
Dicrotendipes sp.
Einfeldia sp.
Endochironomus sp.
Glyptotendipes sp. larvae
Glyptotendipes sp. pupae
Kiefferulus dux larvae
Kieff erulus dux pupae
Lauterborniella sp.
Microchironomus sp.
Nilothauma sp.
Pagastiella sp.
Pagastiella sp. larvae
Pagastiella sp. pupae
Pectinatellae sp. larvae
Pectinatellae sp. pupae
Paralauterborniella sp.
Polypedilum sp. larvae
Polypedilum sp. pupae
Polypedilum fallax
Polypedilum aberrant
Pseudochironomus sp.
Stenochironomus sp.
Tribelos sp.
Tanytarsi ni
Cladotanytarsus sp. larvae
Cladotanytarsus sp. pupae
Microspectra sp.
Paratanytarsus sp. larvae
Paratanytarsus sp. pupae
Rheotanytarsus sp. 1arvae.
Rheotanytarsus sp. pupae
Stempeflina sp. larvae
Stemrpellina sp. pupae
Tanytarsus sp. larvae
x x
x xxxxxx
xx
xx
x x xx x
x x xx
x x xx
x x xx x x
xx x
x x x xx
x x x xx x x xx x x x
xxx
xxxx
xxx
x
xxx
xx
xxxx
xxxxxx
x
x
xx
x
xxx
xx
xxxxxx
xx
x
x x
xxxxx
x
xxx
x x
xx x x x x
6-8
Table 6.1 (continued)
StationTaxon El H1 P1 V3 Zi
Tanytarsus sp. pupae X X X X
Constempeilina sp. X XArachnida
Hydracarina X XMollusca
GastropodaBasommatophora
PhysidaePhysa sp. x
Pl anorbidae
Planorbella sp. XHelisoma sp. X X X
MesogastropodaViviparidae
Viviparus sp. X
HeterodontaSphaeriidae
Pisidium sp. X XSphaerium sp. X X X X
6-9
Table 6.2 Relative abundancefrom Harris Lakeauxiliary reservoir
(%) of dominant benthic taxa(Stations El, Hi, PI, and V3)(Zl) during 1983.
collectedand the
Station El % Station HI
Di pterans Di pteransCladotanytarsus sp. 16.3 Cladotanytarsus sp. 17.3Polypedilum sp. 13.2 Polypedilum sp. 14.0Chironomus sp. 12.0 Glyptotendipes sp. 12.3Tanytarsus sp. 9.0 Procladius sp. 8.5Procladius sp. 6.4 Chironomus sp. 5.4Glyptotendipes sp. 6.0 Chaoborus sp. 4.0
Ol igochaetes Ol igochaetesStylaria lacustris 7.2 Stylaria lacustris 7.8
Other taxa 30.0 Other taxa 30.7
Station P1 Station V3 %
Dipterans DipteransCladotanytarsus sp. 20.0 Chaoborus sp. 11.4Polypedilum sp. 11.6 Polypedilum sp. 10.1Tanytarsus sp. 11.0 Cladotanytarsus sp. 9.0Procladius sp. 10.1 Procladius sp. 8.3Chironomus sp. 5.5 Tanytarsus sp. 7.0Glyptotendipes sp. 5.0 Paratanytarsus sp. 4.0
01 igochaetes 01 igochaetesAulodrilus piqueti 6.6 Stylaria lacustris 12.4Stylaria lacustris 5.6 Other oligochaetes 10.0
Other taxa 24.6 Other taxa 27.8
Station ZI
Di pteransCladotonytarsus sp. 10.0Tanytarsus sp. 10.0Chironomus sp. 8.2Chaoborus sp. 8.0Paratanytarsus sp. 7.1Polypedilum sp. 6.0Cladopelrna sp. 5.3
Ol igochaetesDero nivea 11.5Pristina longiseta 5.6
Other taxa 28.3
6-10
Table 6.3 Pooled Shannon-Wiener diversity index values for benthicmacroinvertebrates collected in Harris Lake and theauxiliary reservoir during 1983.
MonthStation Feb May Aug Nov
El 3.4 3.3 3.6 4.0
H1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.4
P1 3.5 3.4 3.0 3.6
V3 3.6 3.3 2.5 3.9
Zi 3.9 3.6 4.1 3.6
6-11
E1 H1
COLLECTOR GATHERER47.60%
COLLECTOR GATHEREI46.09'
COLLECTOR FILTERER
17.28%
OTHER6.84%
SHREDDER HERBIVORE11.84%
ENGULFER CARNIVORE16,44%
P1
0"I-
COLLECTOR GATHERER49.82%
COLLECTOR FILTERER17.89%
OTHER
4.27%S HREDDER HERBIVORE
12•.65%
ENGULFER CARNIVORE15.87%
Figure 6.1 Trophic relationships of benthic macroinvertebrates collected from Stations El, HI, and P1in Harris Lake during 1983.
V3 zi
COLLECTOR GATHERER53.87%
COLLECTOR FILTERER9.98 *
OTHER2.85%
SHREDDER HERBIVORE5.17%
COLLECTOR FILTERER12.09%
)SHREDDER HERBIVORE1.53'%
0',
LsO
ENGULFER CAiRNIVORE16.74%
Figure 6.2 Trophic relationships of benthic macroinvertebrates collected from the intake areas of HarrisLake and auxiliary reservoir during 1983.
ORGANISMS/M2
0,',
5800
EHPVZ EHPVZ EHPVZ EHPVZ1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 STATION
MONTHFEB MAY AUG NOV
Figure 6.3 Density estimates (organisms/m 2 ) of benthic taxa collected from each station inHarris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir during 1983.
NUMBER OF TAXA
so j
40
OA
Ij
EHPVZ EHPVZ EHPVZ EHPVZ11131 11131 11131 11131 STATION
MONTHFEB MAY AUG NOV
Figure 6A4 Total number of benthic taxa collected from each station in Harris Lake and theauxiliary reservoir during 1983.
7.0 FISHERIES
7.1 Introduction
Fisheries sampling at the Harris Lake was initiated during 1982 to
assess the fish community in the lake. The program was expanded during
1983 to encompass more areas of the lake, and an intensive larval fish
program was implemented to gain information on reproductive success of
fish. Sampling for adult fish was also conducted in the auxiliary
reservoir (Area Z) to evaluate the fish community existing there.
7.2 Methods
Sampling methods and gears (gill nets, fyke nets, electrofisher,
larval fish traps) used during 1983 were the same as those used in 1982
(CP&L 1984) with a few exceptions. Stations P3, SI, S3, V1, and V3 were
added (Figure 1.1) and Station P4 was dropped. Sampling was conducted at
Stations Zi through Z5 in the auxiliary reservoir during August. Along
with these station additions, a more intensive program for larval fish was
conducted in the main lake. Larval trap sampling was expanded to 10
stations and sampling frequency increased to biweekly (Table 1.1). Push
net samples were also collected biweekly using a push net apparatus de-
signed by Tarplee et al. (1979). One-half meter nets constructed of 571
jim mesh were pushed for 6 minutes near the shoreline at 5 stations (Figure
1.1). A flowmeter was fastened across the mouth of each net to estimate
the volume of water filtered.
Fish collected during sampling were sorted to the lowest possible
taxon, weighed to the nearest gram (larval fish were not weighed), and
measured to the nearest millimeter. For discussion and analysis purposes,
both stations in an area were combined for a given gear type except larval
traps and discussed as areas. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's
multiple range analysis were used to test for differences at a signifi-
cance level of 5%. Only peak density periods were used in analysis of
larval fish data to reduce errors associated with zero values. Areas E,
H, and P were the only areas used for year-to-year comparisons.
7-1
7.3 Results and Discussion
A total of 34 species was collected at Harris Lake during 1983 (Table
7.1). Species collected in 1982 but not in 1983 included eastern mud
minnow, shorthead redhorse, margined madtom, and sawcheek darter. Species
collected in 1983 but not in 1982 were rosyside dace, whitemouth shiner,
highfin shiner, satinfin shiner, smallfin redhorse, swamp darter, and
tessellated darter. These differences were not significant and primarily
reflect the natural scarcity of certain species and the fact that shiners
of the genus Notropis were not identified to the species level during
1982.
7.3.1 Larval fish
Densities of larval fish in push net samples showed two main peaks of
abundance; one in June (11,000 fish/1,000 m3) and one in August (8,500
fish/1,000 m3 ) (Figure 7.1). Over all sample dates, the highest mean den-
sity was at Area H (5,100 fish/1,000 m3 ) followed by Areas S, V, E, and
P. Area E showed the highest single density of all areas with 26,000
fish/1,000 m3 in June (Figure 7.1). Catch rates of larval fish sampled
with traps also showed two main peaks in June (54 and 28 fish/24 hours)
and August (27 fish/24 hours) (Figure 7.2). The highest mean catch rate
over all sample dates was at Area V followed by Areas H, S, E, and P. The
highest single catch rate of all areas (94 fish/24 hours) was also at Area
V (Figure 7.2). Statistical analysis of push net data indicated that sig-
nificantly higher densities occurred at Area H than all other areas (Table
7.2). Densities of fish during June, early July, and early August were
significantly higher than densities during April and early May (Table
7.2). This was due to the large numbers of Lepomis spp. caught during
this time. Larval trap catch rates were significantly higher in Areas V
and S than Area P (Table 7.2).
Gizzard Shad
Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) was the only clupeid collected
during 1983. They first appeared in larval net samples in April and peak
7-2
densities (2,500 fish/1,000 m3 ) occurred in May and decreased thereafter
(Figure 7.3). In May the highest densities of gizzard shad occurred at
Area V (4,850 fish/1,000 m3 ), while the highest densities were at Area P
in June (3,500 fish/1,000 m3 ). Catches of gizzard shad in larval traps
were low because of the pelagic nature of this species. Push net samples
taken during May and early June had significantly higher densities of
gizzard shad than during April, late June, or July (Table 7.2) indicating
peak spawning occured during mid-May and early June. Analysis also
indicated significantly higher densities at Areas V and P than Area E
(Table 7.2).
Sunfishes
Sunfishes were composed of three main taxa: Lepomis spp., which in-
cluded redbreast, green, pumpkinseed, warmouth, bluegill, and redear sun-
fishes; Micropterus salmoides, the largemouth bass; and Pomoxis spp., the
black and white crappies. They were the most abundant group of larval
fish caught representing 84% of the fish collected.
