Sharing experiences in landscape approaches
61
Sharing experiences in landscape Approaches ogyakarta, December 2009) ora van Oosten, [email protected]
Transcript of Sharing experiences in landscape approaches
Sharing experiences in landscape Approaches
Yogyakarta, December 2009)Cora van Oosten, [email protected]
What is a landscape?
Imagine a landscape...
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
Reading landscapes
“Mind” scape
“Mind” scape
“Mind” scape
“Mind” scape
Definition of a landscape
“scape” or “schap”:
View, appearance, shape, creation Social construct which changes over
time Property, archaic form of governance
Definition of a landscape
Neef (1967): "a landscape is a concrete part of the earth's surface shaped by uniform structure and same process pattern"
Definition of a landscape
Turner (2001): “spatially heterogeneous geographic areas characterized by diverse interacting patches or ecosystems, ranging from relatively natural terrestrial and aquatic systems such as forests, grasslands and lakes to human-dominated environments including agricultural, urban ( and industrial ) settings".
Multi-functional mosaics
Defined by its core, not by its boundaries Its definition lies in the eyes of the beholder
(Maginnis, 2004) Concept of “space” rather than “place” Characterised by its internal processes Influenced by external factors (change drivers) Processes steered by stakeholders, and their
drivers behind Not necessarily co-incides with administrative
boundaries
Elements to take into account
Does the landscape approach offer something new?
Response to: Previous attempts to plan development Withdrawal of central states, new scope for
local stakeholders Search for stronger regional identities Climate change: shorter production chains
Landscape approach
Making use of existing experiences:
Decentralised NRM Participatory land use planning Community forestry
See the bigger picture
Taking a landscape
Well forested catchment
Rich biodiversity
High value timber
Attractive scenery, tourism
Ancestral homeland
Subsistence farm land
Commercial farm land
Biofuel production
Grazing land
Human settlement
Sub-soil richness
Which are the options?
Well forested catchment
Rich biodiversity
High value timber
Attractive scenery, tourism
Ancestral homeland
Subsistence farm land
Commercial farm land
Biofuel production
Grazing land
Human settlement
Sub-soil richness
Which are the options?
What are the claims?
Well forested catchment
Rich biodiversity
High value timber
Attractive scenery, tourism
Ancestral homeland
Subsistence farm land
Commercial farm land
Biofuel production
Grazing land
Human settlement
Sub-soil richness
Which are the options?
What are the claims?
Who are the claimants?
What drives them?
Districtpolicy
Need for money
Power relations
education
Empowerment
Need for firewood
Local Market prices
Food needs
Ability to invest Land
ownershipLand
pressure
Labour force
What drives them?
Districtpolicy
Need for money
Power relations
education
Empowerment
Need for firewood
Local Market prices
Food needs
Ability to invest Land
ownershipLand
pressure
Labour force
Population growth
Climate change
Demand for (bio)fuels
Increased Interest in biodiversity
Growing demandAnimal feed
Increased mobility
Globalisation
Need for minerals
Commodity prices up
Increased exploitati
on
Direct foreign investments
Land grabbing
Growing fooddemand
What drives them?
Districtpolicy
Need for money
Power relations
education
Empowerment
Need for firewood
Local Market prices
Food needs
Ability to invest Land
ownershipLand
pressure
Labour force
Population growth
Climate change
Demand for (bio)fuels
Increased Interest in biodiversity
Growing demandAnimal feed
Increased mobility
Globalisation
Need for minerals
Commodity prices up
Increased exploitati
on
Direct foreign investments
Land grabbing
Growing fooddemand Competin
g claims
Drivers at multiple levels and multiple scales
Giller et al, 2008
Glocalisation
Exercise
Go back to your “own” landscape
What is the major change process? What are the major drivers behind? What are the major impacts of this change? Which are the responses to this change?
Change – Driver – Response
From destruction to restoration?
Landscape dynamics
What is the difference?
Simple and complex systems
CookingSimplePredictable Recipe
LandscapeComplexNot predictableResearchSocial learningScenariosAdaptive management
PuzzleSimplePredictable Single solutionTrial & error
MachineComplicatedNot predictable GuidelinesProblem treePlanning
ComplicatedComplex
Chaotic Simple
Source: Cognitive Edge (www.cognitive-edge.com)
Cynefin Framework
Mismatches in levels and scalesBio-geographical scales governance scales juridical scales
Individualfamily
Community
Country
Region
Municipality
Local
provincial
National
International
Province/districtdepartment
municipal
Not easy to understand Cannot easily be controlled or
planned Can be influenced By addressing the entire system From planning to emergence Co-design
A landscape is...
From planning to co-design
Planned Co-design Emergent
From planning to co-design
participatory Flexible and adaptive Creating synergies across boundaries Searching for “win-win” options Creating positive environment to learn
DescribeResources, stakeholders,
institutions
DiscoverProcesses, driving factors, scales,
changes, responses
DeliverImplement, monitor, learn
DesignMulti-stakeholder process
Mediation, negotiation & trade-offs
From planning to co-design
DescribeResources, stakeholders,
institutions
DiscoverProcesses, driving factors, scales,
changes, responses
DeliverImplement, monitor, learn
DesignMulti-stakeholder process
Mediation, negotiation & trade-offs
Governance
Conflict
Protection Production
From planning to co-design
What is new about this?
Introducing new understanding
Introducing new planning perspectives
Introducing new forms of collaborative action
Planning....
Co-design....
Thinking in systems
Thinking in systems
Thinking in systems
Thinking in systems
Thinking in systems – “systems thinking”
Flows and feedback loopsPerspectives Inter-relationshipsBoundaries Systemic interventions
Dynamic aspectsNon-linear aspectsEntangled inter-relationsDelay
Flows and feedback loops
Perspectives
Inter-relations
Perceptions
Perceptions
Boundaries
Boundaries
Boundaries
Systemic interventions
Systemic interventions
Dynamic aspectsNon-linear aspectsEntangled inter-relationsDelay
Expect the unexpected....
Watch Closely….
And Enjoy this Artwork…
Sound on…
