WORLD ENERGY DIALOGUE 2010

Shanghai: Energy-efficient urban development in a 19 million metropolisdevelopment in a 19-million metropolis

Pan Haixiao, ProfessorDepartment of Urban PlanningDepartment of Urban Planning

Tongji UniversityShanghai, China

hxpank@online.sh.cnpa @o e s c

Location & Region1. Introduction

Location & Region

Total area of 6,340.5 km2

5 69 million

Population of Population of around around

5.69 million

17 million(2003)17 million(2003) 4.08 million

18.6 million(2007)18.6 million(2007)

18 Districts and 18 Districts and one Countyone County

7.35 million

2. Economic Development/Energy Efficiency

In 2007, GDP reached 1219billion RMB, with an average annual growth rate of >10 percent for more than ten years in succession; and per capita GDP stood at US$10Kin succession; and per capita GDP stood at US$10K

Industry Energy Efficiency-- Long Term Vision: Resource Saving Environment FriendlyResource Saving, Environment Friendly

Energy Efficiency Improvement (2002-2006)

Much Efforts to Improve Energy EfficiencyMuch Efforts to Improve Energy Efficiency

1. New Technology2. Economic Restructure: Innovation, Service, IT, High Tech etc2. Economic Restructure: Innovation, Service, IT, High Tech etc

3. Building Encourage High Density, High-rise

Energy Consumption/Unit

High rise Apartment House

Building Technology NeededBuilding Technology Needed

H t C d ti C ffi i t (W/ ² K)Heat Conduction Coefficient (W/m² K)

Design Standard设计标准 Roof楼板

Wall墙 Window窗

Shanghai 2001 StandardShanghai上海

2001 Standard 2001年标准 1,0 1,5 4,7

Germany EnEV 0 3 0 45 1 7德国 EnEV 0,3 0,45 1,7

Eco Building: 25% Energy Consumption of a Normal Building

New Roof for Old Building

Energy Saving Design for New Building

4. Fast Urban Expansion and Increasing in Motorized trips g p

Residential Floor Space Area

Motorized Trip

Trips（10000/day）

4100

4000

6000 Motorized Trips/Day 

2380

2000

4000

01995 2004 500600

Motorized Vehicle Trip（10000/day）

400Total Trips/Day

150200

Total Trips/Day 

01995 2004

A T l DiTravel Distance

Average Travel Distance1995: 4 km/trip2004: 7km/trip2004: 7km/trip

Delayed Motorization

Modal Split

Private Car :  80’s : 3%90’s : 8%

Still High Share of NMVLower Private Car Share90 s  : 8%

00’s:  16% 

Weak ControlVehicle Mileage

Control

Vehicle MileageEnergy Consumption

Strong Control

Urban Expansion

Urban Expansion, Planning Control and Energy Consumption

N t t i lik Chi Pl i l t b thNot so many countries like China , Planning can regulates both land use and transport but with competition between cities

We still have the possibility to apply suitable control during urban expansion to realize the lock-in effects

5. Urban Transport Policy

Control for Private Car in Ownership and ParkingControl for Private Car in Ownership and Parking

Car Ownership Control from 1994Plate Auction from 2001, Cost: USD4000~7000,5000~8000 plates /monthR d d th 1 illiReduced the 1 million carRevenue collected: USD1.35 Billion

41% for middle ring41% for middle ring38% for metro 

Delay the fast increasing in car ownership, 15% registered in  other  but used in Shanghai

Parking Control at the Destination End

Area Nigthyuanfirst hour extra half

Daytime

Key area 15 10 10

yuanyuan/h hour yuan

yother in innerring 10 6 8g

betweeni / i 7 4 5inner/outer ring 7 4 5

Public Transport Encouragement p g

Extend Bus Service from City to Suburban te d us Se ce o C ty to Subu baHigh Quality Taxi ServiceLarge Scale Metro ConstructionTransfer discount Bus/Bus Bus/MetroTransfer discount, Bus/Bus, Bus/Metro 

