Setting the Stage Setting the Stage for Revolution: for Revolution:

Absolute MonarchiesAbsolute Monarchies

Define in your notes 1. divine rightDefine in your notes 1. divine right 2. absolute monarch 2. absolute monarch

DefinitionsDefinitions1. Divine Right: 1. Divine Right:

Belief that a ruler’s authority Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God.comes directly from God.

2. 2. Absolute Monarch:Absolute Monarch:

Ruler with complete (ALL) Ruler with complete (ALL) authority over the authority over the government and lives of the government and lives of the people he or she governs.people he or she governs.

Causes of Absolutism

• Decline of Feudalism • Growth of a Middle Class • Growth of National Kingdoms• Loss of Church Authority

Effects of Absolutism

• Regulation of Church and Society• New Government agencies

(Bureaucracies)• Loss of Power by Nobles and

Legislatures

Absolute Monarchies in Absolute Monarchies in EuropeEurope

1550-18001550-1800SpainSpain

FranceFrance

EnglandEngland

AustriaAustria

PrussiaPrussia

RussiaRussia

Absolute Monarchies in EuropeAbsolute Monarchies in Europe1550-18001550-1800

From From World History: World History: Connections to Today Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003

From From World History: World History: Connections to Today Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003

The Philosopher Behind the AgeThe Philosopher Behind the Age• Thomas Hobbes• 1660 – Wrote the Leviathan

(Giant)• Discussed the perfect

government• People first lived in

anarchy• Needed a “social contract”• Required an absolute

monarch to maintain order• People retained the right

only to maintain their lives.

England - Pathway to England - Pathway to RevolutionRevolution1603-16891603-1689

• Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) – Absolute ruler of England.

• Kept Parliament on her Kept Parliament on her side. side.

• Stabilized the nation and Stabilized the nation and expanded British territory. expanded British territory.

• Died without an heir.Died without an heir.• Country had to decide Country had to decide

who would replace her.who would replace her.

England - Pathway to RevolutionEngland - Pathway to Revolution1603-16891603-1689

England – James IEngland – James I (1603 – 1625) (1603 – 1625)

• James VI of Scotland• Became James I of England Became James I of England

when Elizabeth I died.when Elizabeth I died.• Believed in Divine Right of Believed in Divine Right of

Kings. “Kings are called Kings. “Kings are called gods because they sit upon gods because they sit upon God’s throne on earth.God’s throne on earth.

• Ran up a huge debt in Ran up a huge debt in England.England.

• Had Bible translated from Had Bible translated from Latin into EnglishLatin into English

England – Charles IEngland – Charles I1625 - 16491625 - 1649

• Charles I of England• Absolute monarch - had no Absolute monarch - had no

problem with putting his problem with putting his enemies in prison without trialenemies in prison without trial

• Ran up a huge debtRan up a huge debt• Dissolved Parliament in 1629Dissolved Parliament in 1629• Touched off a massive Touched off a massive

English Civil War between supporters of Charles and supporters of Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell.

• Charles I beheaded in 1649.Charles I beheaded in 1649.

England – Oliver CromwellEngland – Oliver Cromwell1649 - 16581649 - 1658

• Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector – England

• Ruled through the armyRuled through the army• Exiled Catholics to IrelandExiled Catholics to Ireland• Strict Puritan laws passed – Strict Puritan laws passed –

theaters closed, Sunday set theaters closed, Sunday set aside for worship, no lewd aside for worship, no lewd dancing, taverns or gamblingdancing, taverns or gambling

• Religious freedom for Religious freedom for everyone elseeveryone else

• When Cromwell died, When Cromwell died, Restoration began.Restoration began.

England – Charles IIEngland – Charles IIThe RestorationThe Restoration

1660 - 16851660 - 1685• Charles II - Popular ruler• Monarchy restored – Monarchy restored –

Hence: Hence: Restoration• Bowed to the wishes of Bowed to the wishes of

ParliamentParliament• Restored the Church Restored the Church

of Englandof England• Stabilized governmentStabilized government

England – James IIEngland – James II1685 - 16881685 - 1688

• James II - Absolute Ruler• Antagonized ParliamentAntagonized Parliament• Ran up a huge debtRan up a huge debt• Openly CatholicOpenly Catholic• Forced from throne in Forced from throne in

what came to be called what came to be called the the Glorious Revolution.Glorious Revolution.

• Glorious Revolution

England – William and MaryEngland – William and MaryEnglish Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights

1689 1689 • William and Mary were given the throne after the

English Bill of Rights was passed. • Said Parliament ruled over monarchySaid Parliament ruled over monarchy• Parliament had to meet on a regular basisParliament had to meet on a regular basis• Monarchy could neither make nor suspend lawsMonarchy could neither make nor suspend laws• Trial by jury reinstated.Trial by jury reinstated.• Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment.Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment.• Affirmed Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person can be held

in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. Due process of laws.

• Laid groundwork for American system of laws.Laid groundwork for American system of laws.

The Philosophy AdvancesThe Philosophy Advances• John Locke• 1690• People first lived in anarchy• Needed a “social contract”• People gave up only SOME of

their individual rights.• Kept the right to:

- Live - Enjoy Liberty - Own Property

• Rulers who violated these rights broke the social contract and could be overthrown.