Lepomis spp. were the most abundant larvae accounting for 96% of the
sunfish and 80% of the larval fish collected in 1983. Densities
calculated from push net samples peaked in June and August at 8,800-8,500
fish/1,000 m3 (Figure 7.3). The highest density collected in June was at
Area E (24,300 fish/1,000 m3 ). This density was an order of magnitude
greater than all other areas. The towing route at Area E is near a known
Lepomis spp. spawning bed and the high density probably resulted from
towing through a school of larvae. The highest density in August occurred
at Area H (17,900 fish/1,000 m3). Densities of larvae at Area H from
April to August were significantly greater than other areas (Table 7.2).
Food availability may explain this since the high zooplankton densities
also found at Area H (Section 5.0) would have helped to increase larval
survival.
Peak catch rates in larval traps occurred in June (46 larvae/24
hours) (Figure 7.4). Catch rates were highest at Area V in June (88
larvae/24 hours) and Area H in August (66 larvae/24 hours). No
7-3
significant difference was seen among areas (Table 7.2). A significantly
greater catch rate was seen at Station 3 than at Station I in larval traps
(Table 7.2). Slightly more vegetation occurs at Station 3 in several of
the areas; and as larvae sought shelter in the vegetation near the trap,
they were more vulnerable to collection.
Densities of larval fish at Harris Lake during 1983 were higher than
several new lakes in the southeast. Buchanan and Scott (1979) found peak
densities of larval centrarchids (over 90% Lepomis spp.) in Normandy
Reservoir, Tennessee, to be 2,200 larvae/1,000 m3 during the second year
after impoundment. Peak densities of larval Lepornis spp. at Little Bear
Creek Reservoir, Tennessee, during the second year of impoundment were
only 292 larvae/lO00 m3 (Scott and Buchanan 1979). Peak densities at
Harris Lake during 1983 were much higher at over 8,800 larvae/1,000 m3 .
Such high reproduction is not expected to continue in the future and
should decrease and level off at lower levels.
Crappie first appeared in larval push nets in April, and peak den-
sities occurred early in May at 930 larvae/1000 m3 (Figure 7.3). Numbers
decreased steadily after May and no crappie larvae were collected after
June 1. Densities of larvae in May were significantly greater than April
or June. Water temperatures during May (19'-20'C) were optimum for spawn-
ing of crappie (Hardy 1978). No significant difference in density was
seen between stations. Catches of crappie in larval traps were low,
reaching only 2 fish/24 hours in May (Figure 7.4).
Peak densities of centrarchids (90% crappie) at Normandy Reservoir
during the third year of impoundment were 780 larvae/1000 m3 (Buchanan and
Scott 1979). Peak densities of crappie during the second year of impound-
ment of Little Bear Creek Reservoir were only 78 larvae/1000 m3 (Scott and
Buchanan 1979) compared Harris Lake's peak density of 930 larvae/I000
m3 . This high density indicated good reproduction of crappie during 1983
at Harris Lake.
Numbers of largemouth bass collected in larval traps and push nets
were very low. This is not a function of low reproduction but more of
7-4
gear selectivity. Numbers of juvenile and adult largemouth bass were much
higher in other gear types.
Darters
Darters (Etheostoma spp.) were first collected in push net samples in
March. Peak densities occurred in early April at 530 larvae/1000 m3
(Figure 7.3) with the highest densities found at Area H. The early April
densities were significantly higher than the late April densities (Table
7.2). Catch rates of darters in larval traps were low throughout the year
peaking at only 0.5 fish/24 hours (Figure 7.4).
7.3.2 Juvenile and Adult Fish
Juvenile and adult fish were sampled with gill nets, fyke nets, and
electrofishing. Gizzard shad, largemouth bass, bluegill, and brown bull-
head were the four most abundant species collected representing 66% of the
total juvenile and adult fish collected (Table 7.3). Black crappie, an
important sport fish, ranked seventh in abundance. The catch rates for
the above gear types are presented in Tables 7.4 through 7.6.
Gizzard Shad
Gizzard shad abundance ranged from 11.4 fish/24 hours at Area V to
2.0 fish/24 hours at Area H in gill nets (Table 7.4). Catches in fyke
nets ranged from 3.3 fish/24 hours at Area P to 1.1 fish/24 hours at Area
E (Table 7.5). Electrofishing results showed no differences in abundance
seen among areas and significantly higher catches during August than
during November and February (Table 7.7). Catches ranged from 22.5 fish/
hour at Area E to 9.0 fish/hour at Area H (Table 7.6). No differences
between years or transects were seen in electrofishing samples.
Largemouth Bass
Catch rates of largemouth bass ranged from 1.4 fish/24 hours at Area
V to 0.1 fish/24 hours at Areas E and H in gill nets (Table 7.4) and from
7-5
1.0 fish/24 hours at Area P to no fish caught in Area V in fyke nets
(Table 7.5). Electrofishing samples showed no significant differences for
quarters or areas (Table 7.7). Catch rates were highest at Area P (86.5
fish/hour) and lowest at Area E (44.5 fish/hour) (Table 7.6). Mean
electrofishing catch rates over years showed that a significantly higher
catch rate occurred at Area P than at Area E (Table 7.7) reflecting more
suitable habitat at Area P.
Brown Bullhead
Gill net catch rates of brown bullhead ranged from 4.1 fish/24 hours
at Area H to 1.1 fish/24 hours at Area V (Table 7.4). The highest catch
rates by fyke nets also occurred at Area H (0.4 fish/24 hours) (Table
7.5). No brown bullheads were caught with fyke nets at Areas E and P
during 1983. Electrofishing catch rates were significantly higher during
May than in the other three quarters (Table 7.7). No significant
differences were seen among areas. Catches were highest at Area P (17.0
fish/hour) followed by Areas H, E, S, and V (Table 7.6).
Brown bullheads showed a decline in abundance from 1982 to 1983 in
gill net catches. Reasons for this decline are unknown but may be due to
year-to-year variations. Mean catch rates for electrofishing showed sig-
nificantly higher catches at Areas P and H than Area E (Table 7.7).
Bluegill
Bluegill catch rates in gill nets ranged from 0.5 fish/24 hours at
Area S to 0.1 fish/24 hours at Areas E and H (Table 7.4). The highest
catch rate occurred at Area P (3.3 fish/24 hours) and the lowest at Area V
(0.6 fish/24 hours) in fyke nets (Table 7.5). Electrofishing showed abun-
dance of bluegill to be significantly greater at Areas V and P than at
Area E during 1983 (Table 7.7). Catch rates were 63.0 fish/hour at Area
V, 38.0 fish/hour at Area P, and 14.5 fish/hour at Area E (Table 7.6). No
significant differences were noted between quarters with electrofishing.
7-6
Bluegill showed significant increases in abundance from 1982 to 1983
in electrofishing samples (Table 7.7). Electrofishing also showed a sig-
nificantly higher abundance at Area P than Area E.
Black Crappie
Numbers from gill nets ranged from 0.7 fish/24 hours at Area V to 0.2
fish/24 hours at Areas P and S (Table 7.4). Fyke net numbers were from
4.6 fish/24 hours at Area V to 0.8 fish/24 hours at Area H (Table 7.5).
Electrofishing showed Area V with the highest abundance (4.5 fish/hour)
and Area S with the lowest (1.0 fish/hour) (Table 7.6). These con-
sistently higher catches at Area V were probably due to low net avoidance
because of high turbidity caused by runoff from the plant construction
site.
These low catch rates made statistical analysis inappropriate and
reflect this species' preference for deeper water.
Total Fish
Densities of total fish caught by gill nets were significantly
greater at Areas S and V than Areas P, E, and H (Table 7.7). Catches at
Area S were 26.2 fish/24 hours, while catches were 20.4 fish/24 hours at
Area V (Table 7.4). The mean for Areas P, E, and H was 10.4 fish/24
hours. No differences were noted among quarters for gill nets or among
quarters or areas for fyke nets and electrofishing.
Year-to-year differences were indicated in fyke net sampling with a
significantly higher abundance during 1983 than 1982 (Table 7.7). No
differences were found with gill nets or electrofishing.
7.3.3 Auxiliary Reservoir
Sampling in the auxiliary reservoir (Area Z) was conducted once
during 1983 (August). A total of 12 species of fish was caught. Yellow
bullhead was the most abundant species captured in gill nets, while hybrid
7-7
sunfish were most abundant in fyke nets and pumpkinseed in electrofishing
samples (Table 7.8). The low number of fish caught was most likely due to
high water temperatures (31°C) at the surface during August. This was
most evident with largemouth bass, with none being captured with gill nets
or electrofishing. Electrofishing was the most successful gear in col-
lecting largemouth bass in the main lake; but because of its limited depth
range, it was not able to collect bass that may have moved to deeper,
cooler water. Sampling will be conducted during the spring of 1984 to get
a better idea of the fish diversity in the auxiliary reservoir.
7.4 Summary
Sampling during 1983 was expanded over that of 1982. More stations
were added and an intensive larval fish program was implemented.
Larval fish densities peaked during June (11,000 fish/I,000 m3) and
August (8,500 fish/1,000 m3 ). Significantly higher densities were col-
lected at Area H than in other areas. Lepomis s.pp. was the most abundant
group of larval fish collected. Their density also peaked in June (8,800
fish/1,000 m3 ) although the highest single trip density of 24,300 fish/
1,000 m3 occurred at Area E during August. Significantly higher densities
of Lepomis spp. were collected at Area H than all other areas.
Densities of larval fish collected at Harris Lake were higher than
those found at other new lakes in the Southeast. Such high densities are
not expected to continue but do indicate a good year of reproduction at
Harris Lake during 1983.
Gizzard shad, largemouth bass, bluegill, and brown bullhead accounted
for 66% of the adult fish collected. Gizzard shad catches in gill nets
and fyke nets were higher during 1983 than 1982. Brown bullhead catches
in gill nets declined from 1982 to 1983. Bluegill showed an increase in
abundance from 1982 to 1983 in all gear types. Catch rates of total fish
were significantly higher during 1983 than 1982 in fyke nets. Overall,
fisheries sampling indicated that the fish community at Harris Lake con-
tinued a healthy development during 1983.
7-8
Table 7.1 Fish species collected from Harris Lake during. 1983.
