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![Page 1: SGD: SPINE A Cautionary Tale BLOCK 5. GENERAL DATA ALANGILAN, Ronalyn 21/F Nursing Student Right-handed Sta. Ana Manila DOA: October 1, 2009.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e2d5503460f94b1cb76/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SGD: SPINE
A Cautionary Tale
BLOCK 5
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GENERAL DATA
ALANGILAN, Ronalyn21/FNursing StudentRight-handedSta. Ana Manila
DOA: October 1, 2009
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HISTORY of PRESENT ILLNESS
2 months PTA(+) nape pain, VAS 4-5/10(+) fatigue; (+) easy fatigability(-) sensory deficits(-) bowel and bladder incontinence
(+) Consult with private MD unrecalled meds, no relief
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HISTORY of PRESENT ILLNESS
2 weeks PTA(+) bilateral LE weakness, left first then right(+) difficulty in ambulation - community ambulator(-) sensory deficits(-) bowel and bladder incontinence
(+) Consult with albularyo no relief
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HISTORY of PRESENT ILLNESS
1 week PTA(+) bilateral LE numbness(+) constipation(+) urinary retention(+) difficulty in ambulation - home ambulator with help
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HISTORY of PRESENT ILLNESS
1 day PTA(+) consult at PGH ED
foley catheter inserted; for OPD ff-up
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HISTORY of PRESENT ILLNESS
On day of admission(+) consult at PGH ED; laboratories and imaging done admitted at spine unit-Pay.
ROS: (-) weight loss, (-) cough and colds, (+) intermittent fever lysed with paracetamol, (+) slight DOB; (+) malaise, (+) easy fatigability, (+) dysuria, (+) urinary retention, (-) night sweats (+) constipation, (-) Hx of trauma
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PAST MEDICAL HISTORY
(+) PTB exposure – schoolNo previous hospitalizationsNo food or drug allergies
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FAMILY MEDICAL HISTORY
(-) PTB (+) HTN – father (-) DM, BA, CA, goiter, liver disease, kidney
disease, heart disease
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PERSONAL SOCIAL PROFILE
No vices2nd year nursing student with ward and local
health center exposure1 non-promiscuous sexual partnerLives at home with mother and sibling in a 2-
storey building; father works abroad as a seaman
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PE on ADMISSION
Stretcher-borne, awake, coherent, NICRDBP 110/70 HR 76 RR 20 Temp afebrileAS, PC, (-) CLAD, (-) NVE, (-) ANMECE, CBS, (-) r/wAP, DHS, NRRR, (-) murmurSoft, flabby, nontender abdomen, NABSPNB, FEP, GCR, (-) cyanosis, (-) edema GCS 15, oriented to 3 spheres, CNs intact
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NE on ADMISSION
UPPER LIMB MOTOR FUNCTION
R LC5 5 5 Elbow flexorsC6 5 5 Wrist extensorsC7 5 5 Elbow extensorsC8 5 5 Finger flexorsT1 5 5 Finger abductors
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NE on ADMISSION
LOWER LIMB MOTOR FUNCTION
R LL2 0 0 Hip flexorsL3 0 0 Knee extensorsL4 0 0 Ankle dorsiflexorsL5 0 0 Long toe extensorsS1 0 0 Ankle plantar flexorsS4-S5 (-) bowel incontinence
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NE on ADMISSION
SENSORY FUNCTION: Light Touch
R LC2-T5 2 2T6-L2 1 1L3 0 1L4 0 0S4-S5 0 0
0 Absent1 Impaired2 Normal
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NE on ADMISSION
SENSORY FUNCTION: Vibration
(+) vibration, UE(+) decreased, R ASIS(-) L ASIS
(-) bilateral patella
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NE on ADMISSION
REFLEXES
R LBiceps 2+ 2+Triceps 2+ 2+Brachioradialis 2+ 2+Patellar 3+ 4+ (+) babinski,
BAnkle 4+ 4+ (+) clonus, B
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LABS on ADMISSION
CBC: Hgb 114, Hct 0.349, WBC 8.8, Plt Ct 287, Neut% 0.890, Lymph 0.101%, Mono% 0.007, Eos% 0.000, Baso% 0.002
AFB SMEAR x 3: No acid fast bacilli seen
URINALYSIS: yellow, turbid, SG 1.030, pH 6.5, RBC 3/hpf ↑, WBC 7/hpf ↑, Bacteria 8,536/hpf ↑, few epithelial cells, no casts
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LABS on ADMISSION
PT: 13 / 12.9 / 0.91 / INR 1.24
aPTT: 36.9 / 33.1
ECG: Sinus rhythm, normal axis
BLOOD CHEM: BUN 3.53, Crea 43, Na 141, K 3.9
URINE GS/CS: 100,000 colonies of E. coli
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IMAGING
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T1