Things to know about France(To look up in your Textbook)

• Bourbon Dynasty• Divine Right Theory Abides • Catholic Nation • Louis XIV• Palace of Versailles

Thirty Years’ WarThirty Years’ War1618-16481618-1648

Power struggle between Kings of France and Holy Roman Power struggle between Kings of France and Holy Roman EmpireEmpire

1640: Holy Roman Empire has broken down into several 1640: Holy Roman Empire has broken down into several Prussian principalities. (Area later becomes Germany)Prussian principalities. (Area later becomes Germany)

Many other German states no longer recognize the power Many other German states no longer recognize the power of the Holy Roman emperor.of the Holy Roman emperor.

Half went Catholic; Half went ProtestantHalf went Catholic; Half went Protestant Over thirty years alliances continually changed.Over thirty years alliances continually changed. War led to starvation, famine and disease. Area severely War led to starvation, famine and disease. Area severely

depopulated.depopulated. 1648: Peace of Westphalia signed. France is clear winner, 1648: Peace of Westphalia signed. France is clear winner,

gains territory from Spain and Prussia, including Alsace. gains territory from Spain and Prussia, including Alsace.

France – Louis XIVFrance – Louis XIVRuled 1643 - 1715Ruled 1643 - 1715

Called himself the Sun KingCalled himself the Sun King Believed in divine right. Believed in divine right.

“L’etat, c’est moi.” I am the “L’etat, c’est moi.” I am the state. state.

Made French army the Made French army the strongest in Europestrongest in Europe

France was the wealthiest France was the wealthiest country in Europe under country in Europe under Louis XIVLouis XIV

Louis XIV spent huge Louis XIV spent huge amounts of moneyamounts of money

Built Versailles. Built Versailles. War of Spanish SuccessionWar of Spanish Succession

France – Louis XIVFrance – Louis XIVVersaillesVersailles

Expanded from a Expanded from a hunting lodge in 1669.hunting lodge in 1669.

Became the symbol to Became the symbol to European monarchs of European monarchs of the wealth and power the wealth and power of the king of France.of the king of France.

Seat of French Seat of French government for nearly government for nearly over 100 years.over 100 years.

Its upkeep consumed Its upkeep consumed as much as 25% of the as much as 25% of the income of France.income of France.

Spain – Philip IISpain – Philip IIRuled 1556-1598Ruled 1556-1598

• Philip II - Sought to expand Spanish Philip II - Sought to expand Spanish influence – ruled Spain when the influence – ruled Spain when the empire was at its height. Included empire was at its height. Included the Spanish New World (page 414)the Spanish New World (page 414)

• Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic churchchurch

• Centralized royal powerCentralized royal power• Married Mary I of England – returned Married Mary I of England – returned

England to CatholicismEngland to Catholicism• Invaded England with Spanish Invaded England with Spanish

Armada against Elizabeth I – He lost Armada against Elizabeth I – He lost most of the Armada.most of the Armada.

Spain – Philip IISpain – Philip IIRuled 1556-1598Ruled 1556-1598

Russia – Peter the GreatRussia – Peter the GreatRuled 1682-1725Ruled 1682-1725

• Peter the Great of RussiaPeter the Great of Russia• Goal was to westernize Russia. Goal was to westernize Russia.

Forced powerful boyars to bow to Forced powerful boyars to bow to his will.his will.

• Built modern Western city for Built modern Western city for Russian capital – St. Petersburg.Russian capital – St. Petersburg.

• Spread serfdom.Spread serfdom.• Studied Western technology. Studied Western technology.

Worked in a shipyardWorked in a shipyard• Extended Russian territory – to Extended Russian territory – to

Pacific Ocean.Pacific Ocean.• 1700: Fought Sweden for control 1700: Fought Sweden for control

of Baltic. Gained several Baltic of Baltic. Gained several Baltic ports ports

Russia – Peter the GreatRussia – Peter the Great

From From World History: World History: Connections to Today Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003

Austria – Maria TheresaAustria – Maria Theresaruled 1740 - 1780ruled 1740 - 1780

Absolute monarch of AustriaAbsolute monarch of Austria Fought Frederick II of Prussia Fought Frederick II of Prussia

for control of Hungary and for control of Hungary and SilesiaSilesia

Reorganized the governmentReorganized the government Enlightened DespotEnlightened Despot Eased tax burden on her Eased tax burden on her

peoplepeople Gave more rights to her Gave more rights to her

subjectssubjects Gave birth to 16 children while Gave birth to 16 children while

in powerin power

Prussia – Frederick IIPrussia – Frederick IIRuled 1740-1786Ruled 1740-1786

Absolute ruler of Absolute ruler of Prussia (Germany)Prussia (Germany)

Attacked Austria, Attacked Austria, sparking the War of sparking the War of Austrian SuccessionAustrian Succession

Unified Prussia, part of Unified Prussia, part of the Holy Roman the Holy Roman Empire, into one Empire, into one nationnation

Absolutism Summary ChartAbsolutism Summary ChartTextbook page 436Textbook page 436

From From World History: Connections to Today World History: Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003