Sewage Treatment: Primary Treatment

8/13/2019 Sewage Treatment: Primary Treatment

1/81

Xr`fgry ]rlgtfljt kd

Slwgbl

Mr. Galpgt` S. ^lmmy

Scekko kd Ljlrby gjm Ljv`rkjfljt

]egpgr \j`vlrs`ty

Xgt`gog (X\JIGN) 7=2 88=

@JM@G


2/81

Xr`fgry Cogr`d`lrs


3/81

Dokccuoljt Xgrt`col Sltto`jb

Xgrt`cols mk jkt slttol gs m`scrltl pgrt`cols`jstlgm mur`jb

slm`fljtgt`kj tely ckgolscl gjm dokccuogtl Lxtljt kd ckgolscljcl kr dokccuogt`kj mlpljm kj

Kvlrdokw rgtl

Mlpte kd sltto`jb ngs`j

Tlokc`ty brgm`ljts `j tel systlf

Ckjcljtrgt`kj kd pgrt`cols

^gjbl kd pgrt`col s`zls

Sltto`jb cegrgctlr`st`cs kd g suspljs`kj kd dokccuoljt pgrt`colscgj nl kntg`jlm ny g sltto`jb ckoufj tlst

Sltto`jb ckoufj El`bet9 lqugo tk tel mlpte kd tel prkpkslm sltto`jb tgja

M`gfltlr cgj nl gjyte`jb`jdouljcls kd tel wgoo sekuom nltgalj cgrl kddsgfpol rlqu`rlm sekuom nl sfgoo ljkube

Xrkv`mlm w`te sgfpo`jb pkrts


4/81

Sltto`jb ckoufj tlst ]k nlb`j w`te ljsurl uj`dkrf m`str`nut`kj kd pgrt`col s`zl drkf

tkp tk nkttkf kd tel ckoufj

Murgt`kj kd tlst sekuom nl lqugo tk tel sltto`jb t`fl `j telprkpkslm tgja

Mrgw sgfpols drkf tel pkrts gt vgr`kus t`fl `jtlrvgos, gjgoyzldkr ]SS gjm ckfputl % rlfkvgo

Xokt % rlfkvgo gbg`jst t`fl gjm mlpte gjm ckjstruct curvls kdlqugo % rlfkvgo

Kvlrdokw rgtls dkr vgr`kus sltto`jb grl mltlrf`jlm ny jkt`jb

welrl tel curvl `jtlrslct tel x-gx`s

Dokccuoljt Xgrt`col Sltto`jb

>(%) 7

7

jjj

e

j ^^

E

e^


5/81

Sltto`jb Ckoufj Sltto`jb Xrkd`ol Brgpe


6/81


7/81

Xr`fgry Slm`fljtgt`kj ]gja Xurpksl `s rlfkvgo kd rlgm`oy slttolgnol sko`ms gjm dokgt`jb

fgtlr`go drkf wgstlwgtlr

\sugooy b`vl


8/81

Dokw pgttlrj `s rgm`go w`te cljtrgo dllm grrgjblfljt

Egs g cljtlr wloo kd 78% kd tel tgja m`gfltlr gjm 7.8 tk >.< fmlpte `s uslm

Cljtlr wloo egs g tgjbljt`go ljlrby m`ss`pgt`jb `jolt

wgstlwgtlr `s m`scegrblm `jtk tel wloo w`te`j tel upplr 8. tk 4= kr olsslr

Sko`ms grl scrgpplm tk tel cljtlr gjm rlfkvlm

Cogr`d`lm o`qu`m `s sa`fflm kdd kvlr wl`rs `jtk g ckoolct`kj trkube

C`rcuogr Xr`fgry Slm`fljtgt`kj ]gja


9/81


10/81

Cogr`d`lm slwgbl

Ckoolct`kj trkube

Scuf rltg`j`jb ngddol

M`str`nut`kj ngddol

kd cljtrgo wloo

Scrgpplr grf

Sa`fflr nogmlCljtrgo wloo

Cljtrgo p`lr

@jdouljt p`pl Soumbl mrgw-kdd p`pl

Cljtrgo rktgt`jb

lqu`pfljt

Soumbl trkube

]gjbljt`go kplj`jbs `j tel p`lr

dkr tel m`str`nut`kj kd tel `jdouljt

Sokpl7`j7>

S`ml wgoo

kd cogr`d`lr

8.


11/81

@jolt

Duoo w`mte `jolt cegjjlos w`te `jolt wl`rscgj `jtrkmucl vlrt`cgovlokc`ty ckfpkjljt sprlgm`jb `jtk tel soumbl ekpplrs (prkv`mlm gttel `jolt ljm)

@jolts w`te sunflrblm pkrts/kr`d`cls (vlokc`t`ls `j tel pkrts/kr`d`clsgrl `j tel rgjbl kd 3-0 f/f`j.)

@jolt cegjjlos w`te w`ml bgtls gjm sokttlm ngddols @jolt ngddols cgj nl uslm tk rlmucl e`be `j`t`go vlokc`t`ls gjm

m`str`nutl dokw w`mte w`slusugooy lxtljm drkf 7


12/81

Dgc`o`t`ls gjm prkv`s`kjs dkr tel slttolm soumbl scrgpp`jb,ckoolct`kj gjm rlfkvgo

Slttolm soumbl `s ckoolctlm gt tel `jolt ljm

Ceg`j gjm do`bet sko`ms ckoolctkrs Egvl g pg`r kd ljmolss ckjvlykr ceg`js

Scrgplr do`bets kd wkkm kr d`nlrbogss, rujj`jb duoo w`mte kd teltgja gjm gttgcelm tk tel ceg`js gt 3 f `jtlrvgo

]el slttolm sko`ms grl scrgpplm

tk sko`ms ekpplrs @j cgsl kd sfgoo tgjasfuot`pol ekpplrs grluslm `j ogrblr tgjas

tk g trgjsvlrsl trkube `j cgsl kd ogrbl tgjas - trkubes `j turj egvlcrkss ckoolctkrs

^lctgjbuogr

Xr`fgry Slm`fljtgt`kj ]gja


13/81

]rgvlo`jb nr`mbl typl ckoolctkrs

]rgvlo up gjm mkwj tel tgja kj runnlr wellos kr kj rgòssuppkrtlm kj tel s`mlwgoos

Scrgpplr nogmls grl suspljmlm drkf tel nr`mbl (rlturj`jb

scrgplr nogmls o`dtlm drll kd tel sko`ms nogjalt)Dgcò`t`ls gjm prkv`s`kjs dkr dokgt`jb fgtlr`go ljtrgpfljt,

sa`ff`jb, ckoolct`kj gjm rlfkvgo

Dokgt`jb scuf `s ckoolctlm gt tel lddouljt ljm

Dokgt`jb scuf `s sa`fflm gjm cgrr`lm tk tel lddouljt ljm gjm

ljtrgpplm dkr gvk`m`jb kvlrdokw `jtk tel cogr`d`lm lddouljt trkube Do`bets rlturj`jb gt tel o`qu`m surdgcl cgj nl uslm

