1492 - 1763 SETTLING THE “NEW

NATION”

On a scale of 1-10 how much freedom do you think you have at Norwood High School?

(1 = not a lot, 10 = a lot)

Would you call NHS a democracy? Why? Justify your reasoning!

THINK PAIR SHARE

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY?

DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

• Pluralism (Multiple Leader & Authority)

• How well the group functions

• Amount of Participation

• Freedom to Disagree

• How just and equal the laws are

Using this criteria…

Do you think NHS is a democratic society?

Discuss with your partner

HOW DEMOCRATIC IS…

Norwood High School

HOW DEMOCRATIC IS…

United States of America

LEADING DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES

Was colonial America a democratic society?

UNIT 1 -- ESSENTIAL QUESTION

A SOCIETY IS DEMOCRATIC WHEN…

• Pluralism (Multiple Leader & Authority)

• How well the group functions

• Amount of Participation

• Freedom to Disagree

• How just and equal the laws are

Native American Nations/Tribes Established language Organized around an

extended family Leaders, some inherited roles

& others were elected. Elaborate trade network Specialized in specific products

High respect for nature Pre-Columbus Explorations 1492: Columbus/Spanish

Expedition Spanish empire /

conquistadors

“NEW WORLD”

Commingling of Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria Europeans Crops (wheat, barley, rice,

turnips) Domesticated animals

(sheep, horses, cattle, goats)

Disease (mainly from animals) -- smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, yellow fever.

New World Crops (maize, white

potatoes, sweet potatoes) Animals (llama, alpaca,

dog, birds, guinea pig)

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Currently, Columbus is one of only two people the United States honors by name in a national holiday. However in recent years,

Columbus day has caused a lot of controversy.

Please take a position on the following statement.

The United States should celebrate Columbus Day.

4 CORNERS DEBATE

Envy of Spanish Empire Protestant

Reformation King Henry VIII

Population growth in England

Solution = Joint-Stock Company Companies made up of

group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king

ENGLAND’S JEALOUSY

Virginia Company first joint-stock company in

the colonies founded Jamestown promised gold, conversion

of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies

Jamestown Colony = Royal Charter Royal document granted

group the right to form a colony guaranteed settlers their

rights as English citizens

VIRGINIA’S BEGINNINGS

Cultural clash w/ Native Americans VA inhabited with 14,000

Powhatans Spread of English settlement

= Powhatans forced to move inland away fertile land Disease, food shortages and

warfare Pocahontas

John Rolfe perfected methods for tobacco planting Saved economy of VA Planting tobacco destroys soil Need for colony to expand for

new soil

LIFE IN VIRGINIA

Maryland: Lord Baltimore founds as a refuge for Catholics Intolerant of non-Christians Gives his relatives land to grow tobacco

Carolinas: land given to 8 of King’s BFFs First settlers moved from Barbados

experienced in slave trading Begin buying West African slaves b/c of

expertise in rice farming Charlestown (Charleston, SC) = busiest

seaport in South NC for VA + SC rejects (1712 colony)

Georgia: buffer colony btwn Spanish (FL) + colonies + French (LA) Least populated

SETTLING THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

All colonies = broad acred for exporting commercial agricultural products Exports = tobacco &

rice Slavery found in all

colonies Plantations/farms

limit city growth & school/church growth

SETTLING THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

"I thank God, there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have these

hundred years; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against

the best government. God keep us from both." -- Sir William Berkeley, Governor of VA (1671)

WARM UP

Describe the people in this painting in four words.

Where might they be? Where might they be going? Why might they be going there?