Scientific Name Common Name 1982 1983
Anguil lidaeA nguiila rostrata
Cl upei daeDorosomta cepedianum
Umbri dueU mbra pygmaea
EsocidaeEsox a m eri•canus a m ericanusE. niger
CyprinidaeC Zinosto m is funduloidesN toe migonus crysoleucasNotropis spp.N. alborusN. aZtipin-nisN. analostanusN. petersoni
Catastomi daeErimyzon spp.E. oblongusM oxosto ma m acrolepidotu mM. robustu m
Ictal uridaeIctaZurus spp.I. brunneusI. catusI. mezlasI. natalisI. nebulosusI. platycephalusI. punctatusN oturus spp.N. insignis
Aphredoderi daeA phredoderas sayanus
PoeciliidaeGa am busia affinis
freshwater eelsAmerican eel
herringsgizzard shad
mudmi nnowseastern mudminnow
pikesredfin pickerelchain pickerel
x x
x x
x
X
carps and minnowsrosyside dacegolden shinerunidentified shinerwhitemouth shinerhighfin shinersatinfin shinercoastal shiner
suckersunidentified chubsuckercreek chubsuckershorthead redhorsesmallfin redhorse
bullhead catfishesunidentified bullheadsnail bullheadwhite catfishblack bullheadyellow bullheadbrown bullheadflat bullheadchannel catfishunidentified madtommargined madtom
pirate perchespirate perch
l i vebearersmosquitofi sh
x
xX
X
xx
xxxxxxx
xxx
xxxxxxx
xx
xxxxxxxxxx
x x
x x
7-9
Table 7.1 (continued)
Scientific Name Common Name 1982 19836
Centrarchidae SunfishesA canthmachus pomotis mud sunfish X XC entr-2rchus macroptemrs flier X XEnneacanthus spp. unidentified sunfish
(Enneacanthus) X XE. gloriosus bluespotted sunfish X XLepomis spp. unidentified sunfish X X
(Lepomis) X XLepomis sp. hybrid sunfish X XL. aurttus redbreast sunfish X XL. cyanelus green sunfish X XL. qibbosus pumpkinseed X XL. gulosus warmouth X XL. macroch,"s bluegill X XL. microlophus redear sunfish X XMicropterus salmoides largemouth bass X XPomOXiq spp. unidentified crappie X XP. annularis white crappie X XP. n~iromaculatus black crappie X X
Percidae PerchesEtheostoma spp. unidentified darter X XE. fusiform e swamp darter XE. olmstedi tessellated darter XE. serrifena m sawcheek darter X
7-10
Table 7.2 Results of ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range comparison forselected species caught in push nets and larval traps at HarrisLake during 1983.
Push Nets. Larval Traps
Total Fish
Trip Date
Area
* 5 6 10 8 7 4 9 3 111 2
* HVPSE
Total Fish
Area
Station
* VSHE P
* 3 1
Area * Station NS
Gizzard Shad Lepomis spp.
Trip Date
Area
*
*
453672VPHSE
Area
Station
NS* 3 1
Area * Station NS
Lepomis spp.
Trip Date
Area
* 510867911
* HSVEP
Crappie
Trip Date
Area
Darters
Trip Date
Area
NS
4325
* 1342
NS
NS - not significant - P >* - significant - P < .05
.05
Trip dates are as Follows: I = April 7, 2 = April 19, 3 = May 3, 4 = May17, 5 = June 1, 6 = June 14, 7 = June 29, 8 = July 12, 9 = July 26, 10 =
August 10, 11 = August 23.
7-11
Table 7.3 Actual numbers of fish caught (all gear types combined) inorder of abundance at Harris Lake during 1983
Species Number % of Total
Gizzard shad 830 24.0Largemouth bass 698 20.2Bluegill 449 13.0Brown bullhead 288 8.3Golden shiner 235 6.8Pumpkinseed 191 5.5Black crappie 162 4.7Warmouth 106 3.1Flier 96 2.8Green sunfish 70 2.0Redear sunfish 64 1.9Redbreast sunfish 56 1.6Yellow bullhead 53 1.5Flat bullhead 43 1.2Chain pickerel 30 < 1.0Hydrid sunfish 27 < 1.0Snail bullhead 19 < 1.0American eel 8 < 1.0
Creek chubsucker 4 < 1.0Redfin pickerel 4 < 1.0Satinfin shiner 4 < 1.0White crappie 4 < 1.0Bluespotted sunfish 2 < 1.0Pirate perch 2 < 1.0Black bullhead I < 1.0Unidentified bullhead 1 < 1.0Channel catfish I < 1.0Unidentified chubsucker 1 < 1.0Unidentified fish 1 < 1.0Highfin shiner 1 < 1.0Mosquitofish 1 < 1.0Mud sunfish 1 < 1.0Smallfin redhorse 1 < 1.0
Total 3454 100
7-12
Table 7.4 Fish (number and weight/24 hours) collected with gill nets from Harris Lake during 1983.
Area E Area H Area P Area S Area VSpecies Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g)
I-.jC..
Gizzard shadRedfin pickerelChain pickerelGolden shinerUnidentified chubsuckerCreek chubsuckerSmallfin redhorseSnail bullheadBl ack bul l headYellow bullheadBrown bullheadFlat bullheadChannel catfishPirate perchSunfish (hybrid)Mud sunfishFlierRedbreast sunfishGreen sunfishPumpkinseedWarmouthBluegillRedear sunfishLargenouth bassBlack crappie
4.2
0.I0.6
0.1
0.12.10.1
0.10.1
0.30.10.1
0.10.1
0.10.4
671.0
87.153.3
56.0
14.6329.7
19.8
0.74.6
28.38.75.1
12.08.8
12.731.3
2.0
0.11.0
0.10.1
0.54.10.3
0.1
0.10.8
0.10.10.1
0.10.3
229.0
75.281.7
54.132.5
89.0614.5
85.9
1.0
4.089.9
7.5 837.1 10.9 1405.6 11.40.1
0.3 330.3 0.4 227.6 0.30.4 21.6 8.4 726.1 2.4
0.10.1 17.9 0.1
0.1 17.1 0.1 17.1
0.21.80.30.1
0.2
0.7
0.30.10.10.2
0.20.2
23.3278.5
80.9235.7
17.3
91.6
14.112.311.131.0
37.336.3
0.81.80.4
184.1281.6
98.1
0.30.10.81.10.4
1418.17.9
132.3161.5
15.3
103.739.9
219.3186.5116.9
15.611.36.2
7.338.2
1.0
0.10.70.10.50.10.60.2
125.3
5.374.319.842.88.5
214.842.6
0.40.10.20.30.20.2
1.40.7
40.314.57.7
21.115.47.3
313.435.9
Total 8.7 1342.5 9.7 1435.2 12.7 2075.5 26.2 3541.3 20.4 2856.8
Totals may differ from sums due to rounding.
Table 7.5 Fish (number and weigbt/24 hours) collected with fyke nets from Harris Lake during 1983.
Area E Area H Area P Area S Area VSpecies Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g)
Gizzard shadGolden shinerCreek chubsuckerUnidentified bullheadSnail bullheadYel 1 ow bul l headBrown bullheadFlat bullheadSunfish (hybrid)FlierRedbreast sunfishGreen sunfishPumpki nseedWarmouthBluegillRedear sunfishLargemouth bassWhite crappieB1 ack crappie
1.1 120.1 1.5 225.8 3.30.10.1
472.118.737.5
0.50.4
213.1109.8
0.2
0.40.1 45.2 0.4
0.10.1
0.1
1.6
0.10.11.9
15.315.7
11.3
206.7
27.618.5
247.5
1.00.8
0.6
2.40.10.1
0.8
78.9
113.0133.5 0.3
0.3132.2 0.8101.9 1.3
0.161.7 1.7
0.3392.1 3.3
18.6 0.140.1 1.0
0.2114.5 2.8
119.027.4
123.7194.4
19.7173.8
60.0528.8
12.8252.9
31.8427.9
2.4
0.10.20.20.40.11.50.5
1.20.42.5
0.2
2.3
379.5
47.669.891.5
138.221.0
209.258.4
146.957.7
453.5
2.3
0.10.10.10.31.00.30.70.1
0.10.10.60.1
0.14.6
301.7
68.141.187.5
307.040.584.122.5
13.320.274.612.1
16.5670.1
24.6
361.4
Total 6.3 1031.1 8.5 1412.2 15.9 2501.6 12.0 2059.2 10.7 1759.2
Totals may differ from sumns due to rounding.
Table 7.6 Fish (number and weight/hour) collected by electrofishing from Harris Lake during 1983.
Area E Area H Area P Area S Area VSpecies Number Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (.g) Number Weight (g) Number Weight (7g
I-.!,
American eelGizzard shadRedfin pickerelChain pickerelGolden shinerHighfin shinerSatinfin shinerCreek chubsuckerYell ow bul l headBrown bul l headMosquito fishSunfish (hybrid)FlierBluespotted sunfishRedbreast sunfishGreen sunfishPumpkinseedWarmouthBluegillRedear sunfishLargemouth bassBlack crappie
1.522.51.03.01.5
165.03998.536.5
361.5152.0
1.09.0
2.51.0
229.01485.0
1206.082.0
1.5268.0 17.07.0 1384.0 15.0
1.013.5
1.0
223.52336.0
64.0
192.03033.0
177.0444.5
1.028.0695.0569.5
1202.52456.5782.0
9203.5506.0
1.00.5
2.01.0
21.04.5
14.52.0
44.51.5
99.037.5
202.5104.5
1370.5395.0
1099.6170.5
4508.0215.5
2.00.5
3.54.5
15.56.021.511.066.5
3.5
0.519.0
250.571.0
416.5438.5953.0633.0679.0
1256.06995.5492.0
1.53.51.01.07.57.512.538.06.5
86.53.5
14.00.5
4.0
1.07.0
0.51.0
5.02.5
17.05.0
35.03.5
46.51.0
102.01210.5
77.0150.5
546.5167.5840.5562.0
1336.5123.0
5727.5136.5
1912.50.5
0.58.0 4.0
0.52.00.51.03.50.53.5
3.59.08.0
15.063.07.0
75.04.5
35.03241.0
765.5135.0
0.52.3
112.0167.5635.0
0.5354.5
310.5612.5715.0
1413.01613.5262.0
12060.5672.5
Total 129.0 14200.1 163.0 17867.0 203.0 21914.0 143.5 12901.0 220.5 23108.3
Totals may differ from sums due to rounding.
Table 7.7 Results of ANOVAselected specieselectrofishing at
and Duncan's multiple range comparisoncaught in gill nets, fyke nets,
Harris Lake during 1983 and 1982-1983.
forand
Source Gill Nets Fyke Nets Electrofishinq
Total Fish
Month
Area
Year
Gizzard shad
Month
NS*r
NSNSSVP E H
N S
N S
N S
* 85112
NS
NS
Area
Year
Largemouth bass
Month
Area
Year
Area (1982-1983)
Brown bullhead
Month
Area
Year
Area- (1982-1983)
Bluegill
Month
Area
Year
Area (1982-1983)
NS
NS
NS
PHE
* 58211
NS
NS
P H E
NS* VPHSE
NS* P H E
Crappie
Month
Area
Year
NS
NS
NSNS
NS
NS - ANOVA not significant - P > 0.5* - ANOVA significant - P < .05
7-16
Table 7.8 Fish collected with gill nets and fyke nets and byelectrofishing at Area Z (auxiliary reservoir) during August1983.
