Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700 Martin Luther and his 95 Theses Critic of Indulgences The...
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Transcript of Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700 Martin Luther and his 95 Theses Critic of Indulgences The...
Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700
Martin Luther and his 95 Theses
Critic of IndulgencesThe Bible alone was
the word of God (not Pope)
People are saved by faith alone
Sparks mainland European Protestant
Reformation
John Calvin and predestination1536 Institutes of
the Christian Religion
Only predestined go to heaven…Calvinists sought “conversions” (signs they were one of predestined) and afterwards led “sanctified lives”
Protestant Work Ethic
Calvinist were famous for their dusk to dawn work ethic to prove their worthiness.
England’s Puritan wave to New World
Some English Puritans wanted to further purify King Henry VIII’s Anglican Church. Radical Puritans (Separatist) wanted not to purify but to break away totally from Anglican Church
Pilgrims escape religious persecution in England
King James I feared if Separatists could defy his religious authority the Separatist would later defy his political authority. As such, Pilgrims (Separatist Puritans fled religious persecution to Holland.
Pilgrims arrive in PlymouthFearing their
children were getting to “Dutchified” the Pilgrims left for either the Virginia Colony or their own “squatter area”. Squatter means not entitled legally to land.
The Pilgrims (Separatists) arrive in Plymouth
After 65 days at sea, with one death and the birth of Virginia Dare, the Pilgrims disembarked in Plymouth
Separatist believed only visible saints could attain church membership
Less than half Pilgrims on Mayflower were Separatists
Pilgrim leadersMyles Standish (Captain Shrimp) was a great military leader and Indian negotiator
Governor William Bradford led Plymouth 30 different times and helped develop the fur, fish and lumber trades
The Mayflower Compact, was a signed set of rules that set a precedent for modern Constitutions. Theory was majority (men) rule.
The First Thanksgiving
After a horrible winter of 1620, when only half colony survived, 1621 brought bountiful harvest and a shared feast with Native Americans
The Bible CommonwealthIn 1629, some non-Separatists Puritans got a
royal charter and set sail to New world in 11 well equiped ships
Led by Governor John Winthrop these Puritans set up Massachusetts Bay Colony as a “city upon a hill”
In the 1630s over 70,000 English migrated to New World
In 1691 the larger Massachuseets Bay colony merged with Plymouth
Early Colonial Map circa 1691
Virginia Dare
Building the Bay Colony
Religious leaders wielded powerful political influence over government (theocracy)
•Strove for religious and social harmony
•The franchise was extended to all “freemen” (adult males) that owned land and belonged to Congregationalist church
Religious sentiments in Massachusetts Bay•John Cotton was one prominent clergyman•Congregations hired / fired ministers at will•Many Blue laws•Hell was considered very serious and frightening
John Cotton’s Gravestone in Massachusetts
Religious
freed
om
postage s
tamp
from 1953
Trouble in the CommonwealthFounding Rhode Island
Monument to William Blackstone
William Blackstone was actually the first settler in Rhode Island. He was a hermit and settled in Cumberland Rhode Island
The largest Native American nation in Rhode Island were the Narragansetts.
The Bible Commonwealth was very autocratic. While the settlers to Massachusetts Bay had sought to purify, or separate from the Church of England, the leaders in Massachusetts Bay wanted little dissention from religious orthodoxy.
Anne Hutchinson Roger WilliamsChallenged authority of
ministers by proclaiming that the truly saved need not bother to obey laws of man or God. ( Antinomianism)
Exiled first to Portsmouth and later to New York
Preached separation of church and state
Compensation to Indians for land
Founded first Baptist church in New World
Founded Rhode Island near modern day East Providence
Anne Hutchinson
“The first feminist”
Roger Williams
Founding of Rhode Island The root that ate Roger
Williams
New England Spreads Out
In 1635 the Reverend Thomas Hooker led an energetic group of Puritans to Hartford (New Haven also founded in 1638). This group drafted a trailblazing document called The Fundamental Orders which was basically a written Constitution.
The Original Fundamental Orders
Maine (Mass) and New HampshireSir Ferdinando Gorges founded Maine for trading. Maine became part of Massachusetts until 1820 Missouri Compromise.
New Hampshire was founded by John Mason for trading and fishing reasons
Early Colonial Native American Wars
Pequot War 1675 King Philip’s War
The English settlers and Pequot nation fought a devastating war around Mystic Connecticut in 1637.
Metacom, led a last effort to stop colonial settlement. Providence burned to the ground and a massacre occurred at The Great Swamp Fight.
Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence
By 1643 four (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and Hartford and New Haven) colonies had formed The New England Confederation. This group formed to unite for protection against the Indians, French and Dutch.
Thus began the tradition of semi autonomous colonies not asking the English crown for permission to act.
The Dominion of New EnglandUnder James II, in an
effort to stem the tide of salutary neglect, in 1686 the Dominion of New England was created.
Under Sir Edmund Andros the Navigation Acts were enforced for the first time on the British colonies in America.
Sir Edmund Andros
The Navigation Acts and the Theory of Mercantilism
Navigation ActsCertain goods shipped
from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World colonial port
Enumerated goods from the colonies, like sugar, cotton, and tobacco, were to be provided only to England
Mercantilism• Economic theory
that benefits the mother country at the expense of the colony
Unpopular Mr. AndrosAndros established the
Dominion’s headquarters in Boston
He openly showed his association with the hated Church of England
Andros curbed town meetings , restricted the courts and press, revoked land titles
After the Glorious Revolution, which installed William and Mary on the throne of England the Dominion collapsed
The New NetherlandsThe Dutch East
India Company with a fleet of 10,000 and Dutch West India Company were established to raid Spanish ships and settle in the New World
The New NetherlandsIn 1609 Henry
Hudson ventured into Delaware and New York Bay and claimed the area for the Netherlands
The Dutch set up patroonships (large areas of land) that were given to patroons that brought indentured servants to work land
New NetherlandsThe Swedes
also planted a colony on the Delaware River (New Sweden)
The Dutch often came into conflict with Swedes and Native Americans
In 1655 the Dutch sent Peter Stuyvesant to eliminate the Swedes from the area
New NetherlandsIn 1664 Charles II
granted the area of modern day New York to his brother the Duke of York. British troops landed and quickly eliminated the Dutch from the area.
PennsylvaniaThe Holy Experiment
Founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers in 1681
Thousand of squatters already lived in Pennsylvania
Philadelphia was one of the first “planned” cities and unofficial “capital” of the colonies
The Quakers became ardent abolitionist
Characteristics of Southern Colonies Plantation systemSlaves and slave
codesSome major
seaportsLocated near
Spanish Florida and French Louisiana
Characteristics of New England ColoniesVarious religionsDiverse
economicallyGold Mines of New
England (the sea)Predisposed to early
public educationOld Deluder Law
Characteristics of the Middle Colonies
Fertile soil / Bread Colonies
Ethically diverse population
Considerable economic and social democracy
The First American Benjamin Franklin