Protestant Reformation Puritans: want to

purify the Church of England Separatists: want to

separate entirely from the Church of England

SETTLING PLYMOUTH COLONY

Separatists: fleeing religious persecution Mayflower – 102 people, 65 days Led by William Bradford Arrive in Plymouth in 1620 Technically squatters: not legal right to land/no

specific authority to form govt (supposed to be in VA)

Mayflower Compact Set precedent for later written

constitutions NOT A CONSTITUTION Agreement to form a basic govt & submit to the

will of the majority under agreed upon laws Signed by 41 adult males (no servants) Promising step towards self-govt Adult males assemble in town meetings and

make laws through discussion

First Winter: 44/102 survive 1621: First Thanksgiving

SETTLING PLYMOUTH COLONY

Puritans: afraid of Church of England Secured royal charter to form

MA Bay Colony 1630: settle in Boston 11 vessels & 1,000 immigrants

Led by John Winthrop Puritans believed they

had a covenant with God Build a holy society that

would be a model for humankind

SETTLING MA BAY COLONY

Participation in MA Bay Colony Town Govt = all male property

holders publicly discuss local issues & vote w/ majority rule Elected officials: Voting limited to

adult males in Puritan church (2/5 – larger % than England) Clergy cannot run for office

Puritan Laws bound by religious beliefs Strict laws / punishments Serious fear of hell/damnation

SETTLING MA BAY COLONY

Trouble in MA Bay Colony Quakers: didn’t follow Puritan laws BANISHED

Ann Hutchinson: did not believe living a holy life would necessarily lead to heaven, taught bible out of her home BANISHED (after trial) Killed by Native Am in NY (Winthrop:

“it was God’s hand”) Roger Williams: wanted to pay

Native Am for land, believed civil govt should not control religion BANISHED (after trial)

SETTLING MA BAY COLONY

English colonies spread tension w/ Nat Am Native Am weak in NE Epidemic swept through and killed 75% of Native Am Colonists get deserted fields ready for harvest!

Some good relations (Wampanoags, Massasoit, Squanto)

1637: colonists team up with Pequot enemies & burn Pequot villages Only hope for Native Am = alliance (Native Am team

up against colonists) King Philip’s War (1675-1676) Metacom (Massasoit’s son) forged alliance w/ other

tribes and coordinated attacks on NE villages 52 town attacked, 12 entirely destroyed Metacom’s family sold to slavery Metacom beheaded, head on display for years…

EFFECT: ends expansion of NE settlements & creates paranoia in NE

LIFE IN THE NORTHERN COLONIES

Rhode Island: Roger Williams fled to Providence (help from

Native Am) “Sewer” – home to anyone banished! Complete freedom of religion All men could vote Secured charter for colony in 1644

Connecticut: Settlement based along the CT River valley

(fertile) Hartford [1635], New Haven [1638]

Maine: Fishermen & fur traders Failed to colonized purchased by MA (1677)

New Hampshire: Fishing, trading, granite Absorbed by MA Bay in 1649 charter in 1679

SETTLING NORTHERN COLONIES

New York 1626: Henry Hudson founds New Netherland

(Dutch West India Co) British (1664) Pennsylvania William Penn—Quaker seeking religious freedom 1681: King grants Penn land, PA widely advertised Penn BOUGHT LAND from Nat Am Quakers let Nat Am babysit!

Slavery not approved, no military Delaware 1638: New Sweden Company Brit (1664)

New Jersey Dutch West India Company Brit (1664)

Similarities: Major rivers (Hudson, Susquehanna, Delaware) fertile soil, mild climate, Good farmland, timber, furs, coal, iron ore Tolerant of most religions

SETTLING MIDDLE COLONIES

Plant tobacco to sell before corn to eat Export 1.5 mil lbs/yr (1630) 40

mil lbs/yr (1700) Increasing importance of slave labor Natives? Died from disease Africans? Too expensive SOLUTION = ENGLAND’S DISPLACED

FARMERS!

