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Kaushal Joshi Principal Statistician, ERDI Asian Development Bank

Measuring Asset Ownership and Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective

25 May 2016

UNCC, Bangkok, Thailand

Sex-disaggregated data for the SDG indicators in Asia and the Pacific: What and how? Session: Economic participation & poverty

Outline

Context

Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) Initiative

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project

Issues and Challenges

Moving Forward

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Assets – means of producing goods & services

Generate income – rent, interests, dividends, profits

Can be used as collateral for access to credit

Provide security in times of distress/shocks

Are store of value representing a benefit or series

of benefits to the owner

Inter -linkages with poverty, income, overall

wellbeing and economic empowerment of women

and men

Context

Most data on asset ownership and control is

collected at the household level

But, assets are owned and controlled by individuals

– exclusively or jointly

Women and men may acquire, use and make

decisions on assets differently

For women assets ownership is related to their

wellbeing

Their fallback position on death of spouse or

divorce

Bargaining power within household (decision

making, violence)

Context

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• Who is an entrepreneur? Little convergence on definitions

• Traits associated with ‘entrepreneurs’- risk taking capability, innovate, problem solving - are difficult to operationalize

• Non-existence of an agreed standard definition of entrepreneurship for its operationalization in national statistical surveys

• Lack of technical guidelines on questionnaire design and respondent selection protocols and methods of data collection for assets ownership /entrepreneurship from gender perspective

Context

UNSD-UNWOMEN led initiative

Partners – ADB, FAO, ILO, OECD, WB, bilateral

donors

EDGE aims better integration of gender issues

into the regular production of official statistics

Develop methodological guidelines to

measure asset ownership/control and

entrepreneurship from a gender perspective

Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) Initiative

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Pilot methodological guidelines in

selected countries

Fiji, Georgia, Maldives, Mexico,

Mongolia, Philippines, South

Africa

Present guidelines to UN Statistical

Commission

Capacity building of NSOs

EDGE - Initiative

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project (R-CDTA8243: Statistical Capacity Development for Social Inclusion and Gender Equality)

Participating country Sample Size

Georgia 3,160

Mongolia 2,964

Philippines (One province) 1,535

Stand alone household survey

Face-to-face paper based interviews

Implemented by National Statistics Offices

Technical support from ADB and UNSD.

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EDGE Methodological work

Which assets to measure?

How to define and measure

ownership?

How to define and measure

entrepreneurship?

Who to interview in a household?

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project

Which assets to measure?

1. Principal dwelling 2. Agricultural

land 3. Livestock

4. Agricultural equipment (large and small)

8. Financial

assets and liabilities

6. Other real estate

7. Consumer durables

5. Non-agricultural enterprises and enterprise assets

9. Valuables

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project

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Which assets to measure? Questionnaires

Household questionnaire Module 2: Basic demographic and socio-economic information at the individual level

Individual Questionnaire Module 3: Dwelling Module 4: Agricultural Land Module 5: Livestock Module 6a-b: Small and Large Agricultural Equipment Module 7: Non-agricultural enterprise and enterprise assets Module 8: Other real estate Module 9: Consumer durables Module 10: Financial Assets Module 11: Liabilities

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project

How to define and measure ownership? Bundle of Rights

Questions Relevant Assets

Reported ownership

Who owns this [asset]? All assets

Documented ownership

Is there an ownership document for this [asset]? Whose names are listed as owners on document?

Principal dwelling, ag. land, real estate

Economic ownership

If this [asset] were to be sold today , who would decide how the money is used?

Principal dwelling, ag. land, large ag. equipment, non - farm enterprises, real estate

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project

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How to define and measure ownership?

Bundle of Rights

Questions Relevant Assets

Rights to assets

With regard to this [asset], who decides to sell/ bequeath it?

Principal dwelling, ag. land , large ag. equipment, non - farm enterprises, real estate

Mode of acquisition

How did owner(s) acquire this [asset]?

Same

Asset value If this [asset] were to be sold today , how much could be received for it?

Same + financial asset

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project

EDGE operational definition of entrepreneurship Those individuals who have direct control over the activities of an enterprise they own alone or with other individuals. The owners of economic units producing goods and services intended for own final use are not considered entrepreneurs. (Entrepreneurs as Business owners)

How to define and measure ownership?

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project

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Who to interview?

Men and women may have different perceptions of ownership related bundle of property rights.

Men and women may have different perceptions and knowledge of the value of assets.

Men and women may have different perceptions on use and disposal of assets.

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project

Who to interview?

At most three adult members of the household

administered individual questionnaire

Eligible respondents

1. Primary Respondent

2. Spouse/partner

(together defined as the Principal couple)

3. Third adult selected randomly if there are

more than 3 adults in a household

4. Interviewed simultaneously and

independently

EDGE Initiative – ADB Project

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Issues and Challenges

Relationship to the head of household

Primary respondents Rural Urban Total

Men Women Men Women Men Women

- head 650 323 473 163 1123 486

- spouse 4 706 2 438 6 1144

- son/daughter 41 64 12 14 53 78

- parents 2 7 0 3 2 10

- grandchildren 1 0 0 0 1 0

- sibling (of head or spouse) 3 28 1 8 4 36

- other relatives 0 2 0 1 0 3

- non-relatives 1 2 1 0 2 2

Operationalizing concepts of primary respondent (as

against head of household).

Household members may insist on head as reference.

1 Preliminary results.

Conducting interviews separately and

simultaneously.

When male members were at home, they

occasionally interrupted the interviews of female

respondents.

Difficulty in finding eligible household members

(with at least 2 adult members present) during

weekdays.

Enumerators were mistaken as social agents or

swindlers because of individual simultaneous

interviews and nature of questions.

Issues and Challenges Field work implementation

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Respondents reluctant in giving detailed responses on

valuables (e.g. jewellery)

Difficulty/reluctance in obtaining responses for

valuation of assets (If this {asset} were to be sold

today, how much could be received for it)?

Hard to get valuation in areas where markets are not

well developed.

Respondents were more forthcoming about loans

given than loans taken

Respondents who are ill or aged are likely to refuse to

answer sensitive questions on bequeathing

Field work implementation

Issues and Challenges

Issues and Challenges

EDGE indicators and SDGs

SDG Indicator 5.a.1

a. Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and

b. Share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure

Incidence of ownership of by sex

Gender wealth gap

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Incidence of ownership by by Sex

Other - Rural/Urban, Age, Ethnicity,

Education, Marital Status, employment

Sex by Rural/Urban,

Sex by demographic characteristics of

individuals

Caution: Associated standard errors

Issues and Challenges Data Disaggregation

Moving Forward • Data Validation and data under progress

• Data preliminary results/tables (July/August 2016)

• Preparation of draft country reports (August 2016)

• Finalization of country reports and a combined report on pilot survey experience (October/November 2016)

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Pilot surveys experience will contribute to

preparing methods of measuring asset

ownership and entrepreneurship

Presenting the methods and guidelines to

the UN Statistical Commission

Moving Forward

Thank You!!!

Kaushal Joshi kjoshi@adb.org +63 2 632 5969

www.adb.org

mailto:kjoshi@adb.orghttp://www.adb.org/http://www.adb.org/