Rgtlr sekwlrs cgj nl uslm tk puse dkrwgrm tel dokgt`jb scuf

Ngddol `s prkv`mlm `j drkjt kd tel kvlrdokw wl`r dkr tel scufljtrgpfljt ujtò rlfkvlm

^lctgjbuogrXr`fgry Slm`fljtgt`kj ]gja


14/81

@j sfgoo tgjas scuf mrgw-mkwj dgc`o`ty ckjs`st`jb kd gekr`zkjtgo, sokttlm p`pl tegt cgj nl rktgtlm ny g olvlr kr scrlwcgj nl uslm

O`f`tgt`kj - crlgtls ogrbl vkoufl kd scuf o`qukr

]rgjsvlrsl rktgt`jb elo`cgo w`plr gttgcelm tk g segdt cgj gosknl uslm dkr scuf rlfkvgo

Scuf `s rlfkvlm drkf tel wgtlr surdgcl gjm fkvlm kvlr gj`jco`jlm gprkj dkr m`scegrbl tk g crkss-ckoolct`jb scuf trkube

Ktelr prkv`s`kjs gjm dgc`o`t`ls

]gjas fgy sokp`jb nkttkf tkwgrms tel `jdouljt ljm @jdouljt ljm egs soumbl ekpplrs kr soumbl trljce

Scuf p`t `s prkv`mlm dkr stkr`jb tel scuf o`qu`m rlfkvlm

Soumbl pufp, p`p`jb gjm tgja fgy nl telrl tk rlfkvl tel ckoolctlmsoumbl drkf tel soumbl ekpplr kr trljce

^lctgjbuogrXr`fgry Slm`fljtgt`kj ]gja


15/81


16/81

Mls`bj kd Xr`fgry Cogr`d`lr

Kvlrdokw rgtl gjm eymrguo`c rltljt`kj t`fl kntg`jlm drkf tel

sltto`jb tlst gjm sltto`jb prkd`ol m`gbrgf grl uslm tk d`jmsurdgcl grlg gjm mlpte kd tel cogr`d`lr

Sgdlty dgctkrs kd 7.>< `s usugooy uslm tk tgal `jtk gcckujt

@jolt gjm kutolt m`sturngjcls

M`sturngjcls crlgtlm ny tel rktgt`jb flcegj`sf tk scrgp tel

slttolm soumbl gjm tk ckoolct tel dokgt`jb scuf R`jm nokw lddlcts

]lfplrgturl vgr`gt`kjs

Dokw sekrt-c`rcu`t`jb

Mls`bj gosk tgals `jtk gcckujt tel dkookw`jb9 Ekr`zkjtgo dokw vlokc`ty (nlokw tel sckur vlokc`ty)

Rl`r kvlrdokw rgtl (nlokw g o`f`t tk gvk`m mljs`ty currljts)

Rl`r kvlrdokw ngogjc`jb tk gvk`m sekrt-c`rcu`t`jb prknolfs

Dokkm`jb kd ckoolct`kj trkube


17/81

Mltljt`kj t`fl 7.< tk >.< ekurs (>.8 er.)

Kvlrdokw rgtlGvlrgbl dokw 38-.mgy (=8)>=-3> (>4)

Xlga dokw 58-7>8 f3/f>.mgy (788)=5-28 (48)

Rl`r okgm`jb 7> f/f`j (8.0)

C`rcuogr tgja

M`gfltlr 3-48 (7>-=)

Do`bet spllm 8.8>-8.8< rpf (8.83)



18/81

Sekrt c`rcu`t`jb gjm eymrguo`c stgn`o`ty ]rgclr stum`ls cgj nl uslm dkr mltlrf`j`jb sekrt-c`rcu`t`jb

prknolfs

Fltekm kd `jdouljt dokw m`str`nut`kj cgj gosk gddlct sekrt c`rcu`t`jb

]lfplrgturl m`ddlrljcl kd 7C nltwllj `jckf`jb wgstlwgtlrgjm wgstlwgtlr kd tel tgja cgj cgusl mljs`ty currljt

R`jm nokw`jbgcrkss tel tkp kd gj kplj slm`fljtgt`kj tgja cgjcgusl c`rcuogt`kj cloo tk dkrfte`s rlmucls lddlct`vlvkoufltr`c cgpgc`ty kd tel tgja

Surdgcl okgm`jb rgtls (kvlrdokw rgtls) ]elrl cgj nl rlbuogt`kjs prlscr`n`jb o`f`ts tk surdgcl okgm`jb rgtls

Kvlrdokw rgtls fust nl slt okw ljkube tk ljsurl sgt`sdgctkryplrdkrfgjcl gt plga rgtls kd dokw



19/81

Mltljt`kj t`fl

Sko`ms rlgce`jb tel sltto`jb tgja grl susclpt`nol tk dokccuogt`kj Dokccuogt`kj `s g`mlm ny lmmy`jb fkt`kj kd dou`m w`te`j tel tgja

Olvlo kd dokccuogt`kj mlpljms kj tel t`fl logpslm (mltljt`kj t`fl)

@j ckom co`fgtls nlcgusl kd `jcrlgsl `j wgtlr v`scks`ty mltljt`kjt`fl rlqu`rlm gosk `jcrlgsls (7.35 t`fl fkrl E^] dkr 78C wgtlrtegt welj tlfplrgturl `s >8C)

Rl`r okgm`jb rgtls

Egvl o`ttol lddlct kj ldd`c`ljcy kd pr`fgry sltto`bj tgjas

Xr`fgry soumbl scuf cegrgctlr`st`cs gjm qugjt`t`ls

Dgctkrs `jdouljc`jb grl Cegrgctlr`st`cs kd ujtrlgtlm wgtlr (strljbte gjm drlsejlss)

Xlr`km kd slm`fljtgt`kj

Ckjm`t`kjs kd tel mlpks`tlm sko`ms

Xlr`km nltwllj sko`ms rlfkvgo kplrgt`kjs



20/81

Xr`fgry Soumbl Xr`fgry cogr`d`lr `s mls`bjlm dkr g splc`d`lm % rlfkvgo kd ]SS

Drkf ajkw`jb tel ]SS gjm dokw rgtl kd tel `jdouljt slwgbl

pr`fgry soumbl bljlrgtlm cgj nl qugjt`d`lm ]SS kd tel slwgbl `s ckfpr`slm kd `jkrbgj`c ]SS, TSS gjm

N`kmlbrgmgnol TSS

N`kmlbrgmgnol TSS ckjtr`nutls NKM gjm te`s `s


21/81

Gjglrkn`c Xkjms


22/81

Gjglrkn`c Xkjms

Segookw, fgjfgml gjglrkn`c ngs`js kd wgstl stgnò`zgt`kj

pkjm systlfs (slr`ls kd gjglrkn`c, dgcuotgt`vl gjm fgturgt`kj

pkjms)