Indentured Servants Work = passage to colonies &

eventual freedom Headright system: masters pay for

indentured servant & get 50 acres of land Easy to become a plantation owner

SOUTHERN TOBACCO ECONOMY

Indentured Servants become free poor w/ no land forced to move to frontier for fertile land

1676: 29 year old Nathaniel Bacon is frustrated! Governor William Berkeley (VA) is

kind to Nat Am for fur trade profits Does not want to defend frontier from

Nat Am attacks Bacon’s Rebellion: poor farmers

attack Nat Am, attack & loot colony Punishment: Gov hang rebels

EFFECT: masters fear rebellion from ind. serv. Need a new source for labor Africa

BACON’S REBELLION

10 million slaves to New World post-Colombus 400,000 in North America

1670: only 7% of 500,000 in Southern colonies Colonists couldn’t afford to

buy slaves & have them die 1680: wages increase in

England (less ind. serv.) 1750: Blacks = ½

population of VA Blacks > whites 2:1 in SC

SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES

TRIANGLE TRADE

Slaves from west coast Africa Captured by coastal tribes & sold to

European/Americans Branded, bound, put on ships of

1000+ slaves (Middle Passage) Death rate 20% aboard Survivors put on auction blocks in ports

(Newport RI, Charleston SC) Rise in slave pop = potential

racial threat Legal difference btwn slave & servant

= unclear 1662: VA creates slave codes Blacks & their children = property of

white masters Crime to teach slaves to read/write

SIGNIFICANCE: racial discrimination began molding US slave system

SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES

Shown here i s a map of the 13 co lonies . The numbers represent the number of Af r ican s laves in that co lony in 1770. The co lors represent the percentage of the ens laved populat ion.

Africans in America SC indigo & rice plantations: hostile

climate, far apart farms, only “fresh” slaves survived VA + MD tobacco plantations: easier

crop, larger and closer together Family & friends could stay in contact More female slaves slave system

perpetuates itself Language & music contributions

Slavery defined Southern social hierarchy Top = wealthy planters House of

Burgesses political power Then small planters, landless whites,

ind. serv., slaves South = few cities Slave system > professional class

SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES

Women = little social power wed by early 20s, babies every 2 yrs No property rights Conflict of interest btwn husband &

wife CONTRAST to South: married widows

could inherit husband’s property

Puritanism = unity & purpose Tight knit community “The elect” go to heaven

(predestination) Children raised w/ belief that

obedience>>>

PURITAN NEW ENGLAND

Church membership drops less focus on the “elect” more on church participation Many women begin to go to

church and play prominent role Fear that many are losing

focus on Puritan heritage Booming economy in MA

Widening gap btwn wealthy professional merchants & Puritan subsistence farming families

PURITAN NEW ENGLAND

1692: group of young girls in Salem, MA, claimed to have been bewitched by some of the older women in the colony “Witches” put on trial 20 individuals put to death

before trials end per order of Gov. Winthrop in 1693

SALEM WITCH TRIALS

Navigation Act of 1660

“For the increase of shipping and encouragement of the navigation of this nation, wherein, under the good providence and protection of God, the wealth, safety, and strength of the

kingdom is so much concerned

…from thence forward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging or in his

possession

…in Asia, African, or America, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such ships or vessels as

do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England

…or are of the built of and belonging to any of the said lands, islands, plantations, or territories, as the proprietors and right

owners thereof, and whereof the master and ¾ of the mariners at least are English.

WARMUP

What impact

would this act have

on the 13 colonies?

English Civil War ends King tightens control on colonies

Mercantilism: England uses colonies to provide raw materials the colonies received manufactured goods in return

1686 Dominion of New England 1. Unite colonies in London govt 2. Provide colonies with defense against Nat. Am. 3. Navigation Acts (colonies can only trade with

Brit) Led by Sir Edmund Andros Andros = enemy (restricted town meetings, courts,

schools, etc.) Forced to flee BUT 1691 MA becomes a royal colony

(new charter, new royal govt)

England relaxes grip Salutary Neglect Brit govt did not strictly enforce trade laws Allow colonists to smuggle

Ensure loyalty of the colonists

MANAGING THE COLONIES