Gill Nets Fyke Nets ElectrofishingNumber Weight Number Weight Number Weightper (g) per per (g) per per (g) per
Species 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours Hour Hour
Redfin pickerel 0.1 18.1 2 34
Golden shiner 0.1 2.1 15 93
Snail bullhead 0.1 8.2
Yellow bullhead 16.8 2204.4 0.4 221.2 2 171
Brown bullhead 0.6 190.7 0.2 81.5
Flat bullhead 0.9 147.7
Hybrid sunfish 0.6 47.3 1.8 363.8 2 51
Green sunfish 0.4 9.6 30 451
Pumpkinseed 0.7 13.0 84 1323
Warmouth 1.0 42.0 1.0 262.0 3 74
Bluegill 1.1 28.8 1.7 143.5 6 155
Redear sunfish 0.3 46.8 1 9
Largemouth bass 0.8 254.2
Total 22.6 2711.9 6.1 1373.0 145 2361
Totals may differ due to rounding.
7-17
DENSITY
320001
E 24 000 .
ý7 160 00ýUi
28000ý
z -
AREA E
P 19 A A 319 .9 .1.9 .9* A A 19 019~ A p p A 3 2 2 II 2 2 91 19 19 3* a 3 3 2 2 a 3U I I. 3 19 P 1 19I 3 3 I 3 I 2 ~ I I 3 I 2 2 9 2* 19 7 3 2 7 I 4# 19* 3 19 0 I *
DENSIT
32000'
E 24000
16000'
8000"
z0
DENS'IT
32000
E 24000
2 16000
8000
z 0
y
t
IA A a j j v J J It a a a 91
a91 7 71 1 3 1 3 1 2
V AREASDENSITY
32000-
E 24000,
16000-
8000,I
AREA H
AREA P
-32
m24
ni
C
0
*-32
m
-16 3-,
-4C
0
32
m
24 9
16 >C
8 m
0
r A A P 1 J J J J J1 A A 9 03
11 A P X A 0 2 U U 3 2 1 C a1. 3 3 LE a * I I V
3 3 19 3 19 2 1 a I a
-v AREA V
P19~~ ~ u u91..... A A o01£~~~ ~~ L 1 23 9 19 1
ALL AREASDENSIT32000 -1
719~~~ 19 A 3101.. .1 A .
i I 3 I 2 I I 2 I3 3 2 3 19 I 4 3 3 3 3 $ • I 2
r : A A 3 P9 J1 1 J3 J J A
3333.'' 33199.9. UI a9 a It 3 I 1 0 19 t
89 2 7 1 1 I 1
Figure 7.1 Larval fish push net density estimates and temperature in Harris Lke during 1983.
7-18
DENSITY
100
080
0I60
c 40.w
D2 201,K
DENSIT
100
S80
060
S40
20
z 20
FY
AREA H
TEMPERATURE
CATCH RATE
K-..m
40 C430 m
m
S20210
o-oI-2o
1-,,---19 A A P J9 4 J
a9 7 a9 1 7 1 1
44 A 19 a91U 0j U C CL L 19 0 P
2 19 6 2 70 2 1
DENSlT
100"
U)3 80-0
8 0-
cc 40
20S20
z0
TY
AREA P
CATCH RATE TEMPERATURE
P 19 A A 1919 A P p A19 19 19 19 1I 2 19 I 1919 19 2 * 19
9944 4 44A U U 19 U U1 1919 ml. II 19 9 2 I 1919 I 9 19 2 19
11 U IC *919 19 p
a 2 19 6 a
-4
-o
-30 ;
-20o
-Io0-0
rn
-4o-40 C4-3D m
20-10 0
DENSIT
100-
0
S60
- 40'3U,
: 2
z0 r
-Y
TEMPERATURE
ýCATCH RAIT Eý
AREA S
f mI a A 19. P9 j 4 I J A A IC A P P A A U U U . .
*~~~ ~~ Lmm 1 9 1 9 I L 19 9 P I
-4-m
*0C-m
-40 C-30 M-20-0-100
0
-4
m
r 40C-30 m'-20-0
-101
- I-0
DENSITY100
2•80
01 60- C/
c~40-LLI
20
z
AREA VDENSITY
100
U so
0
S60-
cE 40,LLJ
Dz
ALL AREAS
Figure 7.2 Larval fish trap catch rates by area in Harris Lake during 1983.
7-19
DENSITY3200
E 2400
v 1600aw 0
So
-
GIZZARD SHADTEMPE RATURE\
AI~ENSITY'T
tFN A A "S " S .3 ;3 .3 .3 ; A;
V^ V U U U U w
1 ft 7 : 7 1 4 0 26 9 at a It S
Pl
DENSITY32000"
E 24000
-- 16000
: 8000
0
Lepornis spp................
-32
-24
rnmS-16
-32 -I
C-24
-Sm
0 0
-0
32
M-24
-16
C
8 m 0M
r-4
7'
DENSITY
A A J J A' J J A
DENSIT'
3200
E2400
E 1600Ul
0
DENSIT
3200
Y5Y
DARTERSTEMPERATURE.
/i•j
//
{:DENSITY
0
U)M
Z
2400
1600
800 -
0
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-32
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-16 >'
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0 ft 0 : ;t 7 4 ft 2 ft f 3 aft 2
Figure 7.3 Larval fish density estimates from push nets for gizzard shad,Lepomis spp., darters, and crappie from Harris Lake during 1983.
7-20
M Leporin tspp.
0 40 140O-39 i TEMPERATURE 3 -n
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(nO. CARTER
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-]'" -2 t-
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7: I-" CATCH RATE 0
4-U 0U l - I' -T -"" .. .. 1 ... .. •-' I- -|.. . I''" ' T .... " --
F M A A H M J J J J J A A S 0 NE A P P A A U U U U U U U E C 0B A A R Y Y N N N L L G 6 P 7 VI 2) 6 I A I a 1 2 I 2 I 2 2 I 2B B 7 0 3 7 1 4 9 2 6 B 3 B I 2
Figure 7.4 Larval fish trap catch rates for Lepomis spp., crappie. and darters fromHarris Lake during 1983.
7-21
8.0 TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES
8.1 Introduction
In 1983 specific monitoring programs were conducted for all classes
of terrestrial vertebrates of the Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant
site. The primary objective of this monitoring was the characterization
of postimpoundment terrestrial vertebrate populations. A second objective
was to gather data on these populations to aid in developing and
implementing the SHNPP Wildlife Management Plan.
Monitoring in 1983 continued to be focused on the four study areas
(SA5, SA6, SA7, and SA8), the Harris Lake and shoreline areas, the
auxiliary reservoir, and the roadside bird survey route (Figure 1.1).
Several new studies were added to more systematically monitor certain
species. A wild turkey survey was added to determine if some areas of the
site have turkeys present. An evening amphibian shoreline survey was
added to determine which species were using the Harris Lake and lake
margin for breeding. The small mammal trapping study was discontinued in
1983, and a mammal scent station survey was initiated. This survey
provided population index values for species like the red fox, gray fox,
bobcat, and raccoon on the SHNPP site. These studies were evaluated for
future use based on the data collected in 1983.
8.2 Amphibians and Reptiles
8.2.1 Methods
Amphibians and reptiles were sampled in 1983 through timed-area
searches of the four study areas (SA5, SA6, SA7, and SA8), evening
amphibian shoreline call count surveys, and by recording any miscellaneous
observations. Because of the addition of the monthly (February-June)
evening amphibian shoreline survey and review of 1982 data, the frequency
of timed-area searches was reduced from six sample periods in 1982 to two
sample periods in 1983. In 1982 these searches were conducted monthly
from March through August.
8-1
Ninety-minute timed-area searches were conducted on the four study
areas--SA5, SA6, SA7, and SA8. During the first 60-minute period, 2
observers searched 100 stations on each study area by turning rocks, logs,
and leaves around stumps. The final 30 minutes were spent searching the
lake margin and the general study area. All amphibians and reptiles
encountered during this period were recorded by species. Species were
identified using standard field guides (Conant 1975; Smith 1978; Martof
et al. 1980) and taxonomic keys.
The evening amphibian shoreline call count surveys were also
conducted at each of the four study areas as well as two additional
areas. These additional areas were located on the Big Branch Creek and
the Buckhorn Creek arms of Harris Lake. Amphibian call surveys were
initiated at official sunset and continued until all six study sites were
sampled. Two biologists listened at specific points along the reservoir
margin at each site for 15 minutes. All calls heard were recorded by
species and by location.
8.2.2 Results and Discussion
In 1983, 14 species of amphibians were identified by call or actual
observation through the combination of the timed-area searches and the
evening shoreline amphibian surveys (Table 8.1). In 1982, 16 species of
amphibians were identified through 6 monthly timed-area searches and
miscellaneous observations. Therefore, the reduction of effort on timed-
area searches with the addition of evening surveys produced similiar
results to those obtained in 1982. The species lists are identical except
for two species (squirrel tree frog and spotted salamander) observed only
in 1982.
Eleven species of amphibians were observed during the two timed-area
searches. The species seen most frequently were the northern cricket frog
and Fowler's toad. In the June survey, large numbers (approximately 160)
of small toads were observed along the reservoir margin, but these were
not identified to species.
8-2
The evening shoreline amphibian call count survey added only three
species to the list of amphibians observed during 1983. These species
were the bullfrog, the upland chorus frog, and the pickerel frog. The
shoreline survey helped to identify those species using the lake and lake
margin to breed and the time when each species was most actively calling
(Figure 8.1). The southern leopard frog, northern cricket frog, upland
chorus frog, northern spring peeper, and American toad were all calling as
early in the year as February. The northern cricket frog was not heard on
the March or April survey, and the upland chorus frog was not heard during
April. Neither of these gaps was interpreted as a true termination of the
breeding period since both species were heard calling again in May. The
bullfrog, green frog, pickerel frog, and Fowler's toad were not heard
until the April survey. These observations are in general agreement with
the breeding dates given in Martof et al. (1980).
Through the combination of timed-area searches and miscellaneous
observation records., 14 species of reptiles were observed in 1983 at the
SHNPP site (Table 8.2). Fourteen species of reptiles had also been ob-
served in 1982, although these species lists are not identical. The
reptile species observed most frequently in 1983 were the northern fence
lizard, the black rat snake, and the eastern worm snake. All three
species are common throughout the Piedmont region of North Carolina
(Martof et al. 1980). The Florida cooter observed in 1983 had not been
previously documented.