\slm tk trlgt mkflst`c kr fuj`c`pgo wgstlwgtlr tk

^lfkvl gjm stgnò`zl suspljmlm sko`ms

^lfkvl n`kmlbrgmgnol krbgj`c fgttlr, NKM

^lprlsljt sustg`jgnol jgturgo lddouljt trlgtfljt systlfs

Okw ckst, okw ljlrby, gjm okw fg`jtljgjcl systlfs, gjm mk

jkt rlqu`rl saòolm fgjpkwlr

Ckjstruct`kj `jvkovls lgrte fkv`jb, pkjm o`j`jb gjm pkjm

lfngjafljt prktlct`kj, gjm pkjm `jolts gjm kutolts Kplrgt`kj gjm fg`jtljgjcl rlqu`rlfljts grl f`j`fgo (rlpg`r kd

lfngjafljts, cutt`jb lfngjafljt brgss, rlfkv`jb scuf gjm

vlbltgt`kj, allp`jb nkte `jolt gjm kutolt colgr, ltc.) gjm rlqu`rls

kjoy ujsaòolm nut cgrlduooy suplrv`slm ognkur

Celgplst gjm lvlj ogjm ckst fgy jkt nl gct`jb gbg`jst


23/81


24/81

Gjglrkn`c Xkjms Gjglrkn`c pkjms rlprlsljt pr`fgry trlgtfljt

soumbl stgnò`zgt`kj `s gmm kj dlgturl

pgtkblj rlfkvgo (elof`jte lbbs) `s ck`jc`mljtgo

Cgj nl lgsòy scgolm mkwj tk sfgoo scgol gppo`cgt`kjs

^knust systlfs (w`testgjm krbgj`c & eymrguo`c sekcas gjmckpls up wloo w`te elgvy fltgos uptk ? 48 fb/O)

Xr`jc`pgo rlqu`rlfljts grl sudd`c`ljt ogjm, gjm skò w`te okwckldd`c`ljt kd plrflgnò`ty (?78-2)

Su`tlm tk trkp`cgo gjm sun-trkp`cgo ckujtr`ls, oàl `jm`gtlfp. (e`be terkubekut) `s dgvkurgnol

@jlxpljs`vl ogjm, rlstr`ctlm dkrl`bj currljcy gvgògnò`ty gjm

sekrtgbl kd saòolm fgjpkwlr dgvkur tel uslM`sgmvgjtgbls

^lqu`rls fkrl ogjm (7-> mgy E^])

Xktljt`go kmkur gjm fksqu`tk ju`sgjcl

Gmvlrsl ljv`rkjfljtgo `fpgcts (brkujm wgtlr pkoout`kj)


25/81

Xrlo`f`jgry ]rlgtfljt ^lqu`rlm

\jolss vlry sfgoo, tel gjglrkn`c pkjm fust nl prlcllmlm nyscrllj`jb gjm br`t rlfkvgo dgc`o t`ls

Xrkv`s`kjs fgy nl fgml dkr

dokw flgsurlfljt gjm rlckrm`jb

M`vlrt`jb tel dokw nlykjm 4 t`fls tk mry wlgtelr dokw `jtkstkrfwgtlr gjm rlcl`v`jb wgtlr ckursl

Gookw`jb g fgx`fuf kd 3 t`fls tk mry wlgtelr dokw `jtkgjglrkn`c pkjms gjm m`vlrt`jb rlst `jtk dgcuotgt`vl pkjms

Nypgss`jb tel gjglrkn`c pkjm


26/81

Gjglrkn`c XkjmsSfgoo ujf`xlm ngs`js s`fògr tk ujckvlrlm slpt`c tgjas

dujct`kj`jb tk slttol gjm stgnò`zl pgrt`cuogtl krbgj`c fgttlrTlry lddlct`vl `j rlfkv`jb elgvy fltgos gjm `j mlbrgm`jb

krbgj`c ckfpkujms oàl peljkos

Fg`joy mul tk kmkur prknolfs, kdtlj jkt uslm

pr`fgry dgcuotgt`vl pkjms kr glrgtlm ogbkkjs kr \GSNs grl prldlrrlm

Mlpte `s >-< f (3 f typ`cgo)brkujm ckjm`t`kjs gjm okcgolxcgvgt`kj cksts gctugooy `jdouljcl tel mlpte

Egs soumbl mlpks`tlm gt tel nkttkf gjm scuf ogylr gt tel tkp(scuf ogylr cgj `jcrlgsl doy nrllm`jb!)

S`jbol gjglrkn`c pkjm `s sudd`c`ljt dkr wgstlwgtlr w`te NKM


27/81

Gjglrkn`c Xkjms @jvkovls

Eymrkoys`s kd pgrt`cuogtl krbgj`c fgttlr

Dlrfljtgt`vl ckjvlrs`kj kd krbgj`c fgttlr `jtk TDG

Mlckfpks`t`kj kd TDG `jtk gclt`c gc`m gjm E> Fltegjkbljls`s - vlry sljslt`vl tk TDG gccufuogt`kj gjm

gsskc`gtlm pE mrkp

@d suodgtls & j`trgtls grl prlsljt suodgtl rlmuct`kj gjmmlj`tr`d`cgt`kj rgtelr tegj fltegjkbljls`s w`oo kccur

^lolgsl n`kbgs (fltegjl gjm CK>) gjm lvlj gffkj`g

N`kbgs cgj nl rlckvlrlm drkf ckvlrlm gjglrkn`c pkjms -dokgt`jb pogst`c flfnrgjl kd terll ogylrs `s usugooy uslm

]kp e`be tljs`ol \T-rls`stgjt blkflfnrgjl

F`mmol ogylr 7>.< ff te`ca pkoydkgf `jsuogt`kj gjm doktgt`kj

Ngsl ogylr kd e`be mljs`ty pkoylteyoljl wlomlm tk tel ngsl

3>=>5

3

=5>5

3

=5>=

3

>=mJECK

mngjCE

mngjKE

mngjJKEC mngj


28/81

E`be strljbte, rgp`m TDG prkmuct`kj gjm gccufuogt`kj, gjm`jsudd`c`ljt nuddlr`jb cgpgc`ty cgj prkvl prknolfgt`c tk tel

stgn`o`zgt`kj prkclss

Fuj`c`pgo slwgbl egs e`be nuddlr`jb cgpgc`ty


29/81

Gjglrkn`c Stgn`o`zgt`kj Xrkclss]el stgn`o`zgt`kj prkclss `s `jdouljclm ny

]lfplrgturl - wkras wloo `j wgrflr co`fgtl (>8-=S) - cguslm ny tel rlolgsl kd E>S bgs`jtk gtfkspelrl

E>S `s prlsljt `j tel pkjm ckjtljts gs E>S bgs, gs n`suod`ml `kjsgjm gs suod`ml `kjs

^logt`vl ckjcljtrgt`kjs grl bkvlrjlm ny pE (gt 2.< pE jkj-kmkurkus n`suod`ml `s prlmkf`jgjt

Kmkur prknolf cgj nl rlmuclm ny

^g`s`jb tel pE tk grkujm 5 ny gmm`jb o`fl

^lc`rcuogt`jb kxyblj r`ce lddouljt gjm dkrf`jb glrkn`c tkp ogylr(kx`m`zls kmkrkus suod`ml)

St`fuogt`jb scuf ogylr mlvlokpfljt (sprlgm te`j ogylr kd strgw)

^lmuc`jb krbgj`c okgm`jb rgtls (kr `jcrlgs`jb mlpte!) Xrlvljt`jb sekrt c`rcu`t`jb gjm gvk`m`jb mlgm zkjls

Dkr prkplroy mls`bjlm pkjm, kmkur (mul tk E>S!) `s jkt gprknolf `d tel suodgtl `j wgstlwgtlr `s ?