80 90 07

Bus Routes 270 500 991Bus Routes 270 500 991

Metro Lines(Km) 0 16.2 234

T i(K) 2 370 480Taxi(K) 2 370 480

Now: 10 lines, 330km, 221 station

Limitation on Motorcycle, Providing Space for Bike/e-Bike/Gas-Bike

Electric bicycle 

From 2001 to 2004 Electric2004 Electric bicycle 40 times increase

6. Land Use Control Density Control 6. Land Use Control y

A (K 2 P l i D i (103PArea(Km2

)Populatio

n(103)Density(103Pe

rson /Km2) Scope

City Wide 6340 17780 2.8

Central City 660 11430 17.3 Outer Ring

City Core 108 4080 37.8 Inner Ring

Mixture of Land Use

Urban Form Characteristics in the Land Use Configurations and Street Network

Sample Modal Shares in Four Selected Neighborhoodsp g

Kang Jian Lu Wan Zhong Yuan Ba Bai BanKang Jian Lu Wan Zhong Yuan Ba Bai Ban

Mode Counts % Counts % Counts % Counts %

Non-Motorized 166 36.97 399 71.51 344 53.17 69 42.33

Transit 225 50.11 121 21.68 265 40.96 74 45.40

Driving 58 12.92 38 6.81 38 5.87 20 12.27

Total 449 100 558 100 647 100 163 100

Non-Motorized Modes: Walk, Bicycle, E-Bikey

Transit: Bus, Metro

Driving: Motocycle, Taxi, Car

Land Use Transport

Commuting Modal Choice for Green Transport g p

Normal Bus not significantNormal Bus not significantOffice significant

Emphasize the idea of neighborhood unit, strictly regulate to provide residential area with all kinds regulate to provide residential area with all kinds of public service facilities

Residential DistrictBuilding

Area Land Area

1668-3293 2172-5559

2228 4213 2762 6329Total

2228-4213 2762-6329

Education 600-1200 1000-2400

78-198 138-378Hospital

178-398 298-548

Culture andEntertainment 125-245 225-645

Hospital

Commercial 708-910 600-940

CommunityService 59-464 76-668Service

20-3060-80

40-150 70-360

460-820 500-960

Financial 25-50

Infrastructure460-820 500-960

Administration 46-96 37-72

7. Metro and its Impact on Land Use7. Metro and its Impact on Land Use

1995 Fi t Li1995 First Line

>3 million Passenger/dayg y

Year-2010, 400km llong

1000km planned1000km planned

Impact on Land UseImpact on Land Use

Land Development Intensity

L1 : High Proportion of High Density, L3 Hi h P i f L D iL3:  High Proportion of Low Density

Commuting Time with and without metro of the moverCommuting Time with and without metro of the mover

Data

Building: Housing Price

The property price from <Shanghai real estate>

The size of the residential areaRenmin SQ.

Plot ratio

Green area ratio

Lujiazui

Urban amenity:

SchoolXujiahui School

Hospital

j

Shopping mall

Sports facilitySports facility

Park

Divided by Ring

Inner ring

M‐Ring

O‐RingO Ring

Distance away from city center far big impact on the price

Unit factorsInner Inn-Md Md-Out Out

Location D-City Centers

Km XJH =-0.08LJZ= 0 078

XJH=-0 028Centers LJZ=-0.078 0.028

D Metro M -0 00015 -0 000193 -0 0002D-Metro M 0.00015 -0.00019

0.000193 0.0002

Building Green % 0 006 0 009 0 012Building GreenRatio

% 0.006 0.009 0.012

Floor 10ts 0.0097area q.mApartment

0.094

Amenity Park=0.121

School=0.11Hospital=0.08

The radius of influence areaThe radius of influence area

Widely cited and applied in contemporary urban planningcontemporary urban planning practice:

Over investment to increaseOver investment to increase the density of the networks

Less serviced in the areaLess serviced in the area away from the metro station , more tend to use car

We have

Widely using of Bike(e-bike)The typical TOD model within 500 meter

radius around metro station

y g ( )

Bus networks

TOD Area in Shanghaig

500M

1000M3000M

Core

Periphery

Suburb 

Connecting in far end of metro is very important

I i th M lti M d C ti T t E t d l S i C A

Multi-Mode Connecting Transport Improving the Multi‐Mode Connecting Transport ,Extend large Service Coverage Area 

Low Coverage, Low Service  High Coverage High Costg , High Coverage, High Cost 

High Coverage, Less Cost with Connecting Transport 

Bike Still has an Important Role to Play

High Density Development Around Metro Station

规划将建成一座140米超高层办公楼两幢 米公寓式办公楼 地 空及两幢100米公寓式办公楼，地下空

间与轨道交通车站相连接，地上地下综合开发，形成区域新的地标建筑。

New Plan for High Density Development around Metro Station

8. Conclusion:

8. Conclusion:1. The More Integrated Approach is Needed to1. The More Integrated Approach is Needed to 

Improve Energy Efficiency 

2. High Density and High‐rise is more Energy Efficiency than Single House and more Improvement inthan Single House and more Improvement in Isolation of Window and Wall

3. Urban Transport Policy with Land Use Control does Contribute to Delay Motorization in ShanghaiContribute to Delay Motorization in Shanghai

4. Keep the High Share of NMV in Shanghai is Very4. Keep the High Share of NMV in Shanghai is Very Important to Reduce Motorized Travel, Keep the Existing Urban Fabric, by Urban Design or Facility  st g U ba ab c, by U ba es g o ac tyProvision 

Th k !Thanks !