Setting Up for the Cold War CHAPTER 17. POST WORLD WAR II WORLD.
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Transcript of Setting Up for the Cold War CHAPTER 17. POST WORLD WAR II WORLD.
Setting Up for the Cold War
CHAPTER 17
POST WORLD WAR II WORLD
• Yalta Conference
• February 1945 – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
• Peacekeeping organization, support newly freed nations
• Stalin agrees to support and keep peace
• April 12, 1945 – FDR dies; Truman steps in
• Poland was a buffer
• Stalin – no free elections
• Potsdam Conference – July 1945
• Churchill, Truman, Stalin – divide Germany into 4 areas controlled by:
• Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, United States
• United Nations – 1944
• Meet in Washington, D.C.
• Wrote a plan to keep and promote world peace
• 1945 – unanimous vote; approved
• Nuremberg Trials
• November 1945 – trials of high-ranking Nazi officers
• Sentences imposed by tribunal (panel of judges)
• 19 found guilty12 were sentenced to death (most by hanging)
• Adolf Hitler committed suicide April 30, 1945
• Could NOT use defense: “Following Orders”
Hermann Göring
• International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) – “Tokyo Trials” – April 1946
• Hideki Tojo executed by hanging
• 28 high-ranking charged
• More than 5,700 lower-ranking personnel – separate trials
Tojo after suicide attempt
• UN Partition Plan for Palestine
• 1947 – 2 states: one was Arab, one was Jewish
• May 1948 – Israel created
• US recognized independence, Arab nation did not
• Israel vs. Arab state warred
• Peace treaty – signed 1949
• Jews now have a homeland – 1 million Palestinian Arabs were refugees
• Tensions high between US and Soviet Union
• US wanted Germany free
• Soviets disagreed – a free Germany would invade
• “Communist Satellite States”
• “Protecting borders” with
• terror & violence
• Churchill warned Truman of Soviet threat
• Stalin wants toprotect/increase his power
ROOTS OF THE COLD WAR
Communism1. Collective ownership of property
2. Organization of labor for the common advantage of all
3. Equal distribution of wealth
POSITIVES NEGATIVES
• US: democracy, free enterprise, free markets, free elections
• SU: communist, central government, planned economy
• Increased involvement in world affairs
• World feared spread of communism
• 1946 – Greek monarchy overthrown by Yugoslavian communist rebels
• US thought they were from Soviet Union
• 1947 – Truman Doctrine – economic aid to support fight against communism
• $400 million to Greece & Turkey = defeat of rebels
• World economy was terrible after WWII
• George C. Marshall – Secretary of State 1947
• Argued: Europe’s economic recovery necessary for world peace
• Marshall Plan – “friendly aid” to rebuild Europe
• $13 billion – 1948-1957
• Soviet Union refused aid
• Containment – prevent spread of communism
• US defense strategy / Soviet Union offense strategy
• US follows this for 30 years
Post-War Division of Germany
• June 1948 – Soviet blockade all highways, railways, etc.
• Fear of united Germany
• Berlin Airlift: US and GB flew food, fuel and other goods – aided 2 million people
• 321 days, Soviets lifted blockade to avoid war
• October 1949 – Germany divided into 2 nations
• Federal Republic of Germany – West Germany (W. Europe/US)
• German Democratic Republic – East Germany (S. Union)
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• Collective defense, mutual response to attacks
• Warsaw Pact
• Soviet Union and Soviet controlled states as defense of NATO
TRUMAN ERA
• GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) – offered veterans benefits such as affordable housing, financial aid towards attending college (FDR signed – 1944)
• Labor Unrest – end of rationing, prices skyrocket
• United Mine Workers (UMW) – 1946
• 400,000 workers strike – Truman couldn’t reach settlement; mines under gov’t control
• UMW President John L. Lewis called for second strike
• Tried for contempt – fined $3 million – ended strike
• Taft-Hartley Act – restricts activity and power of labor unions
• Truman vetoes – Congress overrides veto
• 1948 Election – unrest over Truman’s abilities
• 1946 – Republican Congress – 1st in 18 years
• Republican candidate: NY Governor Thomas Dewey
• Dixiecrats – southern democrats who seceded from Dem. party to support segregation
• Public opinion favored Dewey – Truman won in stunning victory
• Won union votes for vetoing Taft-Hartley bill
• Won African American votes with support for civil rights
• Many Dixiecrats switched to Truman to avoid Dewey win
• Recovery of economy was important
• Fair Deal – intended to provide full employment; higher min. wage;affordable housing; soc. sec. benefits, nat’l health insurance; aid for farmers
• Post-War Boom!
KOREAN WAR
• China
• Communist under Mao Zedong
• Concerns over joining Soviet forces
• Japan
• US forces occupied Japan – US-style constitution
• Japan not allowed to fight in any war
• Korea
• 1910-1945 controlled by Japan
• Allies divided Korean peninsula – although union would be optimal (Soviets against)
• 38th Parallel – line of latitude separating North and South Korea
• South Korea – US
• North Korea – Soviet Union
• US and Soviets leave Korea
• North crossed border
• UN calls for cease-fire – North ignores
• To avoid spread of communism – UN advises action needed
• June 1950 – UN calls to support South Korea
• MacArthur goes to Korea to assess – reported S. Korea needs troops
• Surprise attack from behind enemy lines – pushes North out of South
• Forces North back towards Chinese border; China joins North – launches counter attack – BRUTAL push back over 38th parallel
• MacArthur calls for atomic bomb – Truman refuses
• 1951 – UN offensive pushes Chinese and N. Koreans behind line – STANDSTILL
• MacArthur called for atomic bomb – Truman refused
• MacArthur publicly criticizes the President
• Truman relieves MacArthur of duty - Speech
• Election of 1952 - Truman decided not to run for re-election
• Democrat: Adlai Stevenson / VP: John Sparkman
• Republican: Dwight D. Eisenhower / VP: Richard Nixon
• Nixon faced backlash – Checkers Speech
• Public support – secured place on ticket
• Eisenhower wins with 55% popular vote
• Before taking office Eisenhower visits Korea for peace talks
• Hints at use of atomic bomb if conflict continues
• 1953 – Joseph Stalin died
• Soviets pushed for end of war – peace moves forward – fighting still continued
• July 27, 1953 – two sided cease-fire signed; Korea split again at 38 th Parallel
• UN saw peace – North and South Korea saw “truce”
• DMZ – a narrow demilitarized zone established
• 1000’s of troops continue to face one another
ADDING TO COLD WAR FEARS
• Fear of communism
• Growth of US Communist Party
• Hollywood produces over 40 anticommunist films
• Combination of new technology and fear of communism
• 1938 – House Un-American Committee (HUAC)
• Disloyalty and harmful foreign influences
• Public hearings of suspected in Hollywood – none found - Blacklists created
• Loyalty Review Board – looked into backgrounds of federal workers – failed to find Communists
• Internal Security Act – suspected must register with gov’t
• gave right to arrest anyone suspected
• 1948 – Alger Hiss (former State Dept. Officer) accused
• Hiss denies claims – found guilty – serves 5 years
• 1951 – Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – tried for spying
• US divided: hype over “red scare” or communist spy ring
• Rosenbergs executed June 1953
• Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy
• Blamed spread of communism on government traitors
• Accused military
• Refused to provide names
• McCarthyism – making serious accusations without providing proof
• Army McCarthy Hearings
• McCarthy’s downfall