32/81

]rlgtfljt Flcegj`sfsSuspljmlm sko`ms

Slm`fljtgt`kj

Eymrkoys`s gjm stgn`o`zgt`kj

Krbgj`c fgttlr (kr NKM)

Slm`fljtgt`kj (n`kmlbrgmgnol TSS) gjm sunslquljt gjglrkn`cm`blst`kj

>


33/81

]rlgtfljt Flcegj`sfs

Xgtekblj rlfkvgo

Dlcgo cko`dkrf rlfkvgo Gmskrpt`kj tk pgrt`cols gjm sunslquljt slm`fljtgt`kj (fgikr

ckjtr`nutkr)

Jgturgo mlcgy kr m`s`jdlct`kj

Kccurs ny g ckfn`jgt`kj kd prkclssls v`g ckfpolx `jtlrgct`kjkd vgr`kus gmvlrsl ljv`rkjfljtgo dgctkrs - Stgrvgt`kj mul tkogca kd jutr`ljts

Gqugt`c ljv`rkjfljt

T`rusls

Gppgrljtoy rlfkvlm ny gmskrpt`kj kj tk slttognol sko`ms gjmckjslquljt slm`fljtgt`kj

Elof`jte lbbs & prktkzkgj cysts

^lfkvlm ny slm`fljtgt`kj

Fkst rlfkvgo tgals pogcl gjglrkn`c gjm dgcuotgt`vl pkjms


34/81

Mls`bj kd Gjglrkn`c Xkjms

Mls`bjlm dkr NKM rlfkvgo (rlfkvgo kd jutr`ljts gjm pgtekbljs`s ck`jc`mljtgo)

]el pkjm `s s`zlm kj tel ngs`s kd vkoufltr`c krbgj`c okgm`jb (cgjnl 788-3


35/81

]lfp.

] ( kC)

Tkoufltr`c

Okgm`jb (b/f3m)

NKM

rlfkvgo

(%)

?78 788 =8

78->8 >8]788 >] + >8

>8->] + >8

:>


36/81


Soumbl gccufuogt`kj kccurs `j tel gjglrkn`c pkjm, gjm

mlcrlgsls `ts E^] gjm jlclss`tgtls t`floy mlsoumb`jb Relj soumbl kccup`ls 7/3rmvkoufl kd tel pkjm telj

mlsoumb`jb s usugooy rlqu`rlm

Drlquljcy kd mlsoumb`jb cgj nl lst`fgtlm

Xrkplroy mls`bjlm cgj gce`lvl =8% NKM rlfkvgo gt ?78C gjm:28% gt >8858)( 70.74.>

]

]NA

`s E^] kd gjglrkn`c pkjm


37/81


J`trkblj `j tel trlgtlm lddouljt

]rlgtlm lddouljt ckjtg`js fkstoy gffkj`cgo-J gjm sfgoogfkujt kd krbgj`c-J (kd tel ngctlr`go n`kfgss olgv`jb tel pkjmgs ]SS)

Xekspekrus `j tel trlgtlm lddouljt

M`dd`cuot tk prlm`ct

Skfl fgy nl okst gs `jskounol X `jtk slttolm soumblskfl fgygosk nl rlolgslm drkf tel slttolm soumbl

G sfgoo drgct`kj fgy nl uslm `j tel gjglrkn`c n`ksyjtels`s

Lddouljt ]SS

M`dd`cuot tk lst`fgtl Fgy mlpljm kj tel kutolt mls`bj, lddouljt turnuoljcl olvlo gt

tel kutolt zkjl, E^], ltc.

Su`tgnoy gssuflm `j tel o`bet kd tel kut olt mls`bj, E^] gjm telokcgo turnuoljcl olvlo


38/81

Xeys`cgo Mls`bjOkcgt`kj/s`t`jb

]el pkjm sekuom nl okcgtlm :>88 f mkwjw`jm drkf tel

ckffuj`ty gjm drkf tel oàloy grlgs kd duturl lxpgjs`kj ]k m`sckurgbl plkpol drkf v`s`t`jb tel s`tl

]k b`vl gssurgjcl tk puno`c gbg`jst tel ujoàloy kmkur prknolf

Sekuom jkt nl okcgtlm w`te`j > af kd g`rpkrts (n`rms gttrgctlmtk tel pkjms cgj ckjst`tutl r`sa tk g`r trgdd`c)

Blktlcej`cgo `jvlst`bgt`kjs kd tel s`tl

Jllmlm tk ljsurl ckrrlct lfngjafljt mls`bj gjm tkmltlrf`jl weltelr tel pkjm rlqu`rls o`j`jb kr jkt

@jcoumls

Mltlrf`jgt`kj kd fgx`fuf el`bet kd tel brkujmwgtlr tgnol Ckoolct`kj kd skò sgfpols rlprlsljt`jb tel skò prkdòl up tk g

mlpte 7.8 f brlgtlr tegj tel ljv`sgblm pkjm mlpte

Gjgoys`s kd skò sgfpols dkr pgrt`col s`zl m`str`nut`kj1 ckldd`c`ljtkd plrflgnò`ty1 fgx`fuf mry mljs`ty gjm kpt`fuf fk`sturl

ckjtljt1 Gttlrnlrb o`f`ts1 krbgj`c ckjtljt, ltc.


39/81

Xeys`cgo Mls`bj9 Lfngjafljts

Lfngjafljt mls`bj sekuom gookw vle`col gcclss dkrfg`jtljgjcl

Nlttlr usl tel skò lxcgvgtlm drkf tel s`tl `j tellfngjafljts ckjstruct`kj

Krbgj`c skòs gjm flmùf tk ckgrsl sgjms grl jkt su`tgnol

Ckfpgct tel skò `j 7


40/81

Xeys`cgo Mls`bj9 Xkjm O`j`jb

Sllpgbl cgj nl rlogtlm tk Ckldd`c`ljt kd Xlrflgn`o`ty (a) gs

Relj `j s`tu a `s :78-4 f/slc. telj o`j`jb kd pkjms `s jllmlm

A ?78-0 f/slc. `jm`cgtls tegt tel pkjms slgo jgturgooy

A ?78-0 f/slc. `jm`cgtls jk r`sa kd brkujm wgtlr ckjtgf`jgt`kj

Xkrtogjm clfljt (5 ab/f>) kr pogst`c flfnrgjls kr 7)

o `s mlpte kd sk`o gnkvl tel gqu`dlr (kr fkrlplrflgnol strgtuf) `j fltlrs

e `s o pous pkjm wgtlr mlpte `j fltlrs


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42/81

Xeys`cgo Mls`bj9 Xkjm Blkfltry

\sugooy rlctgjbuogr w`te vgr`gnol oljbte tk nrlgmte rgt`k (O tkN rgt`k)cgj nl bljtoy curvlm `d mls`rlm dkr glstelt`c rlgskjs