T2
T3
T4
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SUMMARY OF THE CASE• 21/F Nursing Student with a chief complaint of neck
pain and history of PTB exposure – 2-week history of progressive sensory deficit with deficit
starting T6 level– 1-week history of progressive motor deficit with deficit
starting L2 level– Associated with fever, malaise, easy fatigability, & urinary
and bowel changes; (-) weight loss, (-) anorexia– Normal pulmonary PE w/ (-) AFB smear; (-) cough– UMN signs: hyperreflexia with babinski and clonus– MRI showing compressive deformity of vertebra of T1-T2
level with soft tissue involvement
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ASSESSMENT
Spinal Cord Compression, ASIA B, C7 last normal level, compression deformity T1-T2 level secondary to Pott’s disease
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DISCUSSION: POTT DISEASE
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POTT DISEASE
“…a tuberculous osteomyelitis of the spine that leads to compression of
vertebral bodies and a highly characteristic kyphotic deformity at
the thoracic or upper lumbar level ”
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POTT PARAPLEGIA
“…pus or caseous granulation tissue may extrude from an infected
vertebra and gives rise to an epidural compression of the cord ”
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Result of activation of tuberculosis at a site established by hematogenous spread.
• Infectious endarteritis causes bone necrosis and collapse of a thoracic or upper lumbar (less often cervical) vertebral body resulting in a highly characteristic angulated kyphotic deformity.
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CLINICAL PRESENTATION
• Slight compression/mild symptoms pain in the back slight muscle weakness Tingling sensation other changes in sensation difficulty initiating and maintaining an erection (erectile
dysfunction, in men) Pain may radiate down a leg, sometimes to the foot exaggerated reflexes muscle spasms and increased sweating
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CLINICAL PRESENTATION
• Substantial compression/severe symptoms block most nerve impulses severe muscle weakness, numbness paralysis and complete loss of sensation loss of bladder and bowel control A belt-like band of discomfort may be felt at the level of
spinal cord compression. Once compression begins to cause symptoms, damage
usually worsens from minimal to substantial unpredictably but rapidly in a few hours to a few days.
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DISCUSSION: ASIA CLASSIFICATION
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American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Classification
• A - "complete" spinal cord injury • no motor or sensory function is preserved in the sacral segments
S4-S5.
• B - "incomplete" spinal cord injury • sensory but not motor function is preserved below the
neurological level and includes the sacral segments S4-S5.
• C - "incomplete" spinal cord injury • motor function is preserved below the neurological level and more
than half of key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade of less than 3, which indicates active movement with full range of motion against gravity.
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• D - "incomplete" spinal cord injury • motor function is preserved below the neurological
level and at least half of the key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade of 3 or more.
• E - "normal"• it is possible to have spinal cord injury and neurological
deficits with completely normal motor and sensory scores.
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DISCUSSION: CLINICAL SYNDROMES
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Clinical Syndromes associated with incomplete spinal cord injuries
• Central cord syndrome – associated with greater loss of upper limb function compared
to lower limbs
• Brown-Séquard syndrome – injury to one side with the spinal cord, causing weakness and
loss of proprioception on the side of the injury and loss of pain and thermal sensation of the other side
• Anterior cord syndrome – injury to the anterior part of the spinal cord, causing weakness
and loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury site but preservation of proprioception that is usually carried in the posterior part of the spinal cord.
