Shannon Slaughter

St. Clair County High School

Odenville, AL

Shannon Slaughter

St. Clair County High School

Odenville, AL

Trends in Antebellum Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860America: 1810-1860Trends in Antebellum Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860America: 1810-1860

1.New intellectual and religious movements.

2.Social reforms.

3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.

4.Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization.

5.Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.

6.Increase in American nationalism.

7.Further westward expansion.

1.New intellectual and religious movements.

2.Social reforms.

3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.

4.Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization.

5.Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.

6.Increase in American nationalism.

7.Further westward expansion.

““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”

First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

““American Progress” by American Progress” by John Gast, 1872John Gast, 1872

““American Progress” by American Progress” by John Gast, 1872John Gast, 1872

The Pony ExpressThe Pony ExpressThe Pony ExpressThe Pony Express

Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.

Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.

Took 10 days.

Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.

Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.

Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.

Took 10 days.

Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.

Aroostook “War,” 1839Aroostook “War,” 1839Aroostook “War,” 1839Aroostook “War,” 1839

The only war ever declared by a state.

Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.

Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.

Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”

General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.

The only war ever declared by a state.

Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.

Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.

Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”

General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.

Maine Boundary Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Settlement, 1842Maine Boundary Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Settlement, 1842

Americans Move to TEXAS Stephen F. Austin was

given a large land grant in Texas (which was a part of Mexico)… he encourages people to move West

Soil is being exhausted in the East because of overuse.

Plenty of land in Texas Mexico was lax in

governing the state

Rules were –Everyone must practice and convert to CatholicismNO SLAVES!!!

Santa Ana became leader of Mexico and decided to enforce the rules ****

Texans REBELLED against Santa Ana under the leadership of SAM HOUSTON

Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836

Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Stephen F. Austin

(1793-1836)

Stephen F. Austin

(1793-1836)

Texas becomes a Nation Texas fought Mexico for

its INDEPENDENCE Battle of the Alamo –

Texans captured San Antonio in Dec. 1835Col William Travis, Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie – Texan leaders Travis hated BowieMexicans under Santa Ana besieged the fort (though the Texans could’ve left for the first few days)

Texas had not yet OFFICIALLY declared independence200 Texans died / 600 MexicansCause many rebels to join the Texans causeSanta Ana allowed 2 women to escape because he wanted them to go warn the rest of the cities of how relentless the Mexican Army wasBattle Cry became “REMEMBER THE ALAMO!!!”

Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

The Battle of San Jacinto DECISIVE BATTLE Houston – 1000 men vs.

Santa Ana – 1400 men 900 Mexicans killed or

wounded – 9 Texans killed Santa Ana is kept as a

prisoner of war and forced to sign a peace treaty that effectively gives TEXAS its’ INDEPENDENCE!!

Texas applies for statehood to the United States

Jackson denies them because he doesn’t want to open the slavery issue – GAG rule had been in effect for several years

Texas becomes an INDEPENDENT NATION – LONE STAR REPUBLIC

Sam Houston was President

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

Election of 1844 James K. Polk –

Democrat Platform – settle

Oregon question / admit Texas into US / annex California

Wins election over Henry Clay

MANDATE – What is it?

Texas admitted into US immediately – supported by Pres. John Tyler and a JOINT RESOLUTION

54* 40’ or FIGHT --US avoids war with Britain – establishes the boundary of Canada at 49th parallel – Oregon Treaty -- 1846

Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West

Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West

Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.

Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869

Trails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails Westward

The Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner Party

April, 1846 – April, 1847

April, 1846 – April, 1847

The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty

The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty

James Reed & Wife

James Reed & Wife

Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen

Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen

Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!

Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!

CANNIBALISM ! !

CANNIBALISM ! !

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight!

By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.

By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.

The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. FrémontJohn C.

Frémont

The Revolt June 14, 1845

The Revolt June 14, 1845

The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845Nov., 1845

The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845Nov., 1845

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5,000,000.

US would buy California at any price.

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.

US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5,000,000.

US would buy California at any price.

John SlidellJohn Slidell

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

The Mexican War The Mexican War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)

The Mexican War The Mexican War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)

Anti-Catholic FeelingsAnti-Catholic FeelingsAnti-Catholic FeelingsAnti-Catholic Feelings

General Zachary Taylor General Zachary Taylor at Palo Altoat Palo Alto

General Zachary Taylor General Zachary Taylor at Palo Altoat Palo Alto

“Old Rough and Ready”

“Old Rough and Ready”

The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz

The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz

Battle of Buena Vista Battle of Buena Vista (1847)(1847)

Battle of Buena Vista Battle of Buena Vista (1847)(1847)

General Winfield Scott

General Winfield Scott

General Scott Enters General Scott Enters Mexico CityMexico City

General Scott Enters General Scott Enters Mexico CityMexico City

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).

The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

Free Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil Party

Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the newterritories!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the newterritories!

WHY?

WHY?

The 1848 Presidential The 1848 Presidential Election ResultsElection Results

The 1848 Presidential The 1848 Presidential Election ResultsElection Results

√

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

GOLD!GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, At Sutter’s Mill, 18481848

GOLD!GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, At Sutter’s Mill, 18481848

John A. Sutter John A. Sutter

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

49er’s49er’s

Digging for Gold in Digging for Gold in CaliforniaCalifornia

Digging for Gold in Digging for Gold in CaliforniaCalifornia

Two Views of San Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850sFrancisco, Early 1850s

Two Views of San Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850sFrancisco, Early 1850s

By 1860, almost 300,000people had traveled theOregon & CaliforniaTrails to the Pacificcoast.

By 1860, almost 300,000people had traveled theOregon & CaliforniaTrails to the Pacificcoast.

Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853

Westward the Course of Westward the Course of EmpireEmpire

Emmanuel Leutze, 1860Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

Westward the Course of Westward the Course of EmpireEmpire

Emmanuel Leutze, 1860Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

Expansionist Young America in Expansionist Young America in the 1850sthe 1850s

Expansionist Young America in Expansionist Young America in the 1850sthe 1850s

America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America

America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America