O tk N rgt`k sekuom nl >-3 tk 7nrlgmte `s alpt ?>= f (`fpkslmny lxcgvgtkrs gjm mlsoumb`jb fgce`jlry)

Xkjm grlgs grl lst`fgtlm dkr f`m wgtlr mlpte - ckjstructkr

jllms nkte pkjm nkttkf gjm tkp m`fljs`kjs gjm mlpte Tkoufl cgj nl rlogtlm tk ]RO m`fljs`kjs ny

Xkjm o`qu`m mlpte cgj nl >-< f dkr gjglrkn`c pkjms

sMRsMOsMRsMOORM

Tg .=>.>4

Tg`s o`qu`m vkoufl kd tel pkjm

O gjm R grl tkp wgtlr olvlo oljbte gjm w`mte

M `s mlpte gjm S `s `jtlrjgo ekr`zkjtgo sokpl kd lfngjafljt


43/81

Xeys`cgo Mls`bj9 Xkjm Blkfltry

]el pkjms sekuom nl prkv`mlm w`te drllnkgrm tk prlvljtw`jm `jmuclm wgvls kvlrtkpp`jb tel lfngjafljt -Drllnkgrm mlpljms kj tel pkjm grlg

8.< f dkr pkjms kd ?7 elctgrl grlg

8.< tk 7.8 f dkr pkjms kd 7-3 elctgrls grlg

Dkr pkjms kd :3 elctgrls grlg drllnkgrm `s cgocuogtlm ny

> kr fkrl pgrgoolo pkjms grl usugooy prkv`mlm Fuot`pol systlfs jllm spo`tt`jb kd prlo`f`jgry trlgtlm

wgstlwgtlr `jtk lqugo pgrts (usl wl`r pljstkcas)

7okb >7

78 GDD `s drllnkgrm `j fltlrs

G s pkjm grlg gt ]RO j f>

Xeys`cgo Mls`bj9 `jolt gjm kutolt structurls


44/81

Xeys`cgo Mls`bj9 `jolt gjm kutolt structurls

^logt`vl pks`t`kj kd `jolt gjm kutolt fgttlrs `j f`j`f`z`jbeymrguo`c sekrt-c`rcu`t`jb

S`jbol `jolt gjm s`jbol kutolt cgj usugooy nl sudd`c`ljt Okcgtl tel `jolt gjm kutolt gwgy drkf tel ngsl kd lfngjafljt

Okcgtl telf `j tel m`gbkjgooy kppks`tl ckrjlrs kd tel pkjm

@jolts gjm kutolts sekuom nl s`fpol gjm `jlxpljs`vl gjmsekuom plrf`t ckoolct`kj kd pkjm sgfpols w`te lgsl

@jolts sekuom m`scegrbl wloo nlokw tel o`qu`m olvlo (tk prlvljtscuf m`sturngjcl gjm tk f`j`f`zl kmkur prknolfs)

Xrktlct kutolts gbg`jst scuf m`scegrbl (prkv`ml scuf bugrm)

Scuf bugrm mlpte mltlrf`jls lddouljt tgal kdd olvlo

Lddouljt tgal kdd sekuom nl nlokw tel surdgcl crust gjm gnkvltel nkttkf soumblrlckffljmlm `s 8.3 f

Mlpte kd dokw kvlr tel kutolt kvlrdokw wl`r `s rlogtlm tk tel wl`rokgm`jb ny

>3

8


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46/81

Xeys`cgo Mls`bj

Ckjs`mlr us`jb ngddols gt tel `jolts gjm tel kutolts ]k gvk`m sekrt-c`rcu`t`jb

]k gvk`m m`sturn`jb kd tel scuf ogylr

]k se`lom tel kutolt drkf scuf ljtry

Nypgss tk gjglrkn`c pkjms `s jllmlm

dgc`o`tgtls mlsoumb`jb kd gjglrkn`c pkjms

@d jllmlm fgal prkv`s`kjs dkr rlc`rcuogt`jb gjm f`x`jb teld`jgo lddouljt w`te tel `jdouljt gdtlr prlo`f`jgry trlgtfljt

Jllmlm tk gce`lvl kmkur ckjtrko splc`gooy welj tel `jdouljt `s

slpt`c (uptk


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48/81

Gjglrkn`c ]rlgtfljt Xrkclss

\GSN ^ t


49/81

\GSN ^lgctkr Mlvlokplm `j 7028s ny Xrkd. Bgtzl Oltt`jbg, ]el Jltelrogjms

Su`tgnol dkr e`be strljbte wgstlwgtlrst`oo uslm dkr mkflst`c

slwgbl `j wgrf co`fgtls M`ddlrs drkf ktelr gjglrkn`c rlgctkrs `j

Lx`stljcl kd brgjuogr soumbl (rls`stgjt tk tkx`c sekcas) w`te

E`be flcegj`cgo strljbte & bkkm sltto`jb prkplrt`ls (38-58 f/er.)

E`be fltegjkblj`c gct`v`ty (8. CKM/TSS.mgy)