8.3 Avifauna
8.3.1 Methods
Birds (avifauna) on the SHNPP site were monitored in 1983 through
roadside bird surveys, woodland bird surveys, waterfowl surveys, and wild
turkey surveys as well as through miscellaneous observations. For all
surveys, species were identified using standard field guides (Peterson
1980; Robbins et al. 1966).
8-3
Roadside bird surveys, were conducted twice during each quarter at
sunrise with the direction of the 16-km route from Merry Oaks to the Buck-
horn Dam reversed on the second morning. Beginning at the zero kilometer
point, all birds seen or heard were recorded at each of ten 1.6-km
intervals for a three-minute period. Species observed while traveling to
the next stop were also recorded in a separate column on the data sheet.
Woodland bird surveys were conducted in both winter and spring during
1983. A winter survey had not been performed in 1982. Fifty points
located around the margin of Harris Lake were each sampled in January and
in May. All species. seen or heard during a ten-minute period were
recorded as singing males, males, or "other" (unidentified). The four
study areas (SA5, SA6, SA7, and SA8) were also sampled. Surveys were
initiated daily at or within 30 minutes of official sunrise and ended 3
hours later. A habitat classification of predominantly pine, hardwood, or
mixed pine-hardwood timber type was recorded for each sample point.
Waterfowl surveys were conducted at various points (WS-1 through WS-3
and WS-5 through WS-7) along the Harris Lake margin and auxiliary reser-
voir biweekly during January-March and October-December 1983 (Fig-
ure 1.1). All members of the family Anatidae (ducks, geese, and swans)
observed from each point were recorded by number and species. Also
recorded were any other water birds observed from the following
families: Gavidae (loons), Podicepedidae (grebes), Phalacrocoracidae
(cormorants), Ardeidae (herons), Laridae (gulls, terns, and skimmers),
Scolopacidae (sandpipers), Charadriidae (plovers), Alcedinidae (king-
fishers), and Accipitridae (hawks, eagles, and ospreys).
Wild turkey surveys were conducted weekly during the months of March
and April. The SHNPP site was divided into eight survey areas. Two
observers visited each of the survey areas at least once during the two-
month period. Surveys began 20 minutes before official sunrise and lasted
for up to 3 hours after sunrise. At the beginning of each period, the
observers listened for turkey calls. Taped calls or a box caller were
then used in an attempt to elicit a response.
8-4
8.3.2 Results and Discussion
During the 1983 monitoring period, 95 species of birds were observed
overall surveys (Table 8.3). The yearly average for species observed
during the 11-year period (1972-1982) was 96 species. The 1983 total
compares favorably with this 11-year average and indicates no change in
species numbers.
Roadside Bird Survey
During the winter quarter of the roadside avifauna survey, 27 species
were observed on the 2 morning surveys compared to 28 in 1982. The
Shannon-Wiener diversity value (3.6) for this quarter was one of the
lowest since the survey was initiated. A large flock of brown-headed
cowbirds (200 individuals) affected the evenness component of the index
and thus reduced the diversity value. During the spring quarter, 34 total
species were observed; 41 species were observed during the summer quarter;
and 23 species were observed during the fall quarter. The maximum number
of birds observed by species during the surveys and the resulting relative
abundance and observation statistics for each quarter are presented in
Tables 8.4 through 8.7. When the 1983 diversity values for each quarter
(winter--3.6, spring--4.5, summer--4.5, fall--3.9) were compared with
diversity values from prior surveys, no trends were detectable.
Woodland Bird Survey
A total of 24 species were identified during the winter woodland bird
survey. Twenty species were identified in habitat classified as predomi-
nantly hardwood, nineteen species were identified in pine habitat, and
sixteen species were identified in mixed pine-hardwood stands
(Table 8.8). The bird species identified across the most sampling points
(> 15 samples) with the greatest total number of individuals (> 18
individuals) for the winter survey were the robin, the blue jay, the
American crow, the Carolina chickadee, and the tufted titmouse.
8-5
For the spring sampling period, 39 species were identified across the
3 habitat types. A total of 31 species were observed in both hardwood and
pine habitat types, and a total of 30 species were identified in mixed
pine-hardwood habitat (Table 8.8). The bird species which occurred across
the most sample points (> 15 samples) with the greatest number of total
individuals (> 18 individuals) were the red-eyed vireo, the tufted tit-
mouse, the pine warbler, the ovenbird, the American crow, the wood thrush,
the yellow-billed cuckoo, and the bobwhite. For the spring survey, each
singing male was counted as a breeding pair doubling the numbers actually
heard or observed for some species.
For both the winter and spring surveys, most species identified were
observed in all three habitat types. In many instances, sample points
included birds heard along the lake margin since points were located 75 m
from the shoreline. These shoreline areas were often more characteristic
of field habitat than of the three specified timber types. This inclusion
of lake margin species distorts the identification of certain species with
certain habitat types. It also caused certain species not typically
classified as "woodland birds" to be included in counts at a particular
sampling point.
Waterfowl Survey
Use of the Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir by waterfowl and
water birds was monitored for the second year. Twenty species were
observed during 1983 waterfowl surveys (Table 8.9). The bird species
observed most frequently and in the greatest numbers during the.waterfowl
surveys were the pied-billed grebe, the mallard, and the American coot.
One species, the Caspian tern, had not been observed previously at the
SHNPP site. Potter et al. (1980) stated that this species occurs inland
as a spring and fall transient, usually around large lakes in late April
or early May and from August through early October. This bird was
observed at Harris Lake on October 18, 1983.
8-6
Game Birds
Seventeen species classified as game birds were observed during
various surveys on the SHNPP site (Table 8.10). Thirteen species are
classified as waterfowl, and four species are classified as upland game
birds. Neither the American woodcock nor the wild turkey had been ob-
served in 1982 on the SHNPP site. The presence of both of these species
was documented in 1983. The wild turkey survey resulted in only one ob-
servation during 1983. A second wild turkey observation was made during
the spring mammal scent station survey when a distinct track was left at
one station near the main dam of Harris Lake.
Endangered Species
The bald eagle, a federally protected endangered species, was ob-
served seven different times at Harris Lake from June through November
during 1983. In June two adults were observed together at the Buckhorn
Creek arm of the lake. Four other sightings were of a single adult, and
two were of an immature bird seen once in October and once in November.
The red-cockaded woodpecker which was observed in November of 1982 was not
observed during 1983.
8.4 Mammals
8.4.1 Methods
Mammals were monitored at SHNPP in 1983 by scent station sampling and
miscellaneous observations. The scent station procedure, initiated in
1983, was conducted in April and November. This technique is used to
detect trends in relative abundance for certain carnivore populations by
calculating indices of visitation rates (Linhart and Knowlton 1975;
Roughton 1979; Sumner and Hill 1980). Most scent station sampling has
been conducted over large areas such as entire states or regions (Roughton
1979). The sampling program at the SHNPP site was modified for use on a
smaller scale by having shorter lines and shorter intervals between
stations. This technique involves establishing lines with scent stations
8-7
at 0.32-km intervals for 1.6 km (six stations/line) on roads throughout
the Harris site. To ensure independent sampling, survey lines were a
minimum of 3.2 km apart or separated by topographic barriers (e.g., arms
of the lake). At each station a 0.91-m diameter circle along the shoulder
of the road was cleared of debris. Powdered lime was placed in the circle
and brushed to a smooth finish. Pure red fox or wildcat urine was placed
in the center. These two scents were alternated along each line. The
lime provided a medium in which tracks could be recorded as animals
investigated the scent. Each line was checked daily over a two-day
period. From the tracks observed, an index of visitation rate was
calculated using the formula presented by Linhart and Knowlton (1975):
total animal visits x 1000 = Index
total operative station nights
The indices will be compared annually to detect population trends.
Miscellaneous mammal observations were also made while conducting all
biological monitoring programs at the SHNPP site.
8.4.2 Results and Discussion
Eleven species of mammals were observed at the SHNPP site during 1983
(Table 8.11). Three species were recorded as miscellaneous observations,
and eight were recorded during scent station sampling.
During the April and November sampling, there were a total of 128
operable station nights. A station night is defined as each night a
station is set. During the April sampling, lines 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, and
11 were established, while lines 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, and 13 were sampled during
November (Figure 1.1). Lines 2, 3, and 5 had high index values for the
dog because of hunting dogs that were present in these areas during the
November sampling. Lines 4, 6, and 10 were not sampled in November
because of heavy vehicle traffic observed along these lines during the
April sampling. In addition, line 10 was not sampled in November because
of high house cat and dog visitation from nearby homes. Index values for
each species per line are presented in Table 8.12.
8-8
Since the scent station sampling was initiated in 1983, the service-
ability of these data was limited. Index values for each individual line
can be compared on an annual basis but must not be compared with those of
other lines. In order to state that relative abundance is a function of
visitation rates, one must make the assumption that the density of a given
species is sufficiently consistent with visitation rates (Roughton
1979). However, the scent station sampling is a useful technique for
detection of mammal presence at the SHNPP site. The 1983 data will pro-
vide background information from which future data can be compared for
notable trends in mammal populations.
8.5 Summary
Monitoring of terrestrial vertebrate populations at the SHNPP site in
1983 showed no substantial changes in species numbers or diversity for any
class of terrestrial vertebrates. In addition to previously established
studies, several new studies were added to the program during 1983 and
evaluated. for future use.
A total of 14 species of amphibians and 14 species of reptiles were
observed over all surveys in 1983. Many of the same species observed
during 1982 were observed again in 1983. The evening shoreline amphibian
survey successfully defined which species use the Harris Lake for breeding
and the chronology of their reproductive activity. The survey did not
make a substantial contribution to the total number of species observed.
Roadside bird surveys have been conducted at the SHNPP site since
1974. Shannon-Wiener diversity values for 1983 showed no trends when
compared with previous values. This survey continues to document the most
common and visible bird species on the SHNPP site. Winter and spring
woodland bird surveys added additional information by identifying winter
residents and birds breeding in the area. Most species heard or observed
ranged across the three habitat types.
The Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir continued to be used by
waterfowl and water birds. The pied-billed grebe, the mallard, and the
8-9
coot were the species observed most frequently and in the greatest
numbers. Thirteen of the twenty species observed during waterfowl surveys
were classified as gamebirds. Four other species classified as upland
gamebirds were observed during varfous other surveys. Only one
observation of a wild turkey was made as a result of the turkey surveys.
One other turkey observation was made during the mammal scent station
survey.
During 1983, seven observations were made over Harris Lake of the
bald eagle, a federally protected endan'gered species. This is the third
consecutive year that eagles have been observed over Harris Lake.