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• Tabes Dorsalis – injury to the posterior part of the spinal cord,
usually from infection diseases such as syphilis, causing loss of touch and proprioceptive sensation.
• Conus medullaris syndrome – injury to the tip of the spinal cord, located at L1
vertebra.• Cauda equina syndrome – injury to the spinal roots below the L1 vertebra.
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DISCUSSION: IMAGING & DIAGNOSIS
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Radiologic Findings• Lytic destruction of anterior portion of vertebral
body• Increased anterior wedging• Collapse of vertebral body• Reactive sclerosis on a progressive lytic process• Enlarged psoas shadow with or without
calcification• Intervertebral disk spaces are decreased or
obliterated• Fusiform paravertebral shadows suggest abscess
formation
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Collapsed T9-11 and anterior wedging
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Day 0 – narrowed intervertebral disk space, hazy vertebral body edges
Day 14 – collapse of vertebral bodies
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• Vertebral collapse, sever anterior wedging
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MRI
Bilateral psoas abscesses are frequent complication in lumbar involvement
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Axial T2 demonstrate marrow edema at L2-L4. Right paraspinal rim enhancing fluid is demonstrated compatible with a paraspinal abscess.
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DIAGNOSIS
• The diagnosis still depends on biopsy for culture and pathologic examination of the affected tissue because radiographs are not diagnostic.
• Imaging modalities such as CT or MRI however help target the biopsy site.
• It is mentioned that MRI is the modality of choice because it can discriminate between abscess and granulation tissue and can delineate soft tissue masses and identify the amount of bone destruction.
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DISCUSSION: TREATMENT
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TREATMENT: ANTI-KOCH’SSITE DURATION RATINGLymph node 6 Level 1Bone and joint 6-9 Level 1Pleural disease 6 Level 2Pericarditis 6 Level 2CNS 9-12 Level 3Disseminated 6 Level 2Genitourinary 6 Level 2Abdominal 6 Level 1
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TREATMENT: ADJUNCTIVESITE CORTICOSTEROIDS RATINGLymph node NOT RECOMMENDED Level 3Bone and joint NOT RECOMMENDED Level 3Pleural disease NOT RECOMMENDED Level 1Pericarditis RECOMMENDED Level 2CNS STRONGLY REC. Level 1Disseminated NOT RECOMMENDED Level 3Genitourinary NOT RECOMMENDED Level 3Abdominal NOT RECOMMENDED Level 3
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TREATMENT: SURGERYSurgery in addition to chemotherapy is indicated in the following situations (Parthasarathy et al):1. Those less than 25 years of age, in whom the initial
angle of kyphosis is more than 30°2. Those who develop progressive kyphosis while on
ambulant chemotherapy3. Children aged less than 10 years with destruction of
the vertebral bodies who have partial or no fusion during the adolescent growth spurt
4. Those with compression of the spinal cord whose neurological status deteriorates in spite of chemotherapy
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DISCUSSION: ADDF
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Anterior Decompression and Fusion of the Spine
• A major surgery which utilizes a skin incision over the front of the body to approach the spine
• simple, requires less operative time, and provides excellent exposure up to the level of T2.
• There was no long-term morbidity attributed to the approach and procedure (according to study by MM. Prabhakar)
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Indications
• Degenerative conditions causing compression of spinal cord or spinal nerves, e.g. intervertebral disc prolapse, posterior vertebral body osteophytes
• Instability of the spine• Spine fracture• Spinal tumour• Spinal infection (usually tuberculous or bacterial)• Spinal deformity• Miscellaneous conditions causing spinal cord or spinal
nerve damage
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Fig 1: Titanium plate and screw device secured to the vertebral bodies
longitudinal or transverse incision in the lower front of the neck.
underlying musculature dissected to expose anterior cervical spine
esophagus and trachea retracted midline, carotid artery and associated structures laterally
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The sternal-splitting approach from C4-T4
In the study.. Anterior Decompression for Cervicothoracic Pathology: A Study of 14 Patients MM Prabhakar, MS1,2 and Tejas Thakker, MS2
Method: left oblique incision along the medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the sternal notch. The platysma was incised, and the plane between the carotid and tracheoesophageal sheaths separated using the finger. The anterior aspect of the low cervical spine was exposed after retracting the tracheoesophageal sheath laterally. The strap muscles were detached at their origins. The lateral margin of dissection extended to the longus colli muscle on either side. Using metal markers, a radiograph was taken to confirm the target level. Using this low cervical approach, exposure to the T2-T3 level obtained.