@jtlrjgo 3-pegsl BSO (bgs-sko`m-o`qu`m) slpgrgtkr systlf

Gmvgjtgbls

Ckfpgct gjm rlqu`rl olss ogjm

Okw ljlrby ckjsufpt`kj, okw kplrgt`jb cksts gjm Sgt`sdgctkry CKM

rlfkvgo ldd`c`ljc`ls (4


50/81

\GSN ^lgctkr G pr`fgry trlgtfljt uj`tcogr`d`cgt`kj slwgbl kccurs

Stgn`o`zgt`kj kd tel soumbl gosk kccurs

]k skfl lxtljt lvlj slckjmgry trlgtfljt kccurs \GSN rlgctkr `jcoumls twk zkjls

^lgctkr zkjl

Soumbl nlm zkjl

Soumbl nogjalt zkjl

Ckjtg`j brgjuogr kr dokccuogjt soumbl

Sltto`jb zkjl

3-pegsl slpgrgtkr

@jcous`vl kd Bgs systlf gjm Lddouljt systlf

Gosk `jcoumls @jdouljt m`str`nut`kj systlf

Dokw m`v`s`kj gjm m`str`nut`kj nkxls

M`str`nut`kj tunls gjm jlclssgry p`p`jb gjm d`tt`jbs

Soumbl m`scegrbl systlf

Xrkv`s`kjs dkr sgfpo`jb


51/81

\GSN ^lgctkr

^gw slwgbl `jolt


52/81

M`v`s`kj nkx

Olvlo-7

M`v`s`kj nkx

Olvlo->M`v`s`kj nkx

Olvlo->M`v`s`kj nkx

Olvlo->

M`str`nut`kjnkx

\GSN ^lgctkr-G \GSN ^lgctkr-N

\GSN Cloo-N

\GSN Cloo-N7

\GSN Cloo-G

\GSN Cloo-G7

]rlgtlm lddouljt

Slwgbl `jolt N`kbgs kutoltN`kbgs kutolt


53/81

\GSN ^lgctkr


M`str`nut`kj nkx

M`str`nut`kj p`pls

Lddouljt trkube

N`kbgs ckoolct`kj tujjloN`kbgs ckoolct`kj tujjlo

M`dolctkr

M`dolctkr p`oogrSoumbl nlmSoumbl nlm

Soumbl nogjalt Soumbl nogjalt

Soumbl mrg`jsSgfpo`jb pkrts

M`dolctkr

Cogr`d`cgt`kj

zkjl

Cogr`d`cgt`kj

zkjl

Cogr`d`cgt`kj

zkjl

Cogr`d`cgt`kj

zkjl

^lgctkr zkjl ^lgctkr zkjl


54/81


55/81

Ngs`s dkr Mls`bj]elrl grl jk fgtelfgt`cgo fkmlos gjm jk colgr bu`mlo`jls dkr

tel mls`bjlfp`r`cgo lqugt`kjs grl uslm `j tel mls`bj ]wk gpprkgcels, krbgj`c okgm`jb rgtl gpprkgce gjm updokw

vlokc`ty gpprkgce, grl dkookwlm `j tel mls`bj

Krbgj`c okgm`jb rgtl gpprkgce `s dkookwlm welj CKM kdwgstlwgtlr `s :


56/81

Mls`bj kd \GSN dkr Slwgbl

@j cgsl kd mkflst`c slwgbl, welj tlfplrgturl `s :7.< tk 3..< tk 3.< ab/f3.mgy e`belr krbgj`c okgm`jb rgtls rlsuot `j lxclss`vl eymrguo`c okgms,

gjm e`belr up-dokw vlokc`t`ls

Slwgbl

tlfplrgturl

Eymrguo`c mltljt`kj t`fl (E^])

Dkr gvlrgbl dokw Dkr plga dokw74-70 78-7= 2-0

>8->4 4-0 =-4

:>4 :4 :=


57/81

Mls`bj kd \GSN dkr SlwgblN`kokb`cgo okgm`jb rgtls

Mur`jb stgrt-up, tel n`kokb`cgo okgm`jb rgtl fgy nl fg`jtg`jlm`j tel rgjbl kd 8.8< tk 8.7< ab CKM plr ab TSS.mgy

Lxclss`vl okgm`jb rgtls cgj gddlct prkclss stgn`o`ty (pE gjm TDG)

Fgx`fuf n`kokb`cgo okgm`jb rgtls mlpljm kj telfltegjkblj`c gct`v`ty kd tel soumbl

dkr mkflst`c slwgbl 8.3 tk 8.= ab CKM/ab TSS.mgy `s tel o`f`t

\pdokw vlokc`ty

Fgx`fuf updokw vlokc`t`ls mlpljm kj tel typl kd soumblprlsljt gjm tel krbgj`c okgm`jb rgtls gppo`lm

Dkr slwgbl, brgjuogr soumbl `s jkt dkrflm gjm rlgctkr `smls`bjlm dkr 8.< f/er. updokw vlokc`ty gjm = ekur E^]

Dkr tel dokccuogjt soumbl gjm dkr tel krbgj`c okgm`jb rgtl kd = er. plrs`stljt fgx`fuf dokw


58/81

Mls`bj kd \GSN dkr Slwgbl^lgctkr el`bet

Mlpljms kj ]ypl kd tel soumbl prlsljt `j tel rlgctkr

Krbgj`c okgm`jb rgtls gppo`lm

Tkoufltr`c eymrguo`c okgm`jb rgtls gppo`lm

@jcoumls el`bet kd tel soumbl ogylr gjm kd tel slm`fljtgt`kj Soumbl ogylr el`bet `s >-< f dkr CKM ?3888 gjm f

Dkr tel rlgctkrs trlgt`jb mkflst`c slwgbl soumbl ogylr el`bet `s>.< tk 3.< f gjm slttolr `s 7.< tk >.8 f

\p-dokw vlokc`ty, rlgctkr el`bet gjm E^] grl coksloy rlogtlm El`bet `s 3-4f dkr up-dokw vlokc`t`ls ?7.8 f/er & E^]s 4-78 ers

^lgctkr vkoufl9 E^] * Dokw rgtl

E^] `s := ekurs (kr eymrguo`c okgm`jb rgtl `s ?4 f3/f3.mgy)

@jdouljt M`str`nut`kj Systlf


59/81

@jdouljt M`str`nut`kj SystlfDllm wgtlr m`str`nut`kj sekuom gcckfpo`se

Kpt`fgo ckjtgct nltwllj tel soumbl gjm tel slwgbl

Gvk`m eymrguo`c sekrt c`rcu`ts gjm dkrfgt`kj kd mlgm zkjls Xrlvljt cegjjloo`jb (e`be bgs prkmuct`kj rgtls f`j`f`zls)

Lvlj m`str`nut`kj kd tel `jdouljt `s fkrl `fpkrtgjt `j tel okwlrpgrt kd tel rlgctkr gt okwlr tlfp. dkr okw strljbte wgstlwgtlrokw n`kbgs prkmuct`kj mk jkt gookw prkplr f`x`jb

Sekrt c`rcu`t`jb cgj gosk nl cguslm ny

Sekrt el`bets kd tel soumbl nlm

Dlwlr jufnlr kd `jdouljt m`str`nutkrs

Ckjcljtrgtlm soumbl w`te e`be sltto`jb vlokc`ty

M`str`nut`kj systlf `jcoumls m`v`s`kj nkxls, p`p`jb gjm d`tt`jbs,m`str`nut`kj nkxls, gjm m`str`nut`kj tunls

M`str`nut`kj nkxls grl `jstgoolm kvlr tel rlgctkr gjm m`str`nut`kjtunls grl `ssulm drkf `t

G nokcalm tunl cgj nl lgs`oy mltlctlm


60/81


61/81

@jdouljt M`str`nut`kj Systlf

Fuot`pol ckjl nkttkf kd tel rlgctkr cgj nl elopduo

Jufnlr kd m`str`nut`kj tunls tk nl uslm mlpljms kj tel ngs`s kd

Grlg kd `jdouljcl kd lgce kd tel tunls

]ktgo grlg kd tel rlgctkr

Grlg kd `jdouljcl usugooy rgjbls nltwllj 7 gjm = f>- Dkr rlgctkrs trlgt`jb mkflst`c slwgbl `t `s 7.< tk 3 f>(>-3 f>`s

rlckffljmlm welj CKM `s =88 tk 488 fb/O)

Grlg kd `jdouljcl `s g dujct`kj kd tel typl kd soumbl gjm telkrbgj`c okgm`jb rgtls gppo`lm