The mammal scent station survey documented the presence of mammals
from the target group (bobcat, gray fox, and raccoon) through identifica-
tion of their tracks. Several survey lines were relocated or deleted
between the spring and fall surveys to reduce the incidence of visitation
by domestic mammals. Despite this change, the index values for dogs were
higher in the fall survey due to its coincidence with hunting season.
8-10
Table 8.1 Amphibian species observed at the SHNPP site during 1983.
Scientific Name Common Name
Salamanders
Notophthalmus viridescens
Ambystoma opacum
Plethodon glutinosus
Toads
Bufo americanus
B. woodhousei fowleri
Frogs
Acris crepitans
Hyla versicolor
H. crucifer
Pseudacris triseriata
Rana catesbeiana
R. clam itans
R. palustris
R. utricularia
Narrow-mouthed toads
Gastrophryne carolinensis
red-spotted newt
marbled salamander
slimy salamander
*
*
American toad
Fowler's toad
*r
*r
*r
northern cricket frog
gray treefrog
northern spring peeper
upland chorus frog
bullfrog
green frog
pickerel frog
southern leopard frog
eastern narrow-mouthed toad
# = Species identified in timed-area searches
* = Species identified in evening amphibian shoreline call count survey
8-11
Table 8.2 Reptilian species observed at the SHNPP site during 1983.
Scientific Name Common Name
Turtles
Chrysemys concinna
C. floridana
C. picta
Clemmys guttata
Terrapene carolina
Lizards
Sceloporus undulatus
Scincilla lateralis
Cnemidophorus sexlineatus
Snakes
Carphophis amoenus
Coluber constrictor
Elaphe obsoleta
Heterodon platyrhinos
N erodia erthrogaster
N. sipedon
river cooter
Florida cooter
eastern painted turtle
spotted turtle
eastern box turtle
northern fence lizard
ground skink
six-lined racerunner
eastern worm snake
northern black racer
black rat snake
eastern hognose snake
red-bellied water snake
northern water snake
# = Species identified during timed-area searches
* = Species identified by miscellaneous observation
8-12
Table 8.3 Birds observed at the SHNPP site during 1983.
Scientific Name Common Name
Gavi idaeGavia immer
PodicipedidaePodilymbus podiceps
Phal acrocoracidaePhalacrocorax auritus
ArdeidaeArdea herodiasCasmerodius albusButorides striatus
AnatidaeMergus merganserM. serratorLophodytes cucullatusA. platyrhynchosA. rubripesA. $treperaA. americanaA. discorsAix sponsaAythya collarisBucephala albeolaOx-yura jam aicensis
CathartidaeCathartes aura
AccipitridaeCircus cyaneusAccipiter striatusButeo jamaicensisHaliaeetus leucocephalusPandion haliaetus
PhasianidaeColinus virginiaanusMeleagris gallopavo
Ral IidaeFulica americana
Charadri idaeCharadrius vocif erus
ScolopacidaeScolopax minor
LaridaeLarus speciesL. delawarensisSterna caspia
Loonscommon loon
Grebespied-billed grebe
Cormorantsdouble-crested cormorant
Heronsgreat blue herongreat egretgreen-backed heron
Swans, geese, and duckscommon merganserred-breasted merganserhooded mergansermallardAmerican black duckgadwal1American wigeonblue-winged tealwood duckring-necked duckbuffleheadruddy duck
New world vulturesturkey vulture
Hawks and eaglesnorthern harriersharp-shinned hawkred-tailed hawkbald eagleosprey
Pheasants, grouse, and quailsbobwhite
wild turkeyRails
American cootPlovers
killdeerSandpipers
American woodcockGulls, terns, and skimmers
unidentified gullring-billed gullCaspian tern
8-13
Table 8.3 (continued)
Scientific Name Common Name
ColumbidaeZenaidura macroura
Cucul idaeCoccyzus amrericanus
StrigidaeStrix variaOtus asioBubo virginianus
CaprimulgidaeCaprimulgus vociferus
ApodidaeChaetura pelagica
AlcedinidaeCeryle alcyon
PicidaePicoides villosusP. pubescensSphyrapicus variusMelanerpes erythrocephalusM. carolinusColaptes auratus
TyrannidaeContopus virens
HirundinidaeProgne subisHirundo rusticaTachycineta bicolor
CorvidaeCyanocitta cristataCorvus brachyrhynchos
ParidaeParus bicolorP. carolinensis
Certhi idaeCerthia americana
TroglodytidaeThryothorus ludoviciarius
MuscicapidaePolioptila caeruleaHylocichla mustelinaCatharus guttatusTurdus migratoriusSialia sialis
Pigeons and dovesmourning dove
Cuckoosyellow-billed cuckoo
Typical owlsbarred owleastern screech owlgreat horned owl
Nightjarswhip-poor-will
Swiftschimney swift
Kingfishersbelted kingfisher
Woodpeckershairy woodpeckerdowny woodpeckeryellow-bellied sapsuckerred-headed woodpeckerred-bellied woodpeckernorthern flicker
Tyrant flycatcherseastern wood pewee
Swallowspurple martinbarn swallowtree swallow
Jays and crowsblue jayAmerican crow
Titmicetufted titmouseCarolina chickadee
Creepersbrown creeper
WrensCarolina wren
Old world warblers and thrushesblue-gray gnatcatcherwood thrushhermit thrushAmerican robineastern bluebird
8-14
Table 8.3 (continued)
Scientific Name Common Name
MimidaeMimus polyglottosToxostoma rufurn
Bombyci 1 lidaeBombyciZla cedrorum
SturnidaeSturnus vulgaris
VireonidaeVireo olivaceusVireo griseus
EmberizidaeMolothrus aterAgelaius phoeniceusSturnella magnaQuiscalus quisculaZonotrichia albicollisSpizella passerinaS. pusiZla.Junco hyemalisMelospiza melodiaPipilo erythrophthalmusCardinalis cardinalisGuiraca caeruleaPasserina cyaneaPiranga olivaceaP. rubraMniotilta variaParula americanaD. coronataD. dominicaD. pinusDendroica discolorSeiurus aurocapillusGeothlypis trichasIcteria virensWilsonia citrinaSetophaga ruticilla
FringillidaeCarduelis tristis
PasseridaePasser doam esticus
Mimic thrushesmockingbirdbrown thrasher
Waxwingscedar waxwing
Starlingsstarling
Vireosred-eyed vireowhite-eyed vireo
New world passerinesbrown-headed cowbirdred-winged blackbirdeastern meadowlarkcommon gracklewhite-throated sparrowchipping sparrowfield sparrowdark-eyed juncosong sparrowrufous-sided towheecardinalblue grosbeakindigo buntingscarlet tanagersummer tanagerblack-and-white warblernorthern parula warbleryellow-rumped warbleryellow-throated warblerpine warblerprairie warblerovenbirdcommon yellowthroatyellow-breasted chathooded warblerAmerican redstart
FinchesAmerican goldfinch
Old world sparrowshouse sparrow
8-15
Table 8.4 Results of two avifauna surveys conducted at the SHNPP siteduring January 1983.
Percent of Percent ofSpecies Total Surveys
Decreasing Order Maximum No. Maximum No. in Whichof Abundance Observed Observed Observed
Brown-headed cowbird 200 59.35 50American crow 23 6.82 100Cedar waxwing 20 5.93 50Dark-eyed junco 19 5.64 100Common grackle 16 4.75 50White-throated sparrow 11 3.26 100Blue jay 7 2.08 100Mourning dove call 7 2.08 100Red-tailed hawk 4 1.19 100Rufous-sided towhee 3 0.89 50Northern flicker 3 0.89 100Red-bellied woodpecker 3 0.89 50Unidentified sparrow 2 0.59 100Eastern bluebird 2 0.59 50American robin 2 0.59 50Carolina chickadee 2 0.59 50Cardinal 2 0.59 100Red-winged blackbird 2 0.59 50Carolina wren 1 0.30 100Mockingbird 1 0.30 50Field sparrow 1 0.30 50Eastern meadowlark 1 0.30 50Downy woodpecker 1 0.30 50Hairy woodpecker 1 0.30 50Belted kingfisher 1 0.30 50Northern harrier 1 .0.30 50Great blue heron 1 0.30- 50
TOTAL 337
8-16
Table 8.5 Results of two avifauna surveys conducted at the SHNPP siteduring April 1983.
Percent of Percent ofSpecies Total Surveys
Decreasing Order Maximum No. Maximum No. in Whichof Abundance Observed Observed Observed
Common grackle 40 21.51 100Yellow-rumped warbler 12 6.45 50Unidentified bird 11 5.91 100American robin 11 5.91 100Carolina chickadee 8 4.30 100Rufous-sided towhee 8 4.30 100Blue jay 8 4.30 100Carolina wren 7 3.76 50Pine warbler 7 3.76 100Cardinal 7 3.76 100American crow 7 3.76 100Eastern bluebird 6 3.23 100Mourning dove-call 6 3.23 100House sparrow 5 2.69 50Ovenbird 5 2.69 100Purple martin 4 2.15 50Tufted titmouse 3 1.61 100Prairie warbler 3 1.61 50American goldfinch 3 1.61 50Northern flicker 3 1.61 50Hermit thrush 2 1.08 50Mockingbird 2 1.08 100Common yellowthroat 2 1.08 50Barn swallow 2 1.08 50Eastern meadowlark 2 1.08 100Red-winged blackbird 2 1.08 100Red-bellied woodpecker 2 1.08 50Hooded warbler 1 0.54 50Yellow-throated warbler 1 0.54 50Northern parula warbler 1 0.54 50White-eyed vireo 1 0.54 50White-throated sparrow 1 0.54 50Brown-headed cowbird 1 0.54 50Downy woodpecker 1 0.54 50Green-backed heron 1 0.54 50
TOTAL 186
8-17
Table 8.6 Results of two avifauna surveys conducted at the SHNPP siteduring July 1983.