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Sequential Surgical ProcedureRetractors placed to protect the soft tissues of the neck
intervertebral discs are removed at the level(s) to be decompressed
If multiple levels are to be decompressed, surgeon may remove the vertebral bodies between the evacuated disc spaces ---'corpectomy'.
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Sequential Surgical Procedure Bone and disc are removed down to the level of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), which overlies the dura directly.
After the spinal cord and nerve roots have been decompressed at the appropriate levels, the portions removed must be reconstructed.
“Interbody grafts” - inserting bone grafts within each disc space to have a living bridge of bone between the previously distinct vertebrae “a spine fusion “
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Sequential Surgical Procedure(2) banked human cadaver bone (allograft), or
(3) synthetic scaffold into which bone graft may be inserted (metal or carbon fiber cages)
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Sequential Surgical ProcedureOr… internal fixation with a titanium plate and screw device, secured to the remaining vertebral bodies at the margins of the corpectomy
—for further stability, promoting adequate fusion. preventing dislodgement of bone graft
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Sequential Surgical Procedure
Recovery—1-4 days in hospital **Failure of bone graft healing is among the principal reasons for repeat surgery in these cases
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(A) Radiograph showing tuberculosis of C7 with prevertebral abscess. (B) Eighteen-month postoperative (C7 corpectomy and fusion) radiograph showing solid bony fusion from C6 to T1
(A) Tuberculosis of T2 with epidural abscess. (B) Postoperative view after anterior curettage with fusion and posterior Hartshill fixation. (C) Postoperative clinical picture
Source: Anterior Decompression for Cervicothoracic Pathology: A Study of 14 Patients MM Prabhakar, MS1,2 and Tejas Thakker, MS2
Accepted January 2006.
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Source: Anterior Decompression for Cervicothoracic Pathology: A Study of 14 Patients MM Prabhakar, MS1,2 and Tejas Thakker, MS2
Accepted January 2006.
Tuberculosis of T2 with abscess (A) and picture (B and C) showing postoperative CT scan illustrating the position of the iliac crest graft in the decompressed space.
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Risk Factors in Bone Graft Failure
increasing numbers of levels
to be fused
smoking or other sources of
nicotine
non-compliance with activity restriction and/or brace wear
poor bone quality
(osteoporosis)
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POST-OP FINDINGS
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POST-OP PE
Stretcher-borne, awake, coherent, NICRDBP 100/60 HR 72 RR 20 Temp afebrileAS, PC, (-) CLAD, (-) NVE, (-) ANMECE, CBS, (-) r/wAP, DHS, NRRR, (-) murmurSoft, flabby, nontender abdomen, NABSPNB, FEP, GCR, (-) cyanosis, (-) edema GCS 15, oriented to 3 spheres, CNs intact
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POST-OP NE
LOWER LIMB MOTOR FUNCTION
R LL2 2 2 Hip flexorsL3 2 2 Knee extensorsL4 2 2 Ankle dorsiflexorsL5 2 2 Long toe extensorsS1 2 2 Ankle plantar flexorsS4-S5 (+) anal wink, good sphincter tone
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POST-OP NE
SENSORY FUNCTION: Light Touch
R LC2-T5 2 2T6-L2 2 2L3 2 2L4 2 2S4-S5 2 2
0 Absent1 Impaired2 Normal
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POST-OP NE
REFLEXES
R LBiceps 2+ 2+Triceps 2+ 2+Brachioradialis 2+ 2+Patellar 2+ 2+ (-) babinskiAnkle 2+ 2+ (-) clonus
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THANK YOU!