Fkrl dkr dokccuogt`jb soumbl tegj dkr brgjuogr soumbl

@jcrlgsls w`te `jcrlgs`jb krbgj`c okgm`jb


62/81

]e e S


63/81

]erll-pegsl Slpgrgtkr

Okw updokw vlokc`t`ls, gnsljcl kd bgs nunnols, sudd`c`ljt mlptekd slm`fljtgt`kj ckfpgrtfljt grl `fpkrtgjt

Mlpte kd slm`fljtgt`kj zkjl sekuom nl 7.< tk > f

Sokpls kd slm`fljtgt`kj surdgcls sekuom nl =-= ekurplrs`stljt fgx`fuf dokw gjm :8.4 er dkr plga dokws

Gplrturl grlg nltwllj bgs ckoolct`kj ekkms sekuom nl 78% gjmbgs mkfl lmbl kvlrogpp`jb sekuom nl >88-388 ff

Eymrguo`c surdgcl okgm`jb rgtls sekuom nl

8.-8.5 f/er dkr gvlrgbl dokw

?7.>f/er dkr >-= ekur plrs`stljt fgx`fuf dokw

?7.4 f/er dkr tlfpkrgry plga dokw

Tlokc`t`ls `j gplrturls grl

?>.8->.3 f/er dkr gvlrgbl dokw

?=.8-=.> f/er dkr >-= er plrs`stljt fgx. dokw

?


64/81

]erll Xegsl SlpgrgtkrLddouljt ckoolct`kj

Xogtls w`te T-jktce wl`rs gjm sunflrblm plrdkrgtlm tunlsgrl uslm dkr tel lddouljt ckoolct`kj

Scuf ngddol sunflrblm >8 cf cgj nl pgrt kd tel ogujmlr w`teT-jktcels

Sunflrblm plrdkrgtlm tunls

Lo`f`jgtls tel r`sa kd turnuoljcl gjm rlolgsl kd bgsls gjm ngmkmkrs gjm mk jkt jllm scuf ngddols

Sko`ms cgj gccufuogtl `j ekols gjm `js`ml tel plrdkrgtlm tunls

Dkr slod-colgj`jb 7% sokpl `s rlckffljmlm


65/81

]erll Xegsl Slpgrgtkr

Bgs systlf

@jcoumls prkv`s`kjs dkr n`kbgs ckoolct`kj, ckjvlygjcl, stkrgbl,fltlr`jb gjm m`spksgo (l`telr uslm kr nurjt)

Ckoolct`kj `jcoumls g slgolm ckfpgrtfljt w`te eymrguo`c slgo gjmn`kbgs purbl

Bgs prkmuct`kj rgtl gjm bgs ckfpks`t`kj (CK>

gjm E>

S) fgy jllmfkj`tkr`jb

Fltlr`jb kd tel bgs `s lssljt`go dkr lvgougt`jb prkclss ldd`c`ljcy

@d n`kbgs `s tk nl dogrlm telj bgs rlslrvk`r cgj nl rlpogclm ny gslcur`ty vgovl (dogfl trgp!) gjm bgs nurjlr

Dkr gvk`m`jb mrgb kd ckjmljslm o`qu`ms dokw vlokc`ty `j tel p`p`jb `sfg`jtg`jlm ?3.< f/slc.

O`qu`m bgs `jtlrdgcl `s fg`jtg`jlm `j tel bgs ckoolct`kj ekkms dkrdgc`o`tgt`jb lgsy rlolgsl kd bgs nunnols

Bgs ckoolct`kj ekkm cgps fgy egvl gjt`dkgf jkzzols

Soumbl Sgfpo`jb gjm M`scegrbl Systlf


66/81

Soumbl Sgfpo`jb gjm M`scegrbl SystlfSgfpo`jb systlf `jcoumls g slr`ls kd vgovls `jstgoolm gokjb tel

el`bet kd tel rlgctkr ckfpgrtfljt

Elops tk mltlrf`jl sko`ms prkd`ol kd tel rlgctkr gjm dgc`o`tgtls

lstgno`sefljt kd soumbl m`scegrbl strgtlb`ls Elops `j lvgougt`jb splc`d`c fltegjkblj`c gct`v`ty gjm soumbl

cegrgctlr`st`cs gjm ajkw`jb tel `mlgo soumbl m`scegrbl pk`jts

Soumbl sgfpo`jb pk`jts cgj nl < kr 4, spgclm gt `jce m`g. p`p`jb w`te ngoo vgovls cgj nl uslm gs sgfpo`jb pkrts

Fkj`tkr`jb gjm ckjtrko kd tlfplrgturl gjm pE gt m`ddlrljt el`betsfgy nl jllmlm

TDG gjm goago`j`ty flgsurlfljt fgy gosk nl jllmlm dkr telprkclss ckjtrko

Soumbl m`scegrbl systlf (flgjt dkr tel rlfkvgo kd `jlrtfgtlr`go gjm lxclss soumbl gccufuogt`jb gt tel nkttkf)

Gt olgst twk soumbl m`scegrbl pk`jts, kjl cokslr tk tel rlgctkrnkttkf gjm tel ktelr gt 7-7.< f el`bet, tk rlfkvl soumbl drkf telsoumbl nlm zkjl gjm tel nogjalt zkjl rlsplct`vloy - g te`rm mrg`jcgj gosk nl prkv`mlm 8.< f nlokw tel sltto`jb zkjl

Soumbl m`scegrbl p`p`jb cgj nl kd :788 ff m`gfltlr


67/81

Soumbl M`scegrbl Systlf

Mltlrf`jlm ny `jckf`jb ]SS, ]SS okst `j lddouljt, ]SSeymrkoyzlm, soumbl syjtels`zlm gjm ]SS w`temrgwj gs soumbl

P (y`lom ckldd`c`ljt) `s tgalj gs 8.7 tk 8.7= kd CKM rlfkvlm

F`j`fuf S^] rlqu`rlm `s 3x]m

]m`s mkuno`jb t`fl dkr fltegjkblj`c n`kfgss

S^] rlqu`rlm mlpljms kj tlfplrgturl @t `s 7=8 mgys dkr 78C, 48 mgys dkr >8 mgys dkr 38->8-78=8 ab/f3gjm ckjs`stljcy `s 3-


68/81

] t t Ldd` ` `


69/81

]rlgtfljt Ldd`c`ljc`ls

Cgj rlfkvl CKM ny 28-58%, ]SS ny 28-58%, pgtekbljs ny 28-08% gjm elof`jte lbbs w`te 788% ldd`c`ljcy `j cgsl kdmkflst`c slwgbl

Jkt lddlct`vl `j jutr`ljt rlfkvgo

]rlgtfljt ldd`c`ljc`ls grl vlry okw gt ?78-72C

Ldd`c`ljc`ls grl sunstgjt`gooy gddlctlm ny E^]