Percent of Percent ofSpecies Total Surveys
Decreasing Order Maximum No. Maximum No. in Whichof Abundance Observed Observed Observed
Mourning dove call 46 19.33 100House sparrow 31 13.03 100American crow 20 8.40 100Bobwhite covey call 15 6.30 150Carolina wren 11 4.62 100Indigo bunting 11 4.62 100Rufous-sided towhee 9 3.78 100Chimney swift 8 3.36 100Red-bellied woodpecker 8 3.36 100Cardinal 7 2.94 100Blue jay 7 2.94 100Wood thrush 6 2.52 100Blue grosbeak 6 2.52 100Yellow-breasted chat 5 2.10 100Mockingbird 4 1.68 100Common yellowthroat 4 1.68 100Yellow-billed cuckoo 4 1.68 100Eastern bluebird 3 1.26 100Tufted titmouse 3 1.26 50Brown thrasher 3 1.26 50Prairie warbler 3 1.26 100Carolina chickadee 2 0.84 100Red-eyed vireo 2 0.84 100Barn swallow 2 0.84 50Purple martin 2 0.84 100American robin 1 0.42 50Ovenbird 1 0.42 100Summer tanager 1 0.42 50Scarlet tanager 1 0.42 50Field sparrow 1 0.42 100Chipping sparrow 1 0.42 50Common grackle 1 0.42 50Eastern meadowlark 1 0.42 100Red-winged blackbird 1 0.42 50Brown-headed cowbird 1 0.42 50Starling 1 0.42 50Eastern wood pewee 1 0.42 50Northern flicker 1 0.42 100Belted kingfisher 1 0.42 50Green-backed heron 1 0.42 50Great blue heron 1 0.42 50
TOTAL 238
8-18
Table 8.7 Results of two avifauna surveys conducted at the SHNPP siteduring October 1983.
Percent of Percent ofSpecies Total Surveys
Decreasing Order Maximum No. Maximum No. in Whichof Abundance Observed Observed Observed
American crow 13 19.40 100Mourning dove call 8 11.94 100Carolina wren 5 7.46 100Blue jay 5 7.46 100Unidentified bird 4 5.97 50House sparrow 4 5.97 100Rufous-sided towhee 3 4.48 100Northern flicker 3 4.48 50Red-bellied woodpecker 3 4.48 100Eastern bluebird 2 2.99 100Pine warbler 2 2.99 100Cardinal 2 2.99 100Wood duck 2 2.99 50Unidentified sparrow 1 1.49 50Carolina chickadee 1 1.49 100Mockingbird 1 1.49 100Common grackle 1 1.49 50Eastern meadowlark 1 1.49 50Starling 1 1.49 50Yellow-bellied sapsucker 1 1.49 50Belted kingfisher 1 1.49 50Eastern screech owl 1 1.49 50Red-tailed hawk 1 1.49 50Great blue heron 1 1.49 50
TOTAL 67
8-19
Table 8.8 Birds observed during spring and winter woodland bird surveysat the SHNPP in 1983.
Hardwood Pine Pine-HardwoodSpecies Spring Winter Spring Winter Spring Winter
Acadian flycatcher * * *American crow * * * * * *American robin * * * * *Belted kingfisher *Blue jay * * * * * *Blue-gray gnatcatcher * * *Bobwhite * * *Brown creeperBrown-headed cowbird *Cardinal * * * * *Carolina chickadee * * * * * *Carolina wren * * * * * *Common yellowthroat * * *Downy woodpecker * * * * *Eastern meadowlark * *Eastern phoebe * *Eastern wood pewee * * *Golden-crowned kinglet * *Great blue heron *Great crested flycatcher *Green-backed heron *Hairy woodpeckerHermit thrush *Hooded warbler * * *Indigo bunting * * *Mourning dove * * *Northern flicker * * *Northern parula warbler *Ovenbird * * * *Pine warbler * * *Prairie warbler * *Red-bellied woodpecker * * * *Red-eyed vireo * *Red-tailed hawk *Red-winged blackbird *Ruby-crowned kinglet * *Rufous-sided towhee * * * *Song sparrow * *Summer tanager * *Tufted titmouse * * * * *Turkey vulture * *Unidentified bird * *.* *Unidentified empidonax *Unidentified sparrow * *Unidentified woodpecker * *White-throated sparrow *Wood thrush *Yellow warblerYellow-bellied sapsuckerYellow-billed cuckoo * * *Yellow-breasted chat * * *Yellow-throated vireo * *
8-20
Table 8.9 Bird species observed at Harris Lake during waterfowl surveysconducted in 1983.
American black duck
American coot
American wigeon
Bald eagle
Belted kingfisher
Caspian tern
Common loon
Double-crested cormorant
Gadwall
Great blue heron
Great egret
Hooded merganser
Killdeer
Mallard
Osprey
Pied-billed grebe
Ring-billed gull
Ring-necked duck
Ruddy duck
Wood duck
Table 8.10 Avian game species observed at the SHNPP site during 1983.
Common merganser
Red-breasted merganser
Hooded merganser
Mallard
American black duck
Gadwall
American wigeon
Blue-winged teal
Wood duck
Ring-necked duck
Bufflehead
Ruddy duck
Bobwhite
Wild turkey
American coot
American woodcock
Mourning dove
8-21
Table 8.11 Mammals observed at the SHNPP site during scent stationsampling and miscellaneous observations during 1983.
Species Common Name
Canidae
Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Canis familiaris
Castoridae
Castor canadensis
Cervidae
Odocoileus virginianus
Didelphiidae
Didelphis marsupialis
Felidae
Fells domesticus
Lynx rufus
Leporidae
Sylvilagus floridanus
Mustelidae
Lutra canadensis
Procyonidae
Procyon lotor
Sciuridae
Sciurus carolinensis
gray fox
dog
beaver
whitetail deer
opossum
house cat
bobcat
eastern cottontail
river otter
raccoon
eastern gray squirrel
8-22
Table 8.12 Mammal scent station index of abundance values for SHNPPduring 1983.
Index
Line Number Species April November
1 Raccoon 167 83
2 Dog 83 286
Bobcat 83
3 Dog 500
4 Dog 167
House cat 83
5 Gray squirrel 91
Dog 417
6 Opossum 83
Eastern cottontail 167
9 Raccoon 83
10 Dog 333
House cat 167
11 Dog 100
13 Gray fox 300
Gray squirrel 100
Raccoon 100
8-23
BULLFROG
GREENFROG
FOWLER'STOAD
PICKERELFROG
SOUTHERNLEOPARD
FROG
NORTHERN
I, CRICKETFROG
UPLANDCHORUS
FROG
NORTHERN _SPRINGPEEPER
AMERICANTOAD
FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL
Figure 8.1 Initiation and duration of active calling by amphibians breeding in Harris Lake during 1983.
9.0 VEGETATION
9.1 Introduction
Botanical surveys were carried out at the Shearon Harris Nuclear
Power Plant (SHNPP) site from 1972 to 1974 by Aquatic Control, Inc., a
consulting firm, for CP&L (Aquatic Control, Inc., 1973, 1975) and since
then by CP&L (CP&L 1978a, 1978b, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984). These
studies were designed to collect baseline data and to monitor changes in
the flora of the site during the period prior to filling Harris Lake.
In December 1980 Buckhorn Creek was impounded, and Harris Lake gradu-
ally filled until it reached normal operational elevation in early 1983
(Figure 1.2). The original botanical study areas utilized prior to 1982
were abandoned, and four new terrestial study areas (SA5, SA6, SA7, and
SA8) were established in the spring of 1982. Data were collected from
these plots in 1982 to provide information on the species composition,
density, and distribution of vegetation that existed in the area immedi-
ately around the lake. This information was gathered to provide a basis
for detecting possible effects of filling the lake on this vegetation.
The same information was collected again in 1983 from these study areas.
In addition, surveys were initiated during 1983 to qualitatively
monitor the aquatic vegetation of Harris Lake and the auxiliary reser-
voir. These surveys were conducted for two purposes: (1) to monitor the
development of populations of native, indigenous species of aquatic macro-
phytes and (2) to detect the possible introduction of troublesome exotic
aquatic species such as Hydrilla verticullata, Egeria densa, or Myriophyllum
Spicatum.
9.2 Methods
9.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation
Detailed descriptions of the locations, establishment, and methods
utilized are discussed in the 1982 Environmental Monitoring Report (CP&L
9-1
1984). The only change in methods utilized in 1983 was a reduction from
three surveys in 1982 to one survey in 1983. This reduction was made be-
cause of the lack of significant information gathered by the two addi-
tional surveys. The 1983 survey was conducted during September 6 through
9.
9.2.2 Aquatic Vegetation
Aquatic vegetation surveys were conducted on March 28, May 13,
August 19, and November 8.
Portions of the shoreline of Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir
were surveyed by boat. These surveys were conducted by slowly traversing
the perimeter and noting the occurrence of all aquatic macrophytes. Spec-
imens were collected of all species that could not be readily identified
in the field. These samples were returned to the laboratory for identifi-
cation.
Because of the great length of the two shorelines, the surveys were
concentrated in specific areas. In Harris Lake, these included the White
Oak Creek (above and below the SR 1127 bridge) and Little White Oak Creek
branches, portions of Tom Jack Creek (near the cooling tower makeup water
canal), and the area west of the main dam. In the auxiliary reservoir,
surveys were concentrated in and near the emergency service water intake
canal and the two unnamed arms that extend to U.S. Highway I (Figure 1.1.).
These areas were selected to represent the various habitats of Harris
Lake and the auxiliary reservoir. Also, they included the areas where the
possibility of introduction of troublesome exotic species critical to
power plant operations was greatest.
9-2
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Terrestrial Vegetation
Few changes occurred in the community composition and structure of
the vegetation around Harris Lake between 1982 and 1983. Most of these
changes occurred in the herbaceous stratum, especially in a 2- to 3-meter-
wide zone immediately adjacent to the lake. High water levels during
spring and early summer eliminated most terrestrial species from this
newly formed riparian zone. These were replaced with aquatic species.
Sample Area 5 (SA5)
Canopy vegetation at SA5 in 1983 consisted of the same individuals
present in 1982. Table 9.1 lists those trees and their diameters for both
1982 and 1983. All trees increased in diameter and none exhibited any
signs of stress.
Understory vegetation in 1983 consisted of one sweet-gum (Liquidambar
styraciflua) with a diameter of 2.0cm. This tree was listed as a component
of the shrub stratum in 1982.
Shrub species consisted of two red maples (Acer rubrum), seven sweet-
gums, one St. Johns-wort (Hypericum stans), one mockernut hickory (Carya
tomentosa), and three winged sumacs (Rhus copallina). This was a signifi-
cant increase over the 1982 total (four individuals) and was attributed to
natural regeneration.
Herbaceous vegetation at SA5 changed significantly from 1982 to
1983. Cover in 1982 was approximately 100% from the edge of the lake to
the limit of clearing and consisted mostly of terrestrial species typical
of upland habitats. In 1983, 0.8 m of the plot nearest Harris Lake was
covered by water, and immediately upwards from this was a zone of water
primrose (Ludwigia leptocarpa) about 2 m wide. Also included in this zone
was rush (Juncuseffusus) and bulrush (Scirpuscyperinus).
9-3
Above this zone of emergent aquatic species, the herbaceous vegeta-
tion was dominated by the same terrestrial species that grew there in
1982. These included various species of Panicum, Solidago, Arndropogon, and
Luzula as well as Danthonia sericea, Rhus copallina, and Campsis radicans.