]el ldd`c`ljc`ls grl =8 tk 28% dkr CKM gjm =< tk 08% dkr NKM

3


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]rlgtfljt Ldd`c`ljc`ls

]SS `j tel trlgtlm lddouljt `s =8 gjm 7=8 fb/O gjm mlpljms kj Ckjcljtrgt`kj gjm sltto`jb cegrgctlr`st`cs kd tel soumbl

Soumbl wgstgbl drlquljcy gjm el`bet kd soumbl nlm gjm nogjalt

Ldd`c`ljcy kd tel bgs, sko`ms gjm o`qu`m slpgrgtkr

Xrlsljcl kr gnsljcl kd scuf ngddols Okgm`jb rgtls gjm E^]s `j tel rlgctkr gjm slm`fljtgt`kjckfpgrtfljts

]SS `j tel trlgtlm lddouljt gjm E^] grl rlogtlm gjm kdtljsekwj ny

]SS `s tktgo suspljmlm sko`ms `j fb/O

t `s E^] `j ekurs `j tel slm`fljtgt`kj ckfpgrtfljt ;

>=.878> t]SS

Kplrgt`kj gjm ckjtrko


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Kplrgt`kj gjm ckjtrko

Sljs`t`vl tk tel ckfpks`t`kj (ckjcljtrgt`kj kd vgr`kus `kjs gjmprlsljcl kd tkx`cgjts o`al peljkos) gjm strljbte kdwgstlwgtlr , gjm tk tel tlfplrgturl, pE, ltc.

]lfplrgturl lddlct `s `js`bj`d`cgjt kj eymrkoys`s gjm gc`mkbljls`s

]lfplrgturl :


72/81

Kplrgt`kj gjm ckjtrkoNuddlr`jb cgpgc`ty kd tel wgstlwgtlr fgy nl `jcrlgslm tk

prkv`ml tel goago`j`ty kd 7888-


73/81

\GSN pkjms gjm NgddolmGjglrkn`c ^lgctkrs


74/81

\GSN Xkjms

]elsl grl fkm`d`lm gjm/kr s`fpo`d`lm \GSN rlgctkrs

]el ckfpo`cgtlm gjm ckstoy 3-pegsl slpgrgtkr `s rlpogclm (jkbgs ckoolct`kj tujjlos)

Dokgt`jb pogst`c ckoogps`nol flfnrgjl kr d`xlm ckjcrltl sogn `s

uslm dkr tel bgs ckoolct`kj Mldolctkrs grl uslm ujmlrjlgte tel trlgtlm lddouljt ckoolct`kj

trkube tk slpgrgtl kut tel bgs nunnols

]el pogst`c flfnrgjl cgj egvl tel dkookw`jb terll ogylrs

]kp e`be tljs`ol \T-rls`stgjt blkflfnrgjl

F`mmol ogylr 7>.< ff te`ca pkoydkgf `jsuogt`kj gjm doktgt`kj

Ngsl ogylr kd e`be mljs`ty pkoylteyoljl wlomlm tk tel ngsl


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\GSN Xkjms

Ktelr dlgturls gjm bu`mlo`jls dkr tel \GSN pkjms

Cogr`d`cgt`kj kd tel lddouljt `s ckfprkf`slm w`te gjmckfpljsgtlm ny rlogt`vloy okwlr updokw vlokc`t`ls

Eymrguo`c sekrt-c`rcu`t`jb `s f`j`f`zlm terkube mlcrlgs`jbspgc`jb nltwllj m`str`nut`kj tunls tkwgrms tel kutlr s`ml

Dkr nlttlr plrdkrfgjcl tel wl`r okgm`jb `s rlmuclm tk egod tk

tegt dkr g slckjmgry cogr`d`lr Gplrturl `s fg`jtg`jlm 7 f/slc.

]el pkjm `s oldt kplj kvlr tel mldolctkr gjm uslm dkr egv`jb

Kvlrdokw wl`rs gjm lddouljt ckoolct`kj trkube

@jdouljt m`str`nut`kj nkxls

Gt rlbuogr `jtlrvgos vlrt`cgo soumbl p`pls grl prkv`mlm `j telmldolctkr tk dgc`o`tgtl soumbl pufp kut.


76/81

Slwgbl jolt

M`str`nut`kj nkx

Lddouljt ckoolct`kj trkube

M`str`nut`kj p`pl

Mldolctkr

]rlgtlm lddouljt

kutolt

N`kbgs kutolt

\GSN Xkjm]kp T`lw

Soumbl mrlmb`jb mrg`j



77/81

\GSN Xkjm(Slct`kj) Lolvgt`kj


M`str`nut`kj p`plsM`dolctkr p`oogr

Soumbl nlmSoumbl nlm

Soumbl nogjalt Soumbl nogjalt

M`dolctkr

Lddouljt ckoolct`kj trkube

Soumbl mrlmb`jb p`pl

M`str`nut`kj nkx

N`kbgs N`kbgs

Gjglrkn`c Ngddolm ^lgctkr


78/81

Gjglrkn`c Ngddolm ^lgctkr

Gjglrkn`c ngddolm rlgctkr

Ngddols grl uslm tk m`rlct wgstlwgtlr dokw `j up-dokw fkmlterkube g slr`ls kd gjglrkn`c soumbl nogjalt rlgctkrs

Fkm`d`cgt`kjs tk tel ngs`c prkclss cgj `jcouml

usl kd slttolr tk cgpturl gjm rlturj sko`ms

usl kd pgca`jb `j tel upplr pkrt`kj tk cgpturl sko`ms

Okjb S^]s pkss`nol w`te okw E^]s Systlf `s stgnol tk sekca okgms

Gjglrkn`c f`brgt`jb nogjalt rlgctkr

S`f`ogr tk gjglrkn`c ngddolm rlgctkr (GN^) nut egvl gj gmmlmdlgturl kd flcegj`cgo f`x`jb

@jdouljt dllm pk`jt `s cegjblm plr`km`cgooy tk tel lddouljt s`ml

Krbgj`c okgm`jb rgtl 7 tk 3 ab/f3.mgy gjm E^] =-7> ekurs

CKM rlfkvgo ldd`c`ljcy `jcrlgsls w`te tlfplrgturl (48% gt 7


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Gjglrkn`c ngddolm rlgctkr

Gjglrkn`c f`brgt`jb nogjalt rlgctkr

@jdouljt @jdouljt

rlvlrslm dokw

Lddouljt

rlvlrslm dokw Lddouljt

@jdouljt

Lddouljt

N`kbgs

Rgstlwgtlr `jolt

Cgpplm vlrt`cgo

slct`kj kd `joltCgjkpy


80/81

Lddouljt zkjl

N`kbgs zkjl

Rgstlwgtlr `jolt

Tlrt`cgo

slct`kj kd `jolt

Lddouljt olvlo^g`slm m`scegrbl ljm

kd tel kutolt

Ekpplr nkttkf

Lxtrgct`kj ljm

kd tel kutolt

Kutolt

@jolt tk stgbl->

Kutolt

>-stgbl Gjglrkn`c Ngddolm ^lgctkr

3


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Sewage Treatment: Primary Treatment

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