Sample Area 6 (SA6)
As was the condition at SA5, canopy vegetation at SA6 in 1983 con-
sisted of the same individual trees that grew there in 1982. Table 9.2
summarizes the data from this sample area. Two trees appeared to decrease
in diameter, but these decreases were attributed to errors in sampling.
No signs of stress were observed in this sample area.
Understory vegetation increased over 1982 numbers to five dogwoods
(Cornus florida), one white oak (Quercus alba), two mockernut hickories, one
sweet hickory (C. glabra), and one sweet-gum.
Shrubs decreased from 35 individuals to 7 but continued to be domi-
nated by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum),
hickories, sweet-gum, and viburnum (Viburnum rafinesquianum). Many of the
dead shrubs were located at the lower portion of the plots and were inun-
dated by high spring water levels.
Herbaceous vegetation at SA6 was dominated by the same terrestrial
species that existed there in 1982. These were Potentilla canadensis, Pani-
cum spp., Parthenocissus quinquefolia, and Lonicera japonica. Nearest to the
lake, a zone existed that had been inundated during spring. No vegetation
grew in this zone; but just above it, water primrose grew in portions of
the study area.
9-4
Study Area 7 (SA7)
Canopy vegetation at SA7 in 1983 was almost identical to that of
1982. There was one less white oak in 1983 than in 1982. This individual
may have been damaged in clearing the reservoir, and the loss of this one
tree is not considered significant. The diameters at breast height (DBH)
and numbers of these trees for 1982 and 1983 are given in Table 9.3.
Understory vegetation in 1983 consisted of red maple, yellow poplar
(Liriodendron tulipifera), and American ash (Fraxinus americana). These were
the same species that grew in SA7 in 1982.
The shrub stratum was composed of many species and many individ-
uals. The dominants included red maple, fringe tree (Chionanthus amenr-
canus), viburnum, black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), white oak, mockernut hickory,
and redbud (Cerciscanadensis). Viburnum was the most dominant species.
Herbaceous vegetation at SA7 in 1983 consisted of the same terres-
trial species that grew there in 1982. Only a few individual aquatic
emergent species occurred at the edge of the water. These were Scirpus
cyperinus and Juncus effusus. The remainder of the herbaceous vegetation
was dominated by Potentilla canadensis, Solidago spp., Panicum spp., Smilicina
racemosa, and Stellaria sp.
Sample Area 8 (SA8)
Numbers of canopy individuals at SA8 increased by one tree from 1982
to 1983 as a result of the growth of the understory. All trees increased
in diameter or stayed the same. Diameters, numbers, and species are given
in Table 9.4.
Understory vegetation in 1983 continued to be represented by one
black gum, one dogwood, one unidentified tree in the Roseaceae family, and
three sweet hickories.
9-5
Shrubs consisted of many viburnums, red maple, mockernut hickory,
white oak, and black gum. These were mostly seedlings of canopy and
understory species.
Herbaceous vegetation at SA8 continued to be sparse. Water from the
lake had covered the lower quarter of the plot, and this zone was essen-
tially bare. Above this zone, the same species that grew there in 1982
were present in 1983. These consisted of Eupatorium sp., Vitis rotundifolia,
Gelsemium sempervirens, and Smilicena racemosa. No aquatic species were
encountered.
9.3.2 Aquatic Vegetation
During 1983 a total of 25 species of plants were observed growing in
or adjacent to Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir (Table 9.5). Many
of these species were not truly aquatic but persisted there from prior to
the filling of the lakes.
The large percentage of emergent species (68%) reflected the rela-
tively early successional stage of the vegetation. Because many of the
emergent plants were not aquatic species, a large number of them were dead
or exhibited stress symptoms (due to inundation) by the end of the sum-
mer. These included many woody species such as willow oak (Quercus phel-
los), water oak (Q. nigra), red maple, sweet-gum, and American ash.
However, the presence of truly aquatic shoreline emergents such as cat-
tails (Typha latifolia), bulrushes (Scirpus cyperinus and S. atrovirens),. rush
(Juncus effusus), spike-rush (Eleocharis obtusa), and primrose (Ludwigia
leptocarpa) was an indication of the future dominant emergent vegetation
expected to inhabit the shoreline areas.
Submerged vegetation comprised 16% of all aquatic species and was
represented by pondweed (Potamogeton diversifolius), spike-rush (Eleocharis
acicularis), bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris), and parrot-feather (Myriophyl-
lum brasiliense). These occurred mostly in the upper ends of the White Oak
Creek and Buckhorn Creek arms of Harris Lake. Submerged vegetation was
absent from the auxiliary reservoir.
9-6
Floating leaf vegetation consisted of one small stand of American
lotus (Nelumbo lutea), several small patches of watershield (Brasenia schre-
beri), one isolated patch of Hydrochloa caroliniana, and several small
patches of water fern (Azolla caroliniana). These four species accounted
for 16% of the total number of aquatic species obserVed, and all occurred
in the White Oak Creek arm of Harris Lake.
In general, the vegetation of Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir
was dominated by emergent species that were relics of the previous terres-
trial vegetation. In the spring of 1983, many of these appeared to be
growing normally. However, by the end of the summer, signs of stress such
as leaf curling, premature leaf coloration, or leaf browning were evident
in many of these individuals indicating that they would not survive.
The balance of the vegetation was composed of indigenous species of
aquatic plants that grew within their respective ranges. No evidence of
troublesome exotic species was observed.
9.4 Summary
The terrestrial vegetation adjacent to the shoreline of Harris Lake
was essentially unchanged from 1982 to 1983. Canopy, understory, and
shrub species composition were almost identical in both years.
The greatest change occurred in the herbaceous stratum. Rising water
levels during spring and early summer caused many of the terrestrial spe-
cies to be replaced by emergent aquatic species, especially primrose.
This change occurred in a narrow band about two meters wide adjacent to
the shoreline of the lake. Above this band, no changes were detected.
The aquatic vegetation of the auxiliary reservoir and Harris Lake was
dominated by shoreline emergent species such as cat-tails, bulrushes, and
primrose. Many of the emergent woody species that existed in the shallow
areas were remnants of the terrestrial community that existed there prior
to filling. These exhibited stress symptoms by the end of the summer, and
many appeared dead or severely stressed. Submerged vegetation was sparse
9-7
and confined to the shallow areas of the major tributaries of the Harris
Lake. Pondweed and bladderwort were the dominant species encountered.
Floating leaf vegetation was dominated by watershield and water fern.
In general, the vegetation of Harris Lake and the auxiliary reservoir
was typical of a developing aquatic community. Many of the terrestrial
species growing in the reservoirs appeared to be dying and were in the
process of being replaced by aquatic emergent species. No exotic intro-
ductions were observed.
9-8
Table 9.1 Canopy vegetation observed at Sample Area 5site during 1982 and 1983.
at the SHNPP
1982 1983
Species Number DBH * (cm) Number DBH (cm)
Pinus echinata 1 24.7 1 24.9
P. taeda 1 28.3 1 28.7
Quercus phellos 1 9.5 1 9.7
Acer rubrum 1 7.7 1 7.9
Carpinus caroliniana 4 9.5 (mean) 4 9.6 (mean)
DBH = Diameter at breast height.
Table 9.2 Canopy vegetation observed at Sample Area 6 at the SHNPPsite during 1982 and 1983.
1982 1983Species Number DBH * (cm) Number DBH (cm)
Pinus echinata 1 22.6 1 23.1
Cornus florida 1 11.7 1 11.4
Oxydendrum arboreum 1 9.1 1 9.6
Nyssa sylvatica 1 30.0 1 29.2
Liquidacmbar styraciflua 3 9.8 (mean) 3 10.8 (mean)
Quercus alba 4 22.8 (mean) 4 23.2 (mean)
Q. rubra 2 15.8 (mean) 2 15.9 (mean)
*DBH = Diameter at breast height.
9-9
Table 9.3 Canopy vegetation observed at Sample Area 7site during 1982 and 1983.
at the SHNPP
1982 1983
Species Number DBH* (cm) Number DBH (cm)
Acer rubrum 1 12.2 1 13.0
Carya tomentosa 1 15.9 1 15.7
Quercus velutina 1 35.8 1 36.3
Q. alba 2 14.3 (mean) 1 14.2
* Diameter at breast height.
Table 9.4 Canopy vegetation observed at Sample Area 8 at the SHNPPsite during 1982 and 1983.
1982 1983
Species Number DBH* (cm) Number DBH (cm)
Quercus alba 3 13.9 (mean) 5 11.1 (mean)
Pinus echinata 3 23.2 (mean) 3 23.8 (mean)
Fagus grandifolia 4 9.5 (mean) 4 10.0 (mean)
Oxydendrum arboreum 1 11.2 0 -
Liquidambar styraciflua 1 20.6 1 21. 1
Carya glabra 1 8.6 1 9.9
Fraxinus am ericana 1 9.6 1 9.6
Acer rubrum 1 17.6 1 17.8
* DBH = Diameter at breast height.
9-10
Table 9.5 Macrophytes observed in or adjacent to Harris Lake and theauxiliary reservoir during 1983.
Family Species Habit*
Azollaceae
Typhaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Poaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Juncaceae
Salicaceae
Betulaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Polygonaceae
Nelumbonaceae
Cabombaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Callitrichaceae
Aceraceae
Onagraceae
Haloragaceae
Oleaceae
Bignoniaceae
Lentibulariaceae
Asteraceae
Azolla caroliniana
Typha latifolia
Potamogeton diversifolius
Hydrochloa caroliniensis
Eleocharis obtusa
E. acicularis
Scirpus cyperinus
S. atrovirens
Juncus effusus
Salix nigra
Betula nigra
Quercus phellos
Q. nigra
Polygonun sp.
Nelumbo lutea
Brasenia schreberi
Liquidambar styrac~iflua
Callitriche heterophylla
Acer rubrum
Ludwigia leptocarpa
Myriophyllum brasiliense
Fraxinus americana
Campsis radicans
Utricularia vulgaris
Mikania scandens
*E= Emergent
F = Floating leaf
S = Submerged
9-11
10.0 REFERENCES
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1975. Baseline biota of the Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plantstudy area June 1973-May 1974. A report to Carolina Power & LightCompany. Aquatic Control, Seymour, IN.
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Cooper, C. M. 1981. A population study of diptera (insecta) of GranadaReservoir, Mississippi. J. Freshwater Ecol. 1(3):251-265.
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Oglesby, R. T. 1977. Phytoplankton summer standing crop and annualproductivity as functions of phosphorus loading and various physicalfactors. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:2255-2270.
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